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38-815: Adopted on February 21, 1918, the First Constituent Charter proclaimed the executive committee of the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress a temporary people's power in Belarus. However, on March 3, 1918, Soviet Russia concluded the Brest Peace Treaty , according to which it transferred most of the territory of Belarus to the German Empire. At the same time, the German authorities undertook not to recognize

76-553: A documentary film about Badunova "Paluta Badunova - remember and not forget" was shot, directed by Valery Mazynskyi. The idea to make a film belongs to the Hamelchuks, in particular to the journalist and historian Larisa Shchiryakova . She began filming it herself according to Valentina Lebedeva's book, and then they turned to Valery Mazinsky. Shchiryakova, a member of the Belarusian Association of Journalists from Homiel, played

114-584: The Belarusian national flags from the buildings and forbade government officials to leave Minsk. However, in late February, negotiations took place between the Secretariat and the German military administration, as a result of which the occupiers recognized the government of Jazep Varonka as a representation of the Belarusian population. The authorities of the German Empire allowed the Secretariat to operate legally in

152-765: The "Announcement" of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries that the government of the BNR and the Rada do not exist. This document caused a negative reaction among the SRs. In 1923, the government of the BSSR announced an amnesty to the members of the Belarusian movement who did not fight with weapons in their hands. All this was accompanied by the policy of Belarusianization,

190-505: The BNR. In addition, German ruling circles were alarmed by the nationalization of land, lakes and forests. There is also dissatisfaction among BNR activists with the lack of a clear definition of the territory of the Belarusian state, as well as the nature of Belarus' relations with other states, including Russia. These issues were resolved by the Third Charter. First Constituent Charter The First Constituent Charter to

228-565: The Belarusian intelligentsia, which began in 1930, did not affect Badunova, perhaps because of her health. In 1930, she returned to Homiel. She worked as a teacher at a school in Novobelitsa and taught Belarusian studies courses in Homiel. She lived on the support of her brother Alexander. Finding herself in a difficult situation, Badunova wanted to leave the USSR in 1932, but she was not given permission. In

266-631: The Belarusian national movement in Vilnius, Danzig, miraculously avoiding detention. In 1923-1925 she lived in Prague. During this period she entered the Ukrainian Higher Pedagogical Institute , since renamed after Mykhailo Drahomanov , but was unable to complete her studies due to poor health and frequent illnesses. Badunova was shaken by the news of the liquidation of the BPSR, by decision of

304-540: The Council of the All-Belarusian Congress and the release from Bolshevik captivity of the Central Belarusian Military Council (CBMC). The Executive Committee of the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress issued Order No. 1 of 19 February, which stated that it had taken power into its own hands. The new commander of Minsk, appointed by the Executive Committee, Kastus Ezavitau, issued an order that

342-407: The Council of the All-Belarusian Congress has declared itself the interim government in Belarus. For the first time, the charter did not mention autonomy and the need to remain part of Soviet Russia. Her text in Belarusian and Russian was posted all over Minsk. The beginning, which fixed the text of the document, contained an image of a high sheaf with crossed scythes and rakes and the inscription on

380-792: The Council of the BNR, which on March 23, 1918, included the Vilnius Belarusian Council. On March 25, 1918, the BNR Council adopted the Third Constituent Charter , which proclaimed the independence of the Belarusian People's Republic. There is a late adoption of the Second Constituent Charter — after the ratification of the Brest Peace Treaty. The German Empire, following his articles, could not recognize

418-623: The Extraordinary Mission of the BNR to Moscow, which was headed by Vasil Zacharka , but the Moscow government did not grant them accreditation. In addition, Badunova's health was significantly undermined by tuberculosis she had contracted during her imprisonment by the Poles, and she had to undergo a course of treatment at a resort on the Riga coast. Badunova returned to Minsk by November 6, 1920. She joined

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456-599: The German army should see calm civilians who did not want a war. Martial law was imposed under paragraph 2 of the order. At the same time, the Polish Military Organisation (PMO) became active in Minsk. On 21 February 1918, the Executive Committee of the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress addressed the peoples of Belarus with the First Charter, which stated: "Our homeland is in a new predicament... We are facing

494-818: The Minority, mainly in the field of local administration, schooling and publishing. In response to the conclusion of the Brest Peace Treaty on 3 March 1918 between the German Empire and Soviet Russia, the Executive Committee of the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress responded on 9 March 1918 by adopting the Second Charter. The next step was the declaration of independence of the Belarusian People's Republic on 25 March 1918. Paluta Badunova Paluta Aliaksandraŭna Badunova ( Belarusian : Палу́та Алякса́ндраўна Бадуно́ва , Russian : Полу́та Алекса́ндровна Бодуно́ва  ; 7 September 1885 – 29 November 1938)

532-544: The People's Secretary of Guardianship in the first Government of Belarus. As People's Secretary, she signed the Act of March 25. After the representatives of the BNR (Y. Lesik, Jazep Varonka , Raman Skirmunt , etc.) sent a telegram to Wilhelm II , Badunov was recalled from the post of People's Secretary by the left wing of the Society. On May 1, 1918, together with Tamaš Hryb , she announced

570-642: The Presidium of the Council of the BNR and the Council of Ministers in Riga. On May 31, 1920, she signed the resolutions of the conference of BPSR members on confidence in the policy of the cabinet of Lastouski and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the BNR, Ya. Ladnov. In those days, she took part in the work of the organizational bureau for convening the State Assembly in Riga and in the conference of Belarusian state and public figures. Badunov and Y. Belevich tried to join

608-755: The Treaty of Riga, during the campaign for the forced "liquidation of the BPSR", Badunova was arrested, together with other members of the party, by the Bolsheviks. She, the head of the right wing of the SR party, was accused of having connections with underground organizations in the Vitebsk , Smolensk and Gomel governorates, as well as with organizations on the other side of the Soviet-Polish front. During her stay under arrest, her health deteriorated significantly. On August 16, 1921, she

646-614: The act is kept in the 325th fund of the National Archives of Belarus . The rapid offensive of the German Empire , which began on 18 February 1918, forced the regional executive committees and the SNC of the Western region and the front on the night of 19 February 1918 to evacuate from Minsk to Smolensk . This contributed to the resumption of the open activities of the Executive Committee of

684-564: The cabinet of Anton Luckievič . On December 13, at the organizational meeting, she read a declaration that the Council of the BNR is severing ties with the bourgeoisie, overthrowing the bourgeois government, creating a new, revolutionary one headed by Vaclau Lastouski , and going underground. At this meeting, she was elected deputy chairman of the Council of the BNR. The Poles immediately began arresting SRs (including Lastouski and Jazep Mamońka ), but they captured Badunova only in February 1920. She

722-654: The country. This principle must be implemented through democratic elections to the All-Belarusian Constituent Assembly. In this document, on 20 February 1918 the Executive Committee announced the establishment of the government - the People's Secretariat of Belarus - a temporary executive body of people's power in the region, which on February 21 began to perform its duties. The secretariat included Paluta Badunova , Jazep Varonka (chairman), Tamaš Hryb , Kastuś Jezavitaŭ , Vasil Zacharka , Pyotra Krecheuski , and Arkadź Smolič . The Executive Committee of

760-586: The creation of a separate faction of Socialist Revolutionaries within the Council of the Belarusian People's Republic and thus became a co-founder of the Belarusian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (BPSR), the secretary of the party's Central Committee. On the same day, she joined the Council's Refugee Commission, and in August she became the chairman of the National Unity Commission. She participated in

798-505: The expansion of the territory of the BSSR, and the transition to the NEP . Once again trusting the Bolsheviks, somewhere in the middle of 1925 emigrants began to return en masse. In January 1925, Badunova returned to the BSSR. For the next five years, she lived with her sister Maria in Minsk, trying to establish cooperation with the Institute of Belarusian Culture. The first wave of repression against

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836-412: The fact that our land may be occupied by German troops." The first Charter called on the Belarusian people to exercise their right to "full self-determination" and national minorities to exercise national and personal autonomy. Referring to the right of peoples to self-determination, the authors of the charter argued that power in Belarus should be formed in accordance with the will of the peoples inhabiting

874-585: The family, and raised seven children - two sons and five daughters. She graduated from a two-grade school in Buynichy, near Mogilev , after which she passed the exams for the title of home teacher of Russian language and geography. In 1905, she started working in the schools of the Gomel district. In 1914-1917, she studied at higher historical and literary courses in Petrograd , studying literature, history and geography. She

912-547: The national minorities of Belarus, temporarily took over the legislative power in the country. The basic laws of the Belarusian People's Republic were later to be approved by the Constituent Assembly of Belarus, convened on the basis of universal and equal suffrage. The rights and freedoms of citizens and peoples of the Belarusian People's Republic were proclaimed: freedom of speech, press, assembly, strikes, allies; freedom of conscience, inviolability of person and premises;

950-492: The opening of Belarusian children's shelters and schools and served as Chairman of the Belarusian women's charitable society Tsyotka , organized in Minsk on May 4, 1918. On November 12, 1919, she was elected deputy chairman of the People's Council of the BNR. The Socialist-Revolutionaries embarked on the path of armed struggle in alliance with the Bolsheviks against the Polish occupiers. On November 20, 1919, Badunova spoke out against

988-492: The party congress, which took place in Minsk in October 1924. She began to suffer neuropsychiatric diseases. A supporter of Lastouski, she opposed the cabinet of A. Tsvikevich. Together with Momonka on October 14, 1923, she demanded to convene the Presidium of the Council of the BNR and resolve the issue of the government, but P. Pyotra Krecheuski and Zakharka did not agree to that. Badunova, Hryb, Badunova and Mamonka then published

1026-485: The peoples of Belarus ( Belarusian : Першая Ўстаўная грамата да народаў Беларусі, Pieršaja Ŭstaŭnaja hramata da narodaŭ Biełarusi ) is a legal and political act issued by the Executive Committee of the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress on 21 February 1918 in Minsk (in the former Governor's House). She called on the Belarusian people to exercise their right to full self-determination, and national minorities — on national and personal autonomy. The microfilmed original of

1064-475: The right of peoples to national and personal autonomy; equality of all languages of the peoples of Belarus. Private ownership of land was abolished, the transfer of land without redemption to those who worked on it was announced; forests, lakes and subsoil were declared state property. The maximum length of the working day was 8 hours. On March 18, 1918, at a meeting of the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress of 1917, supporters of independence managed to rename it

1102-459: The rim: "PEOPLE'S SECRETARIAT OF BELARUS". On 21 February 1918, power in Belarus was in the hands of the command of the army of the German Empire. On 22 February, she ordered Polish units to leave Minsk and Belarusian units to lay down their arms. In order not to complicate relations with Russia, the German authorities did not recognize the Belarusian government, occupied the headquarters of the People's Secretariat, requisitioned its property, removed

1140-450: The states declared in the occupied territories upon signing the treaty. In these circumstances, Belarusian activists went to adopt the Second Charter. The text of the Second Constituent Charter consisted of eight paragraphs. The Belarusian People's Republic was proclaimed within the limits of the settlement and numerical superiority of the Belarusian people . The Council of the All-Belarusian Congress, supplemented by representatives of

1178-515: The summer of 1937, a new wave of repression began. On September 3, 1937, Badunova was arrested. On November 30, 1937, the "special troika" of the NKU of the BSSR sentenced her to ten years in labor camps. Badunova was blamed for the fact that she, together with other former SRs, headed the underground Central Committee of the BPSR. On May 25, 1938, a special meeting of the NKVD sentenced her to capital punishment. She

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1216-548: The work of the Socialist-Revolutionary Belarusian Workers' Club. At the congress of the BSSR on December 25, 1920, it defended the political line of maneuvering towards the Soviet government, considering it possible to transform the BSSR into a sovereign national state. The delegates elected Badunova a member of the Central Committee of the BPSR. On the night of February 16-17, 1921, before the conclusion of

1254-531: Was a key female political figure in the Belarusian independence movement of the early 20th century. She was the only woman at the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic , and later became a victim of Soviet repressions in Belarus . Badunova was born in the town of Navabelitsa (now one of the districts of Gomel ). Her father, Alexander Vosipavich, rented a small estate, which was the main income of

1292-653: Was a member of the audit commission of the Central Council of Belarusian organizations in Minsk . In August 1917, Badunova was among the founders of the Belarusian Teachers' Union. For a certain time (until March 3, 1918), she directed Belarusian school No. 20. She also took part in the work of the First All-Belarusian Congress . On February 21, 1918, she joined the People's Secretariat of the BNR, becoming

1330-634: Was elected to the Petrograd Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies as a student. It was probably there that she met deputy Zmicier Zhylunovich and (perhaps under his influence) joined the Belarusian Socialist Assembly (BSG). In June 1917, she was elected a member of the Central Committee of the BSG. In July, the newspaper "Volnaya Belarus" reported on her trip to Buda-Kashalev and Gomel, where she conducted party work. From August 5, 1917, she

1368-510: Was kept in prison for a short time. Once free, she crossed the Berezina and headed to Smolensk . Not finding a common language with the leadership of the Bolsheviks of Lithuania and Belarus, she went to Moscow . In April 1920, as a representative of the BPSR, she conducted negotiations with the Central Committee of the RCP(b) in Moscow. At the end of May 1920, Badunova reported on her trip to Moscow to

1406-411: Was released. On New Year's Eve 1923, she illegally crossed the Polish border and went to Vilnius. About a month later, she was arrested by the Polish gendarmerie in order to find out her identity and return to the USSR. Only in August, she was released from arrest with a demand to immediately leave the territory of Poland. But before leaving Poland, Badunova managed to meet and speak before the figures of

1444-537: Was shot on November 29, 1938 in Minsk. Her burial location is unknown. Badunova was rehabilitated on June 21, 1989 according to the decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR during Mikhail Gorbachev 's Perestroika in June 1989 due to the absence of a crime. However, despite petitions by activists to name a street in Homiel after her, there is no place of her commemoration in present-day Belarus. In 2012,

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