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30-440: The language of the shíshálh people is she shashishalhem or Sechelt , a Coast Salish language most closely related to Squamish , Halkomelem , and Nooksack . In the 1970s, nation elders began efforts to revive the she shashishalhem language. The band collaborated with University of British Columbia linguist Ron Beaumont to create a Sechelt Dictionary. The tems swiya Museum is a cultural heritage museum owned and operated by

60-564: A schwa sound /ə/ , each with phonetic variants. There is a fair amount of overlap between the vowel spaces, with stress and adjacency relationships as main contributors. The vowel phonemes of Squamish are listed below in IPA with the orthography following it. /i/ has four main allophones [e, ɛ, ɛj, i], which surface depending on adjacency relationships to consonants, or stress. /a/ has four main allophones [ɛ, æ, ɔ, ɑ]. /u/ The consonant phonemes of Squamish, first in IPA and then in

90-650: A Squamish-language program was made available at Capilano University . The program, Language and Culture Certificate, is designed to let its respective students learn about the language and culture. Additionally, Simon Fraser University has launched the Squamish Language Academy, in which students learn the Squamish language for two years. The aforementioned programs increase the number of active language learners each year. The vowel system in Squamish phonemically features four sounds, /i/ , /a/ , /u/ , as well as

120-508: A modified Latin script called Sḵwx̱wú7mesh (1990). The Squamish-English bilingual dictionary (edited by Peter Jacobs and Damara Jacobs) was published by the University of Washington Press in 2011. In 1990, the Chief and Council of the Squamish people declared Squamish to be the official language of their people, a declaration made to ensure funding for the language and its revitalization. In 2010,

150-470: A row. The glottal stop is often inserted between the two consecutive vowels, such as at the end of a word root and beginning of a suffix. Another solution for consecutive vowels is to omit whichever vowel is unstressed. Like other members of the Salish language family , Sechelt is agglutinative with affixes added to nouns and verbs. For verbs, suffixes are added to mark the subject and tense, as well as to make

180-456: A severe decrease of the shíshálh population at their various ancestral settlements. shíshálh Nation is governed by an elected Chief and Council. In she shashishalhem , the word for "chief" is hiwus , and the word for councilor is hihewus . The Nation holds an election every three years. In 1986, shíshálh Nation became the first indigenous government in Canada to regain self-government under

210-406: A variety of reduplication types, serving to express functions such as pluralization, diminutive form, aspect, etc. Squamish contains a large variety of reduplicative processes due to its lack of inflectional devices that would otherwise mark plurality, which allows for a range of different interpretations. Squamish sentences follow a Verb-Subject-Object form (the action precedes the initiator and

240-554: Is a Coast Salish language that originates and is spoken within the swiya (world, "Territory") of the shíshálh Nation , located on the Sunshine Coast in southwestern British Columbia , Canada. In 1999, the language was spoken by fewer than forty elderly people. A grammar guide for the language was published by linguist Ron Beaumont in 1985, based on the Sechelt language course he helped design for local high schools participating in

270-653: Is a commitment to working together to protect the environment, as well as promote economic opportunity and growth for the shíshálh Nation and the entire Sechelt region. The agreement included the transfer of lands, as well as commitment to a framework of shared decision-making for forestry, moorages, and other land and resource authorizations within the shíshálh swiya. Pat John (1953-2022), actor in The Beachcombers Sechelt language The Sechelt language ( IPA: [siʃɜlt] ), sháshíshálh or she shashishalhem ( IPA: [ʃáʃíʃáɬəm] ),

300-471: Is purely for rhetorical purposes. The longer a vowel is held, the more emphatic or dramatic the intended meaning is. All Sechelt words have at least one stressed syllable , but some words have stress on every syllable. This gives the language its characteristic "choppy" cadence. In Sechelt, no word can start with a vowel. The glottal stop is used at the beginning of words that would otherwise start with vowels. Further, there can never be two vowel sounds in

330-472: Is realized as [ʊ], and after ⟨h, k, ḵ', m, p', t', tl', x̱, ʔ⟩ it is realized as [ʌ]. When /ə/ is in an unstressed syllable between two voiceless consonants it is also voiceless. The /o/ is realized as a [u] when preceded or followed by a consonant with lip rounding. The /a/ is realized as [ɒ] when preceded by a consonant with lip rounding and realized as [æ] after the consonants ⟨y, ch, ch', sh, k, k'⟩. The vowels may also be subject for lengthening, but this

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360-458: Is typical of Salish language family languages. Because the /ʔ/ character glyph is not found on typewriters and did not exist in most fonts until the widespread adoption of Unicode , the Squamish orthography conventionally represents the glottal stop with the number symbol 7 ; the same character glyph is also used as a digit to represent the number seven. The other special character is a stress mark, or accent (á, é, í or ú). This indicates that

390-704: The BC Treaty Process in 1994, and reached Stage 3, Negotiation of a Framework Agreement, by August, 1995. Negotiations stalled thereafter in Stage 4 and the Nation is listed as "Not Currently Negotiating" by the BC Treaty Commission. On October 4, 2018, shíshálh Nation and the Province of British Columbia signed a landmark reconciliation agreement that supports self-determination and shíshálh self-government. The agreement

420-498: The First Peoples’ Heritage, Language and Culture Council considered the language to be "critically endangered" and "nearly extinct", with just 10 fluent speakers. In 2011, the language was being taught using the "Where Are Your Keys?" technique, and a Squamish–English dictionary was also completed in 2011. A Squamish festival was scheduled for April 22, 2013, with two fluent elders, aiming to inspire more efforts to keep

450-606: The Sechelt , Halkomelem , and Nooksack languages. The Squamish language was first documented in the 1880s by a German anthropologist; however the grammar of the language was documented by a Dutch linguist in the 1950s. The orthography or spelling system of the language came about in 1960s while the first Squamish dictionary was published only recently, specifically 2011. The language shares certain similarities with languages like Sechelt and Halkomelem which are spoken in similar regions. Anthropologists and linguists have been researching

480-577: The Squamish people of the Pacific Northwest . It is spoken in southwestern British Columbia , Canada , centred on their reserve communities in Squamish , North Vancouver , and West Vancouver . An archaic historical rendering of the native Sḵwx̱wú7mesh is Sko-ko-mish but this should not be confused with the name of the Skokomish people of Washington state. Squamish is most closely related to

510-673: The shíshálh Nation Self-Government Act (formerly known as the Sechelt Indian Self-Government Act) . The Act established the shíshálh Nation Government District (sNGD), a First Nations government district comprising 33 former " Indian Reserve " parcels, now known as 'shíshálh Nation Lands' or 'SNL'. The Act further enabled the sNGD to qualify for municipal benefits available to other municipalities in BC, such as to enact laws, bylaws, and taxes. shíshálh Nation entered into negotiations independently with Canada and British Columbia under

540-433: The /i/ is between voiced back consonants and /ʔ/ it is realized as [e], while when it is between two other consonants it is realized as [i]. If it is between a combination of the two groups it is realized as a vowel in between [i] and [e], usually closer to [e]. The vowel is also realized as [e] when the syllable is unstressed. The /ə/ is realized as [ɪ] when after ⟨y, ch, ch', sh, k, k'⟩. After consonants with lip rounding it

570-494: The 1950s, Dutch linguist Aert H. Kuipers worked on the first comprehensive grammar of the Squamish language, later published as The Squamish Language (1967). In 1968, the British Columbia Language Project undertook more documentation of the Squamish language and culture. The Squamish writing system presently in use was devised by Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kennedy, the main collaborators on this project, using

600-559: The Coastal Corridor Consortium, "an entity made up of board members from First Nations and educational partners to improve aboriginal access to and performance in postsecondary education and training", created a Sechelt Nation language certificate that is offered at Capilano University Sunshine Coast Campus in Sechelt. Sechelt is most closely related to Squamish , Halkomelem , and the Nooksack . Although critically endangered,

630-553: The Native Environmental Studies Program. In 2011, he further published a one thousand-page dictionary. As of 2019, only two elderly fluent speakers remained. Many teachers are working with children and adults to revitalize the language in local schools, from preschool to post-secondary. Both University of British Columbia and Capilano University offer Sechelt language courses, along with Kinnikinnick Elementary School and Chatelech Secondary School. In 2014,

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660-613: The Squamish orthography : Other symbols include the glottal stop and stress marks. ⟨ʔ⟩ or 7 represent a glottal stop. Glottalization can occur on a variety of consonants (w, y, l, m, n), and after or before vowels. Glottalized sonorants are written with an apostrophe on top, whereas ejectives are written with an apostrophe after. The following table shows the vowels and consonants and their respective orthographic symbols. Consonants are sorted by place (bilabial to uvular descending) and type (Left – Plosives, Right – Sonorants and Fricatives). Squamish contains no voiced plosives, as

690-472: The Squamish language since the 1880s. After some time a written system was formed for the Squamish language, which was once an oral language. German anthropologist Franz Boas was the first to collect Squamish words, while anthropologist Charles Hill-Tout recorded some Squamish sentences and stories. In the 1930s, anthropologist Homer Barnett worked with Jimmy Frank to collect information about traditional Squamish culture , including some Squamish words. In

720-444: The home, as a way to reinforce the learning that takes place in the Sea to Sky School District schools. So far 15 families in the Squamish area are part of the program ... "The goal is to revive the language by trying to have it used every day at home — getting the parents on board, not just the children." Currently, there are 449 Active Language Learners of the Squamish language. In 2014,

750-419: The language alive. Rebecca Campbell, one of the event's organizers, commented: The festival is part of a multi-faceted effort to ensure the language's long-term survival, not only by teaching it in the schools, but by encouraging parents to speak it at home. Squamish Nation cultural workers, for example, have begun to provide both parents and children with a list of common Squamish phrases that can be used around

780-500: The shíshálh Nation and located within their administrative complex in ch’atlich ( Sechelt ), British Columbia. Historically, there were four main shíshálh settlements at ḵalpilin (Pender Harbour) , ts’unay (Deserted Bay), x̱enichen , and tewankw near alhtulich ( Porpoise Bay ). As the Europeans arrived in the region, the shíshálh people experienced numerous changes. Disease (especially smallpox) became rampant, and resulted in

810-416: The shíshálh people, with help from others, have reclaimed 603 phrases and 5659 words in total and have a published dictionary and grammar. For those IPA symbols that do not match their orthographic counterparts, the orthographic representation is in brackets. This is based on the alphabet created by Randy Bouchard in 1977. The four vowels have numerous allophones when in certain phonetic contexts. When

840-811: The statement a question or add adverbial information. All pronouns in Sechelt are suffixes, while adverbs may be suffixes or their own word that comes before the verb and can take on suffixes of its own. This can be exemplified by two different wordings of the question “Were you afraid?”, with the first one emphasizing the word “afraid” and the second emphasizing that it happened in the past. ch’ásxém afraid -ulh - COMPL -á - Q -chexw? -you? ch’ásxém -ulh -á -chexw? afraid -COMPL -Q -you? 'Were you afraid ?' ku PST -á - Q -chexw -you ch’asxém? afraid? ku -á -chexw ch’asxém? PST -Q -you afraid? ' Were you afraid?' For nouns and verbs, lexical markers are used to convey related meanings. This can be seen in variations on

870-428: The verb ts'exw ' get clean/washed ' : ts'exw get.clean/washed -ál-its'á  -clothes ts'exw -ál-its'á  get.clean/washed -clothes 'wash clothes; laundry, washing' ts'ixwálits'á laundry -ten Squamish language Squamish ( / ˈ s k w ɔː m ɪ ʃ / SKWAW -mish ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim , sníchim meaning "language") is a Coast Salish language spoken by

900-500: The vowel should be realized as louder and slightly longer. Squamish, like other Salish languages, has two main types of words: Clitics and full words. Clitics can be articles, or predicative clitics. Squamish words are able to be subjected to reduplication , suffixation , prefixation . A common prefix is the nominalizer prefix /s-/, which occurs in a large number of fixed combinations with verb stems to make nouns (e.g: /t'iq/ "to be cold" -> /s-t'iq/ "(the) cold"). Squamish uses

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