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58-616: On April 1, 2022, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center merged to form Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , a unified adult cancer research and care center that is clinically integrated with University of Washington (UW) Medicine and UW Medicine's cancer program. SCCA provides a variety of cancer treatments, such as bone marrow transplantation , surgical oncology , radiation oncology , proton therapy , immunotherapy , and palliative care , among others. SCCA survival rates for some forms of cancer such as lymphoma exceed national averages. Biospace reports that SCCA

116-544: A $ 265 million initial public offering in 2014, was started based on inventions made at the center. As of 2015, about twenty companies had been started based on center inventions since 1975, including Immunex and Icos . The institute's main campus consists of 13 buildings that are on fifteen acres (6.1 ha) in the South Lake Union neighborhood of Seattle. In 1987, the center began exploring possible new homes to replace its 9-building campus on First Hill that it

174-478: A copy of a T cell receptor (TCR) gene that is specialised to recognise tumour antigens. The virus integrates the receptor into the T cells' genome . The cells are expanded non-specifically and/or stimulated. The cells are then reinfused and produce an immune response against the tumour cells. The technique has been tested on refractory stage IV metastatic melanomas and advanced skin cancer . The first FDA-approved CAR-T drug, Kymriah, used this approach. To obtain

232-728: A division of the Pacific Northwest Research Foundation. In 1972, with the help of Senator Warren G. Magnuson , PNRF received federal funding under the National Cancer Act of 1971 to create in Seattle one of the 15 new NCI-designated Cancer Centers aimed at conducting basic research called for under 1971 Act; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center became independent 1972 and its building opened three years later in 1975. The center

290-567: A multispecialty clinic for patients with kidney cancer . One of the first of its kind in the United States, it allows patients to see a medical oncologist, urologist, and radiation oncologist in one appointment. 2018 : The National Institutes of Health awarded Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center a $ 10.24 million grant for Latina breast cancer research. SCCA's MammoVan will assist in testing whether specific interventions increase mammography screening rates for Latina women. 2018 : SCCA opened

348-520: A person's own peripheral blood-derived natural killer cells , cytotoxic T lymphocytes, epithelial cells and other relevant immune cells are expanded in vitro and then re-infused. The therapy has been tested against hepatitis C , chronic fatigue syndrome and HHV6 infection. Immune suppression dampens an abnormal immune response in autoimmune diseases or reduces a normal immune response to prevent rejection of transplanted organs or cells. Immunosuppressive drugs can be used to control

406-538: A specific antigen, There is also Immunosuppressive antibodies which target steps in the immune response to prevent the body from attacking its tissues, which is a problem with autoimmune diseases, There are various other drugs that modulate immune responses and can be used to induce immune regulation. It was observed in a preclinical trial that regulation of the immune system by small immunosuppressive molecules such as vitamin D, dexamethasone, and curcumin could be helpful in preventing or treating chronic inflation. Given that

464-635: A treatment for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis , Crohn's , allergies and asthma. While there is much to be learned about this, many researchers think that the change in the immune response is thanks to the parasites shifting to a more anti-inflammatory or regulatory system, which would in turn decrease inflammation and self inflicted immune damage as seen in Crohn's and multiple sclerosis. Specifically, MS patients saw lower relapse rates and calmer symptoms in some cases when experimenting with helminthic therapy. Hypothesized mechanisms include re-polarisation of

522-412: Is Glucocorticoids which are more specific inhibitors of lymphocyte activation. Glucocorticoids work by emulating actions of natural actions of the body's adrenal glands to help suppress the immune system, which is helpful with autoimmune diseases|, Alternatively, inhibitors of immunophilins more specifically target T lymphocyte activation, the process by which T-lymphocytes stimulate and begin to respond to

580-651: Is considered one of the most immunogenic human cancers, an improvement in overall survival, with an increasing group of patients benefiting long-term from these treatments, although caution remains needed for specific subgroups. The next generation of checkpoint inhibitors targets other receptors such as lymphocyte-activation gene 3 ( LAG-3 ), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 ( TIM3 ), and T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains ( TIGIT ). Antibodies against these receptors have been evaluated in clinical studies, but have not yet been approved for widespread use. Autologous immune enhancement therapy use

638-411: Is mutualistic, being that the above information about benefits in autoimmune disorders continues to remain true and supported. Also, some say that the worms can regulate gut bacteria. Another possibility is one of this being a parasitic relationship, arguing that the possibile rosks of anemia and other disorders outweighs the benefits, yet this is significantly less supported, with the research alluding to

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696-443: Is negative, there is no evidence that allergen immunotherapy will be effective for that patient. However, there are risks associated with allergen immunotherapy as it is the administration of an agent the patient is known to be highly allergic to. Patients are at increased risk of fatal anaphylaxis , local reaction at the site of injection, or life-threatening systemic allergic reactions. A promising approach to treat food allergies

754-430: Is not entirely understood. Scientists have found that the immune response triggered by the burrowing of hookworm larvae to pass through the lungs and blood so the production of mast cells and specific antibodies are now present. They also reduce inflammation or responses ties to autoimmune diseases, but despite this, the hookworm's effects are considered to be negative typically. Helminthic therapy has been investigated as

812-659: Is one of fifty-one centers certified for chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, a type of treatment that engineers a patient's own immune cells to attack cancer cells. In 2015, the Puget Sound Business Journal reported that SCCA employed 1,200 people, and treated more than 7,000 patients from around the world. That same year, SCCA researchers performed more than 200 clinical trials, investigating 48 different forms of cancer. In 2017, SCCA treated more than 38,000 patients, deriving most of its revenue from outpatient care. SCCA, along with its consortium partners,

870-415: Is partly effective in some people and ineffective in others, but it offers people with allergies a chance to reduce or stop their symptoms. Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy was first introduced in 1911 through the hypothesis that people with hay fever were sensitive to pollen from grass. A process was developed to create an extract by drawing out timothy pollen in distilled water and then boiling it. This

928-413: Is the generation of genetically engineered DCs from induced pluripotent stem cells and use of neoantigen -loaded DCs for inducing better clinical outcome. Adoptive cell transfer in vitro cultivates autologous, extracted T cells for later transfusion. Alternatively, Genetically engineered T cells are created by harvesting T cells and then infecting the T cells with a retrovirus that contains

986-882: Is the infusion of regulatory immune cells into transplant recipients. The transfer of regulatory immune cells has the potential to inhibit the activity of effector. Creating immune tolerance reduces or eliminates the need for lifelong immunosuppression and attendant side effects. It has been tested on transplantations, rheumatoid arthritis , type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune disorders. Depleting: Non-depleting: Tolerogenic dendritic cells, liposomes and nanoparticles Immunotherapy can also be used to treat allergies . While allergy treatments (such as antihistamines or corticosteroids ) treat allergic symptoms, immunotherapy can reduce sensitivity to allergens , lessening its severity. Allergen immunotherapy can also be referred to as allergen desensitization or hypo-sensitization. Immunotherapy may produce long-term benefits. Immunotherapy

1044-584: Is the only NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center in Washington state. These centers receive support from the National Cancer Institute , and must show expertise in research, patient care, and education. Nancy Davidson, MD, is the president and executive director of SCCA. In January 2020, Aaron Crane was announced as executive vice president. Since 2008, U.S. News & World Report has named SCCA among its nationally ranked cancer hospitals in

1102-419: Is the use of BCG vaccine , which was originally to vaccinate against tuberculosis and later was found to be useful in the treatment of bladder cancer . BCG immunotherapy induces both local and systemic immune responses. The mechanisms by which BCG immunotherapy mediates tumor immunity have been widely studied, but they are still not completely understood. The use of monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy

1160-553: Is the use of oral immunotherapy (OIT). OIT consists in a gradual exposure to increasing amounts of allergen can lead to the majority of subjects tolerating doses of food sufficient to prevent reaction on accidental exposure. Dosages increase over time, as the person becomes desensitized. This technique has been tested on infants to prevent peanut allergies. Whipworm ova ( Trichuris suis ) and hookworm ( Necator americanus ) have been tested for immunological diseases and allergies, and have proved beneficial on multiple fronts, yet it

1218-887: Is under preliminary research for its potential to treat various forms of cancer . Cell-based immunotherapies are effective for some cancers. Immune effector cells such as lymphocytes , macrophages , dendritic cells , natural killer cells , and cytotoxic T lymphocytes work together to defend the body against cancer by targeting abnormal antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells. Vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 relies mostly on an immunomodulatory T-cell response. Therapies such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferons , imiquimod and cellular membrane fractions from bacteria are licensed for medical use. Others including IL-2 , IL-7 , IL-12 , various chemokines , synthetic cytosine phosphate-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides and glucans are involved in clinical and preclinical studies. Immunomodulators are

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1276-609: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine : The center is active in technology transfer . In 2013, it was one of the top ten biomedical research institutions in the field (excluding universities); it made 18 new deals with companies to develop inventions made at the center, and earned $ 10,684,882 in income from past deals it had signed. Most notably, Juno Therapeutics , a company developing CAR-T immunotherapy for cancer and that raised $ 314 million in venture capital investments and had

1334-513: The Pacific Northwest Research Foundation , founded in 1956 by William B. Hutchinson (1909–1997). The Foundation was dedicated to the study of heart surgery , cancer, and diseases of the endocrine system . Hutchinson's younger brother Fred (1919–1964) was a major league pitcher and manager who died of lung cancer at age 45. The next year, William Hutchinson established the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center as

1392-400: The T h 1 / T h 2 response and modulation of dendritic cell function. The helminths downregulate the pro-inflammatory T h 1 cytokines, interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), while promoting the production of regulatory T h 2 cytokines such as IL-10 , IL-4 , IL-5 and IL-13 . Co-evolution with helminths has shaped some of

1450-425: The immune system to destroy tumours. A variety of strategies are in use or are undergoing research and testing. Randomized controlled studies in different cancers resulting in significant increase in survival and disease free period have been reported and its efficacy is enhanced by 20–30% when cell-based immunotherapy is combined with conventional treatment methods. One of the oldest forms of cancer immunotherapy

1508-544: The 1980s and early 1990s, patients were not informed about all the risks of the study, nor about the study doctors' financial interest in study outcome. The paper also alleged that this financial interest may have contributed to the doctors' failure to halt the studies despite evidence that patients were dying sooner and more frequently than expected. In response, the center formed a panel of independent experts to review its existing research practices, leading to adoption of new conflict-of-interest rules. In 2010 Lawrence Corey

1566-791: The Fred Hutchinson/University of Washington Cancer Consortium, became an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center . 2003 : Olympic Medical Center in Sequim, Washington, became SCCA's first affiliate member. 2006 : SCCA opened the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Survivorship Center with a grant from the Lance Armstrong Foundation. 2008 : SCCA introduced the MammoVan, a mobile digital mammography service that travels to communities throughout

1624-451: The HPV vaccine or trichophytin antigen injections to treat warts (HPV induced tumours). Adoptive cell transfer has been tested on lung and other cancers, with greatest success achieved in melanoma . Dendritic cells (DC) can be stimulated to activate a cytotoxic response towards an antigen . Dendritic cells, a type of antigen-presenting cell , are harvested from the person needing

1682-677: The Hematologic Malignancy Genetics Clinic, which provides genetic testing, counseling, and follow-up care for patients who may have an inherited risk of developing malignant blood disorders . 2019 : SCCA opened two community clinics in Poulsbo and Issaquah. 2019 : Washington State Governor Jay Inslee signed the Tobacco 21 Bill into law in a ceremony at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. The legislation makes it illegal to sell or give tobacco or vaping products to anyone under

1740-600: The SCCA Network receive access to clinical trials, continuing education, consultations, and other resources. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , formerly known as the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and also known as Fred Hutch or The Hutch , is a cancer research institute established in 1975 in Seattle , Washington . The center grew out of

1798-413: The Seattle area offering breast cancer screenings. 2009 : SCCA opened an 80-suite residence, known as SCCA house, for patients traveling long distances to its facility for cancer treatment. 2013 : In partnership with ProCure Treatment centers, SCCA launched a proton therapy center, the only one of its kind in a seven-state region. 2014 : SCCA underwent a federal investigation after a staff member

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1856-490: The United States, this clinic offers genetic testing , counseling, and consultations to help patients determine if they carry inherited genes that increase their risk of contracting various forms of prostate cancer . 2016 : The 9,000-square-foot Bezos Family Immunotherapy Clinic opened on the sixth floor of SCCA. The Seattle Times reported that the clinic was expected to increase the number of clinical trials available that test immunotherapy treatments. 2017 : SCCA opened

1914-449: The United States. In 2019–2020, SCCA was ranked fifteenth and was also noted as "High Performing" in two areas: colon cancer surgery and lung cancer surgery. In 2017, Becker's Hospital Review named SCCA one of the top 150 places to work in healthcare. The Seattle Chamber of Commerce named SCCA 2017 Nonprofit of the Year, an award that acknowledges organizations for meaningful contributions to

1972-550: The active agents of immunotherapy. They are a diverse array of recombinant, synthetic, and natural preparations. Cancer treatment used to be focused on killing or removing cancer cells and tumours, with chemotherapy or surgery or radiation. These treatments can be very effective and in many cases are still used. In 2018 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation." Cancer immunotherapy attempts to stimulate

2030-1787: The age of 21. In attendance were SCCA doctors and leaders, including Nancy Davidson, MD, president and executive director of SCCA, and Keith Eaton, MD, PhD, clinical director of thoracic, head and neck cancer at SCCA. 2020 : SCCA Peninsula, a radiation therapy clinic in Poulsbo, Washington, expanded its on-site services to include the following: hematology and oncology consultation and management, infusion therapy as well as pharmacy and supportive care. Seattle Cancer Care Alliance has nine clinic locations: South Lake Union : The main clinic provides outpatient oncology care for adult patients and pediatric services for children undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Seattle Cancer Care Alliance Peninsula : Located in Poulsbo, Washington, this clinic provides radiation and medical oncology services. Seattle Cancer Care Alliance Issaquah : Located in Issaquah, Washington, this clinic provides comprehensive cancer care, including medical oncology, infusion therapy, hematology, phlebotomy, nutrition and social work. Seattle Children's : SCCA provides inpatient care for children at this location. Services include medical oncology, hematology, and surgical oncology. SCCA at UW Medical Center : The Seattle Cancer Care Alliance Hospital located at UW Medical Center provides inpatient oncology care for adults. SCCA at EvergreenHealth : Located in Kirkland, Washington, this clinic provides outpatient medical oncology and hematology services for adults at Halvorson Cancer Center. SCCA at UW Medicine's Northwest Hospital : This location provides outpatient oncology and hematology services. SCCA Proton Therapy Center : Opened in 2013,

2088-578: The antigen (against which the adaptive response has now been primed). The first FDA-approved cell-based immunotherapy, the cancer vaccine Sipuleucel-T is one example of this approach. The Immune Response Corporation (IRC) developed this immunotherapy and licensed the technology to Dendreon, which obtained FDA clearance. The current approaches for DC-based vaccination are mainly based on antigen loading on in vitro -generated DCs from monocytes or CD34 + cells, activating them with different TLR ligands, cytokine combinations, and injecting them back to

2146-719: The burying of a time capsule set to open in 2093. The campus is accessible via the Mercer Street exit of Interstate 5 as well as several public transportation routes, including the South Lake Union Streetcar . Immunotherapy Immunotherapy or biological therapy is the treatment of disease by activating or suppressing the immune system . Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies, while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as suppression immunotherapies . Immunotherapy

2204-722: The center is located on the UW Medicine Northwest Hospital & Medical Center campus. As of August 2018, it is one of 27 proton therapy centers in the United States. SCCA at Overlake Medical Center : Located in Bellevue, Washington, this clinic will provide hematology, medical oncology, and infusion services, starting in July 2020. SCCA's Network Program provides cancer diagnostic and treatment information to community-based physicians at oncology programs throughout five states: Alaska, Montana, Idaho, Hawaii, and Washington. Members of

2262-497: The centre of the autoimmune response . Loss of T-cell tolerance then unleashes B-cells and other immune effector cells on to the target tissue. The ideal tolerogenic therapy would target the specific T-cell clones co-ordinating the autoimmune attack. Immune tolerance therapies seek to reset the immune system so that the body stops mistakenly attacking its own organs or cells in autoimmune disease or accepts foreign tissue in organ transplantation . A recent therapeutic approach

2320-519: The clinical and commercial supply of this CAR-T, Novartis purchased the manufacturing plant, the distribution system and hired the production team that produced Sipuleucel-T developed by Dendreon and the Immune Response Corporation. Whether T cells are genetically engineered or not, before re-infusion, lympho-depletion of the recipient is required to eliminate regulatory T cells as well as unmodified, endogenous lymphocytes that compete with

2378-521: The designation was extended to the center's consortium including the SCCA in 2003. SCCA's outpatient clinic first opened in January 2001. In 2001, The Seattle Times published a series of articles alleging that investigators at the center (including the center's co-founder E. Donnall Thomas ) were conducting unethical clinical studies on cancer patients. The paper alleged that in two cancer studies conducted in

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2436-458: The genes associated with interleukin expression and immunological disorders, such Crohn's , ulcerative colitis and celiac disease . Helminths' relationship to humans as hosts should be classified as mutualistic or symbiotic . In some ways, the relationship is symbiotic because the worms themselves need the host (humans) for survival, because this body supplies them with nutrients and a home. From another perspective, it could be reasoned that it

2494-402: The immune system with organ transplantation and with autoimmune disease. Immune responses depend on lymphocyte proliferation. Lymphocyte proliferation is the multiplication of lymphocyte cells used to fight and remember foreign invaders. Cytostatic drugs are a type of immunosuppressive drug that aids in slowing down the growth of rapidly dividing cells. Another example of an immunosuppressive drug

2552-400: The immunotherapy. These cells are then either pulsed with an antigen or tumour lysate or transfected with a viral vector , causing them to display the antigen. Upon transfusion into the person, these activated cells present the antigen to the effector lymphocytes ( CD4+ helper T cells , cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and B cells ). This initiates a cytotoxic response against tumour cells expressing

2610-529: The local community. In 2019, the monthly magazine Seattle Met featured 78 doctors, physician assistants and nurse practitioners from SCCA on its "Top Doctors" list. These health care providers are nominated by their peers based on a variety of factors, such as years of experience, competency and patient satisfaction. 2001 : SCCA opened its first outpatient clinic at 1354 Aloha Street in the South Lake Union neighborhood of Seattle. 2003 : SCCA, as part of

2668-453: The maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are approved to treat some patients with a variety of cancer types, including melanoma , breast cancer , bladder cancer , cervical cancer , colon cancer , lung cancer head and neck cancer , or Hodgkin lymphoma . These therapies have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy as they showed for the first time in many years of research in metastatic melanoma , which

2726-566: The molecules are administered under a low-dose regimen and subcutaneously. A study provides a promising preclinical demonstration of the effectiveness and ease of preparation of Valrubicin-loaded immunoliposomes (Val-ILs) as a novel nanoparticle technology to target immunosuppressive cells. Val-ILs have the potential to be used as a precise and effective therapy based on targeted vesicle-mediated cell death of immunosuppressive cells. The body naturally does not launch an immune system attack on its own tissues. Models generally identify CD4+ T-cells at

2784-464: The organization adopt its longtime local nickname, "Fred Hutch", as its official name as part of a rebranding. On April 1, 2022, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (SCCA) merged to form Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , a unified adult cancer research and care center that is clinically integrated with University of Washington (UW) Medicine and UW Medicine's cancer program. The center has employed three recipients of

2842-549: The patients. The in vivo targeting approaches comprise administering specific cytokines (e.g., Flt3L , GM-CSF ) and targeting the DCs with antibodies to C-type lectin receptors or agonistic antibodies (e.g., anti- CD40 ) that are conjugated with antigen of interest. Multiple, next-generation anti-CD40 platforms are being actively developed. Future approach may target DC subsets based on their specifically expressed C-type lectin receptors or chemokine receptors . Another potential approach

2900-640: The transferred cells for homeostatic cytokines. Lymphodepletion may be achieved by myeloablative chemotherapy, to which total body irradiation may be added for greater effect. Transferred cells multiplied in vivo and persisted in peripheral blood in many people, sometimes representing levels of 75% of all CD8 T cells at 6–12 months after infusion. As of 2012 , clinical trials for metastatic melanoma were ongoing at multiple sites. Clinical responses to adoptive transfer of T cells were observed in patients with metastatic melanoma resistant to multiple immunotherapies. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are

2958-453: The tumour cells that express the antigen . Topical immunotherapy utilizes an immune enhancement cream ( imiquimod ) which produces interferon , causing the recipient's killer T cells to destroy warts , actinic keratoses , basal cell cancer , vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia , squamous cell cancer, cutaneous lymphoma, and superficial malignant melanoma. Injection immunotherapy ("intralesional" or "intratumoural") uses mumps, candida,

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3016-497: The two types of checkpoint inhibitors currently available to patients. The approval of anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 ( CTLA-4 ) and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 ( PD-1 ) antibodies for human use has already resulted in significant improvements in disease outcomes for various cancers. Although these molecules were originally discovered as molecules playing a role in T cell activation or apoptosis , subsequent preclinical research showed their important role in

3074-493: Was appointed as the fourth President, following the retirement of Lee Hartwell . He was followed by Gary Gilliland in 2015 as president, who led the institute until 2020. Under his leadership the center announced that it would expand into the former Lake Union steam plant, which previously housed ZymoGenetics . The move was completed in October 2020. In February 2020, Thomas J. Lynch Jr. took over as director. The year 2014 saw

3132-494: Was discovered stealing oxycodone pills. Subsequently, SCCA agreed to pay a $ 250,000 fine and institute new prescription drug protocols to prevent future fraud. 2015 : Rainier Storb, MD, received a $ 12.9 million grant to research new methods for improving the safety of stem-cell transplantation for people with congenital disorders. 2016 : SCCA opened the Prostate Cancer Genetics Clinic. The first of its kind in

3190-447: Was first introduced in 1997 with rituximab , an anti-CD20 antibody for treatment of B cell lymphoma. Since then several monoclonal antibodies have been approved for treatment of various haematological malignancies as well as for solid tumours. The extraction of G-CSF lymphocytes from the blood and expanding in vitro against a tumour antigen before reinjecting the cells with appropriate stimulatory cytokines . The cells then destroy

3248-400: Was injected into patients in increasing doses to help alleviate symptoms. Allergen Immunotherapy is indicated for people who are extremely allergic or who cannot avoid specific allergens and when there is evidence of an IgE-mediated reaction that correlates with allergen symptoms. These IgE-mediated reactions can be identified via a blood IgE test or skin testing. If a specific IgE antibody

3306-468: Was named an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center in 1976. In 1998, the center formed the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (SCCA), a separate nonprofit corporation, with University of Washington School of Medicine (UW Medicine), and Seattle Children's . This solidified the center's reach into clinical care and was essential for it retaining its NCI comprehensive center designation;

3364-454: Was set to outgrow. A site in the South Lake Union neighborhood, envisioned by the city as a future high-tech and biotechnology hub, was chosen in September 1988 after a deal to move to Fremont fell through earlier that year. The first phase of the campus, designed by firm Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership , began construction in 1991 and opened on June 1, 1993, in a ceremony that included

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