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63-587: The 1564 edition went through many changes that culminated with the 1635 version. Edited by Edward Millar, the 1635 Scottish Psalter included the very best of the psalm settings for the Sternhold and Hopkins psalms. This included four-part homophonic settings of many of the psalms (those texts that did not have a proper melody were assigned a melody from another psalm), several more complicated or polyphonic psalm settings (also known as Psalms in Reports), and settings of many of

126-481: A close friend and political ally. At some point after 1601, he married Philippa, 1575 to 1657; their son Francis, (1615–1643), became a distinguished classicist and doctor, but was disinherited by his father for marrying without his approval. Sir Anthony Rous was a devout Puritan , who instilled the same values in his children. Francis was educated at Pembroke College, Oxford , then known as Broadgates, and known for its "advanced Protestantism". In 1598, he moved to

189-728: A cost of about £150,000. In October 1906 the commission intimated that the Assembly Hall, and the New College Buildings, were to belong to the UF Church, while the Free Church received the offices in Edinburgh, and a tenement to be converted into a college, while the library was to be vested in the UF Church, but open to members of both. After having held its Assembly in university class-rooms for two years, and in another hall in 1905, in 1906

252-514: A move from the simplicity and plainness of earlier Scottish worship in some later editions there was also a set of seven trinitarian doxologies ("To Father, Son and Holy Ghost..."), each for a different metrical pattern, which could be sung at the close of a psalm. These were printed together at the end of the psalms, and were intended to allow the Old Testament text to be sung in the light of the New. All

315-576: A profession', and funded three scholarships for Etonians to attend Pembroke College. He was buried in Eton College Chapel . United Free Church of Scotland The United Free Church of Scotland ( UF Church ; Scottish Gaelic : An Eaglais Shaor Aonaichte , Scots : The Unitit Free Kirk o Scotland ) is a Scottish Presbyterian denomination formed in 1900 by the union of the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland (or UP) and

378-416: A unique tune. From the 19th century onwards, these often appeared at the end of music editions in whole rather than split pages. An example of a special setting is Psalm 24 :7–10, "Ye gates lift up your heads", to the tune "St. George's Edinburgh", a rousing piece traditionally sung after Communion. The introduction of hymns was part of a reform of worship in the second half of the 19th century which also saw

441-451: Is provided by George K. Barr, Selecting Hymns from CH4 , no publisher, no ISBN, 2005. In February 2008 Canterbury Press released a version of CH4 for the wider church, called Hymns of Glory, Songs of Praise , featuring the same content as CH4 under a different cover. This has proved popular in some liberal Anglican churches and United Reformed Churches. The Presbyterian Church in Ireland and

504-472: Is represented in "Mothering God" (Hymn 117). However, the temptation to reword such as "thy" to "your" has been resisted for old favourites, so, for example, "Great is thy faithfulness" remains untouched. In a deliberate echo of RCH, CH4 opens with a collection of psalms arranged in the order of their original Psalm numbers (Hymns 1–108). Many of these come from the Scottish Psalter, and appear here without

567-539: Is the longest. The immediate reaction of the Scottish press after publication was to report complaints of pensioners who found the volume too heavy to carry to Church, but its strength no doubt lies in the breadth of musical and theological traditions which it seeks to embrace. CH4 has a purple binding. The hymnary is available in three editions: Full Music, Melody and Text. There is also a large print version. Music edition: ISBN   1-85311-613-0 A scripture index to CH4

630-664: The University of Leiden , an important centre of study for Scots and English Calvinists . As legal training was then considered part of an education, he attended the Middle Temple for a short period in 1601, but moved to Landrake , in Cornwall. There are few details of his life prior to 1626, although he produced several books, and Rous claimed in 1641 that he spent some of 1609 travelling in Europe with Sir Thomas Overbury , victim in one of

693-482: The West Indies . The UFC was broadly liberal Evangelical in its approach to theology and practical issues. It combined an acceptance of the findings of contemporary science, and the more moderate results of higher criticism with commitment to evangelism and missions. The UFC's approach to doctrinal conformity was fairly liberal for a Presbyterian denomination at the time. In its 1906 Act Anent Spiritual Independence of

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756-728: The majority of the 19th-century Free Church of Scotland . The majority of the United Free Church of Scotland united with the Church of Scotland in 1929. The Free Church of Scotland seceded from the Church of Scotland in the Disruption of 1843 . The United Presbyterian Church was formed in 1847 by a union of the United Secession and Relief Churches, both of which had split from the Church of Scotland. The two denominations united in 1900 to form

819-458: The ordination of female ministers in 1929. The church elected a woman as its moderator in 1960, when Elizabeth Barr became the first female moderator of a general assembly of a Scottish church. In 2016, the UFC had 53 congregations in its three presbyteries. By 2022, this had reduced to 47 congregations. These three presbyteries are 'The East', 'The West' and 'The North'. The General Assembly of

882-777: The 1643 Solemn League and Covenant , and was appointed to the Westminster Assembly . Under the Protectorate , he moved away from his Presbyterian colleagues, becoming closer to the religious Independents , and Oliver Cromwell . He died in January 1659, and was buried in Eton College Chapel . Francis Rous was born at Dittisham in Devon around 1581, fourth son of Sir Anthony Rous (ca 1555-1620), and his first wife, Elizabeth Southcote (1547–1585). His father remarried Philippa Colles (died 1620), mother of John Pym ; his stepbrother became

945-654: The Church , its General Assembly asserted the power to modify or define its Subordinate standard (the Westminster Confession ) and its laws. Although its subordinate standard remained, ministers and elders were asked to state their belief in "the doctrine of this Church, set forth in the Confession of Faith". Thus the Church's interpretation of doctrine was prioritised over the confession. The UFC had three divinity halls, at Glasgow , Edinburgh and Aberdeen , served by 17 professors and five lecturers. The first moderator

1008-523: The Church of Scotland's independence in spiritual matters (a right asserted by its Articles Declaratory of 1919). The second was the Church of Scotland (Properties and Endowments) Act 1925 ( 15 & 16 Geo. 5 . c. 33), which transferred the secular endowment of the church to a new body called the General Trustees . These measures satisfied the majority of the UFC that the Church-state entanglement of

1071-593: The Church of Scotland, which had been the cause of the Disruption of 1843 had at last ended. In 1929, the merger with the Church of Scotland largely reversed the Disruption of 1843 and reunited much of Scottish Presbyterianism. On 2 October 1929, at an assembly at the Industrial Hall on Annandale Street off Leith Walk in Edinburgh , the two churches merged. The Hall is now the central bus depot for Lothian Region Transport . A relatively small minority stayed out of

1134-509: The Churches of England and Scotland . His text was heavily edited by a committee of translators, and in 1650 his Psalms were approved for use by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . Despite the extent of the revisions, Rous's text for Psalm 23 is generally considered to be the basis of the popular Christian hymn , " The Lord's my Shepherd ". After 1647, Rous moved closer to

1197-556: The Committee for Propagation of the Gospel; led by Congregationalist minister John Owen , Parliament was dissolved before any of its suggested reforms were enacted. He was appointed Speaker of the House of Commons in 1653, although he proved incapable of managing the violent factionalism of Barebone's Parliament . Along with Charles Worsley and John Lambert , Rous was increasingly disturbed by

1260-568: The Court of Session's decision (by a majority of 5–2), and found the minority entitled to the assets of the Free Church. It was held that, by adopting new standards of doctrine (and particularly by abandoning its commitment to 'the establishment principle' – which was held to be fundamental to the Free Church), the majority had violated the conditions on which the property of the Free Church was held. The judgement had huge implications; seemingly it deprived

1323-534: The Free Church element of the UF Church of all assets—churches, manses, colleges, missions, and even provision for elderly clergy. It handed large amounts of property to the remnant; more than it could make effective use of. A conference, held in September 1904, between representatives of the UF and the (now distinct) Free Church, to come to some working arrangement, found that no basis for agreement could be found. A convocation of

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1386-468: The Free Church, as at the date of the union, should be vested, and which should allocate it to the United Free Church, where the Free Church was unable to carry out the trust purposes. The Churches (Scotland) Act 1905, which gave effect to these recommendations, was passed in August. The commissioners appointed were those on whose report the act was formed, plus two others. The allocation of churches and manses

1449-561: The Gaelic community contains a hymn in Gaelic, the Christmas carol "Leanabh an àigh", for which the original text now appears in parallel to the translation "Child in a manger". Many hymns have been modified to incorporate 'inclusive language'. For example, "He gave me eyes so I could see", has been rewritten as "God gave me eyes so I could see" (Hymn 164). The feminist theology of the Motherhood of God

1512-515: The Holy Trinity and subdivided into aspects of God and the Church's response. There then follows an international section of short songs, including evangelical choruses by writers such as Graham Kendrick and pieces from Taizé and the Iona Community. A final short section contains Amens and Doxologies. In some ways this is the Church of Scotland's most ambitious hymnal to date, and certainly it

1575-524: The Hymnary, often abbreviated to RCH or CH2, coincided with the preparations for the union of the Church of Scotland with the United Free Church of Scotland (1929). RCH contains 727 hymns and was edited by Welsh composer David Evans . Like its predecessor, it was printed together with the psalter in a single volume, and thus the hymnary itself does not include any of the metrical psalms. A useful resource

1638-580: The Independents like Oliver Cromwell , and supported Charles' execution in 1649; since Presbyterians believed a 'well-ordered' monarchy was divinely mandated, The Protectorate presented a problem. In April 1649, he published a pamphlet titled The Lawfulness of Obeying the Present Government ; claiming to be written by a 'true Presbyterian', this argued scripture required obedience to authority, regardless of who wielded it. In early 1652, he served on

1701-438: The UF Church again occupied the historic buildings of the Free Church. All the foreign missions and all the continental stations were also adjudged to the United Free Church. (Incidentally, the same act also contained provided for the relaxation of subscription in the Church of Scotland, thus Parliament had involved itself in the affairs of all Presbyterian churches.) The United Free Church was during its relatively short existence

1764-530: The UF Church, held on 15 December, decided that the union should proceed, and resolved to pursue every lawful means to restore their assets. As a result, the intervention of Parliament was sought. A parliamentary commission was appointed, consisting of Lords Elgin , Kinnear and Anstruther . The question of interim possession was referred to Sir John Cheyne . The commission sat in public, and after hearing both sides, issued their report in April 1905. They stated that

1827-478: The United Free Church (except for a small section of the Free Church who rejected the union and continued independently under the name of the Free Church ). The minority of the Free Church, which had refused to join the union, quickly tested its legality. They issued a summons, claiming that in altering the principles of the Free Church, the majority had ceased to be the Free Church of Scotland and therefore forfeited

1890-877: The United Free Church of Scotland meets annually, beginning on the Wednesday after the first Sunday in June, and lasting until the Friday. Since 2008, they have committed to having the General Assembly in a central location, meeting in the Salutation Hotel, Perth. In 2016, they had 60 ordained ministers, including retired and those serving part-time. There were three students, and a further three probationer ministers. The denomination has 388 Elders, and 255 Deacons, Managers or board members who are not Elders. In 2023, there were 22 serving ministers, along with seven Ministry Assistants. There

1953-1158: The United Presbyterian Church were involved in the compilation of the Church Hymnary (1898) and several Presbyterian denominations in the Revised Church Hymnary (1928) and the Church Hymnary third edition (1973). The Presbyterian Church in Ireland declined to be involved in the fourth edition and published its own Irish Presbyterian Hymn Book in 2004. Anabaptist Anglican Lutheran Presbyterian Reformed Timothy Duguid, Metrical Psalmody in Print and Practice: English 'Singing Psalms' and Scottish 'Psalm Buiks', 1547–1640 (Ashgate Press, 2014). Miller Patrick, Five Centuries of Scottish Psalmody (Oxford University Press, 1949). Rowland S. Ward, The Psalms in Christian Worship (Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia, Melbourne, 1992). Francis Rous Francis Rous , also spelled Rouse (c. 1581 to 1659),

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2016-414: The appearance of church organs and stained glass. This reform began in individual congregations such as Greyfriars Kirk , and it took several decades before the General Assembly was ready to produce a hymnal for the whole of the Church. The Hymnary was intended to be used together with the psalter, and thus omitted such favourites as "The Lord's my shepherd". It contained 650 pieces. The second edition of

2079-651: The debate on the legality of Laud's reforms in December 1640, and presented articles of impeachment against John Cosin in 1641. He sat in the Westminster Assembly , took the Solemn League and Covenant , and in 1644, became Provost of Eton College , a position he retained until his death in 1659. In 1643, Rous published his metrical paraphrases of the Book of Psalms , The Psalms of David set forth in English meeter , to be used in

2142-539: The doxologies added in CH3. (These doxologies are included as Hymn 109, but their separation from the texts of the psalms presumably means they will be relatively seldom used.) But the section also includes psalms from other musical traditions, as well as prose psalms for responsive reading – still not common in the Church of Scotland. The volume then continues, as did CH3, with a thematic arrangement of hymns, this time divided into three main sections each associated with one person of

2205-402: The feelings of both parties towards the other had made their work difficult. They concluded, however, that the Free Church was in many respects unable to carry out the purposes of the trusts, which, under the ruling of the House of Lords, was a condition of their holding the property. They recommended that an executive commission should be set up by act of parliament, in which the whole property of

2268-446: The full range of this music, the volume contributed greatly to an openness to new ideas in worship. There are 120 songs in Songs of God's People . Unlike the hymnaries, but in common with most evangelical chorus books, the volume is not arranged thematically but in alphabetical order of the first lines. In 1994 the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland appointed a committee to revise

2331-572: The hymnary; the convener was again John L. Bell . After consultation and protracted difficulties in obtaining copyright for some hymns, Church Hymnary, fourth edition (CH4) appeared in May 2005. It is published by the Canterbury Press (Norwich) and contains 825 items. In the spirit of Songs of God's People it continues the quest for diversity. For the first time a hymn book which was not specifically produced for

2394-448: The majority of Church of Scotland congregations. The psalter contained all 150 psalms in their entirety, though obviously many of them were too long to be sung whole. In 1781 a selection of 67 paraphrases of Scripture was given permissive use for a year. Although never officially adopted, the paraphrases had significant use in succeeding years, mainly in the lowlands. Five hymns were inserted at this time without church authority. Reflecting

2457-432: The most famous murder cases of the period. Understanding individuals from this period requires an appreciation of the centrality of religious belief in daily life, and politics. With the exception of Independents , who opposed any state church, most people believed in a 'universal' church, where everyone belonged to the same structure, and used the same practices; where Charles I , William Laud , Rous and others disagreed

2520-605: The national church; those who were expelled by the 1662 Act of Uniformity became Nonconformists . Like John Pym, Rous was a passionate opponent of Arminianism ; between 1619 and 1623, he published three works focusing on idolatry and 'carnal gloriations' among the priesthood. In 1626, he was elected Member of Parliament for Truro , then Tregony in 1628. Rous and Pym led the attack on Roger Maynwaring and Robert Sibthorpe , two clergymen who published sermons supporting divine right of kings , and passive obedience . Essentially political arguments, they were seen as undermining

2583-432: The pre-union Church. It was dropped from the title in 1934. An agreement between the parties avoided the property disputes of the 1900 union. UFC members increased slightly during the 1930s, to a peak of 23,000 by 1939, but it never regained anywhere near the numbers it had had prior to the union with the Church of Scotland. The ongoing UFC continues in the 'broad evangelical' tradition. The continuing UFC agreed to permit

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2646-481: The present day in parts of Scotland (especially the Highlands), and around the world in some of the smaller Presbyterian denominations. W. P. Rorison carried out a detailed comparison of the 1650 version with ten earlier psalters to trace every line. He was able to trace 4,846 lines to these ten sources. In 1929, the music of the psalter was revised by the Church of Scotland to bring its harmonies into line with those in

2709-489: The previous hymnbooks and psalters, which all had dark blue-black bindings. Like RCH, CH3 also had a handbook: John Barkley, Handbook to the Church Hymnary Third Edition , OUP 1979. Its commentaries are less full and scholarly than those of Moffatt and Patrick, but more closely tailored to the needs of worship preparation. Songs of God's People was conceived as a supplement to CH3, and in many congregations

2772-419: The psalms were present in common meter (CM), which meant that in principle any psalm could be sung to any psalm tune, though not every possible combination would have been regarded as good taste. Musical editions of the psalter were published with the pages sliced horizontally, the tunes in the top half and the texts in the bottom, allowing the two parts of the volume to be opened independently. The music section

2835-526: The psalter in most congregations, though a version with the full psalter at the front was also printed. All the metrical psalms in the volume were expanded with a trinitarian doxology which the Psalter had printed separately; as a result, these suddenly came to be used far more frequently than ever before. The volume is structured thematically under eight sections, each (except the last) with a number of subsections: The distinctive plain red cover set CH3 apart from

2898-538: The radicalism of many MPs. In a pre-planned move, on the morning of 12 December 1653, he led moderate members to Cromwell's office, where they resigned 'their powers unto his Excellency', effectively dissolving Parliament. He was MP for Cornwall in 1656, along with Pym's nephew, Anthony Nicholl , but rejected a seat in the newly created Upper House . His wife Philippa was terminally ill, and died in December 1657; Rous followed in January 1659. His will left £50 to his grandson, 'so long as he shall be in preparation towards

2961-433: The revision of the hymnal. The psalter was usually printed at the front of the first two editions of the hymnal (1898, 1927), and throughout much of the 20th century there was a widespread tradition of beginning worship with a psalm before continuing in the hymn books. However, the most widely used version of the third edition did not have the psalter in the same volume, with the result that the full psalter has disappeared from

3024-506: The right to its assets – which should belong to the remaining minority, who were the true 'Free Church'. However, the case was lost in the Court of Session , where Lord Low (upheld by the second division) held that the Assembly of original Free Church had a right, within limits, to change its position. An appeal to House of Lords , (not delivered until 1 August 1904 due to a judicial death), reversed

3087-437: The role of Parliament, and condemned as such. In a speech made in January 1629, Rous argued if Arminianism continued to spread, 'true religion' was doomed; this inspired much of the subsequent opposition to Archbishop Laud . Charles responded by dissolving Parliament, initiating the period of Personal Rule that continued until 1640. Returned for Truro in the elections of April and November 1640 Long Parliament , Rous opened

3150-826: The second largest Presbyterian church in Scotland . The Free Church brought into the union 1,068 congregations, the United Presbyterians 593. Combined they had a membership of some half a million Scots. The revenue of the former amounted to £706,546, of the latter to £361,743. The missionaries of both churches joined the union, and the united Church was then equipped with missions in various parts of India , in Manchuria , in Africa (Lovedale, Livingstonia, etc.), in Palestine, in Melanesia and in

3213-536: The so-called Common Tunes that had come to be used in the seventeenth century. The last edition of the 1564 psalter with music was issued in 1640. However, there had been many attempts to supplant the 1564 edition, including those by none other than James VI/I. Even so, Scots clung to their beloved psalter until the Westminster assembly promised a potential union between the English and Scottish psalters. A complete psalter by Francis Rous , an English member of Parliament,

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3276-441: The two were used together. For this reason, it includes no material which is also in CH3, but it does revive a number of items from RCH which had been dropped in the 1973 revision. It also included music from a variety of sources which greatly increased the range of types of music available for worship. For the first time, a Church of Scotland hymnary had: While it is undoubtedly true that many congregations did not take advantage of

3339-497: The union, and retained the name of U.F. Church. Voluntaryism led some to oppose the union (the United Free Church Association, led by James Barr – minister of Govan and Labour MP for Motherwell ). When it came, 13,000 UFC members remained outside, calling themselves the United Free Church (Continuing). The phrase 'continuing' was used for five years to avoid confusion between the remaining United Free Church and

3402-486: Was Robert Rainy . Its theologians and scholars have included H.R. Mackintosh , James Moffatt as well as John and Donald Baillie . British Prime Minister Bonar Law was raised in a Canadian Free Church manse and was a member of the United Free Church in Helensburgh . As its early days were preoccupied with the aftermath of union, so its later days were with the coming union with the Church of Scotland . The problem

3465-475: Was a slow business, but by 1908 over 100 churches had been assigned to the Free Church. Some of the dispossessed UF Church congregations, most of them in the Highlands, found shelter for a time in the parish churches; but it was early decided that in spite of the objection against the erection of more church buildings in districts where many were now standing empty, 60 new churches and manses should at once be built at

3528-468: Was an English politician and Puritan religious author, who was Provost of Eton from 1644 to 1659, and briefly Speaker of the House of Commons in 1653. Stepbrother of Parliamentary leader John Pym , he joined him in opposing Arminianism in the Church of England , and played a leading role in the impeachment of Archbishop Laud . When the First English Civil War began in 1642, he supported

3591-523: Was arranged alphabetically by the traditional names of the melodies. Psalm 23 , "The Lord's my shepherd", would typically be sung to tune 144 "Wiltshire" (tune "Crimond", written in 1872, becoming overwhelmingly popular from the 1930s), but could theoretically be sung to almost any other, the only restriction being the conventions of familiarity. In addition, some psalms had alternative versions in other meters, including long meter (LM), short meter (SM), and irregular metrical patterns, and each of these had

3654-663: Was one Student Minister, and 22 Retired Ministers. The denomination has 300 Elders, and 183 Deacons, Managers or board members who are not Elders. The total membership (Communicants) at the end of 2023 was 1782 individuals. The modern UFC is involved in the ecumenical movement in Scotland and is a member of Action of Churches Together in Scotland . Internationally, it is a member of the World Council of Churches , The denomination, as of 31 December 2023, currently has 47 congregations. 1900 - 1929 1929- The dispute over assets between

3717-510: Was revised by the Westminster Assembly but did not satisfy the Scots. Over a period of 2 years and 4 months it was revised by direction of the General Assembly, and it has been calculated that about 40% of the lines are original to the Scottish revisors with only 10% from Rous and 30% from the Westminster Version. Accuracy of translation was in the forefront. This psalter continues in use until

3780-588: Was the Handbook to the Church Hymnary by James Moffatt and Millar Patrick (published 1927, revised 1928). It gave lengthy biographical notes on the authors and composers, and commentaries on the hymns, as well as additional indexes. It was republished with a supplement in 1935. Known as CH3, the 1973 hymnary was more than a new edition, it was an entirely new compilation. It appeared in Oxford University Press , and contained 695 items. When it first appeared, it

3843-528: Was the CofS's position as an established church conflicted with the Voluntaryism of the UFC. Discussions began in 1909, but were complex. The Very Rev William Paterson Paterson , Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland made much progress during his period in office 1919/20. The main hurdles were overcome by two parliamentary statutes, firstly the Church of Scotland Act 1921 , which recognised

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3906-505: Was the form it took, particularly within the Church of England . It was taken for granted good government depended on 'true religion', and as many also believed the Second Coming was imminent, it gave debates on what that meant a real urgency and importance. "Puritan" was a term for anyone who wanted to reform, or 'purify', the Church of England, the most prominent being Presbyterians . Most of these factions considered themselves part of

3969-432: Was widely criticised for omitting many favourite hymns ("By cool Siloam's shady rill" was a prominent example), but it introduced many modern hymns like "Tell out my soul" which soon became popular – albeit to the tune "Woodlands" rather than the prescribed tune "Mappersley" which is rarely, if ever, used. CH3 included those metrical psalms (or sections of psalms) which were most frequently used, and thus effectively replaced

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