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29-451: Scots Church may refer to: Scots Church, Adelaide Scots Church, Amsterdam Scots Church, Cobh , Ireland Scots' Church, Melbourne Scots Church, Sydney Scots Church at Rotterdam Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Scots Church . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

58-589: A glacier transported the stones, then it must have been the Irish Sea Glacier . In support of the glacial erratic theory, researchers reporting in 2015 found no firm evidence of quarrying at Rhosyfelin in the Preselis. However, in such event, one might expect to find other bluestone boulders or slabs near the Stonehenge site, but no such bluestones (apart from fragments) have been found. The archaeological find of

87-762: A number of significant bluestone buildings exist, including the Old Melbourne Gaol , Pentridge Prison , St Patrick's Cathedral , Victoria Barracks , Melbourne Grammar School , Deaf Children Australia and Victorian College for the Deaf , Vision Australia , the Goldsbrough Mort warehouses ( Bourke Street ) and the Timeball Tower at Williamstown , as well as St Mary's Basilica in Geelong . Some examples of other major structures that use bluestone include Princes Bridge ,

116-489: Is a medium grained dark and heavy rock, harder than granite. Preseli bluestone tools, such as axes, have been discovered elsewhere within the British Isles. Many of them appear to have been made in or near Stonehenge, since there are petrographic similarities with some of the spotted dolerites there. The bluestones at Stonehenge were first used there during the third phase of construction at Stonehenge around 2300 BC. It

145-631: Is also widely used, and is the main construction material (often with facing of Oamaru stone , a local compact limestone) in many of the notable historic buildings in the southern South Island, most of which were constructed during the financial boom following the Otago gold rush . Prominent structures to use this combination include Otago University Registry Building , Dunedin Law Courts , and Dunedin Railway Station . Similar construction using Timaru bluestone

174-516: Is assumed that there were about 80 monoliths originally, but this has never been proven since only 43 remain. The stones are estimated to weigh between 2 and 4 tons each. The majority of them are believed to have come from the Preseli Hills , about 250   km (150 miles) away in Wales , either through glaciation ( glacial erratic theory) or through humans organizing their transportation. A summary of

203-481: Is given attractively coloured surfaces by ferric oxide and other minerals deposited in joints and bedding planes. The slate is laid in masonry with the mineralised surfaces exposed. Bluestone was most popular from about the 1850s to the 1920s, quarried in the Adelaide Hills at Dry Creek , O'Halloran Hill (formerly Tapley's Hill) and Glen Osmond , as well as a number of other places in rural areas. In Tasmania,

232-490: Is known as bluestone is a basalt or olivine basalt. It was one of the favoured building materials during the Victorian Gold Rush period of the 1850s. In Melbourne , it was extracted from quarries throughout the inner northern suburbs, such as Clifton Hill , Brunswick and Coburg , where the quarry used to source the stone for Pentridge Prison is now Coburg Lake. Bluestone was also sourced in many other regions of

261-539: Is of particular value to the economy of Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania . The Starrucca Viaduct , finished in 1848, is an example of Pennsylvania bluestone as a building material. Bluestone is quarried in western New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and eastern New York. It is also quarried in the Canadian Appalachians near Deer Lake in Western Newfoundland. The Pennsylvania Bluestone Association has 105 members,

290-560: Is unrelated to human-made blue brick . The term "bluestone" in Britain is used in a loose sense to cover all of the "foreign," not intrinsic, stones and rock debris at Stonehenge . It is a "convenience" label rather than a geological term, since at least 46 different rock types are represented. One of the most common rocks in the assemblage is known as Preseli Spotted Dolerite—a chemically altered igneous rock containing spots or clusters of secondary minerals replacing plagioclase feldspar . It

319-454: Is used extensively in Victoria as railway ballast , as road base , and in making concrete. Combined with bitumen , it is used as a road surfacing material. In South Australia , the name bluestone is given to a form of slate which is much less durable than Victorian bluestone, but was valued for its decorative appearance. The interior of the stone is usually pale grey or beige in colour, but

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348-652: The Boscombe Bowmen has been cited in support of the human transport theory. Preseli Bluestone dolerite axe heads have been found around the Preseli Hills as well, indicating that there was a population who knew how to work with the stones, In 2015, researchers claimed that some of the stones at Stonehenge came from Neolithic quarries at Carn Goedog and Craig Rhos-y-felin in the Preseli Hills. The quarrying hypothesis has been hotly disputed by Brian John, Dyfed Elis-Gruffydd and John Downes, whose own detailed research led to

377-768: The Paleozoic Era , approximately 370 to 345 million years ago. The Catskill Delta was created from runoff from the Acadian Mountains ("Ancestral Appalachians"). This delta ran in a narrow band from southwest to northeast and today provides the bluestone quarried from the Catskill Mountains and Northeastern Pennsylvania . The term "bluestone" is derived from a deep-blue-colored sandstone first found in Ulster County, New York . It can, however, appear in many other hues, mostly shades of grays and browns. Bluestone quarrying

406-671: The Free Presbyterians led by Rev James Benny of Morphett Vale did not join the union. When the states federated in 1901, the main Presbyterian denomination in each state federated, so Chalmers Church became part of the Presbyterian Church of Australia . Chalmers Church amalgamated with the Flinders Street Presbyterian Church congregation in 1929, with the new name "Scots Church". The Flinders Street property

435-467: The Victorian volcanic plains, and used in towns and cities in the state's central and western regions, including Ballarat , Geelong , Kyneton , Port Fairy and Portland . It is still quarried at a number of places around the state. Bluestone is a very hard material and therefore difficult to work, so it was predominantly used for warehouses, miscellaneous walls, and the foundations of buildings. However,

464-684: The adjacent Federation Wharf, and Hawthorn Bridge . Because of its distinctive qualities, post-modern Melbourne buildings have also made use of bluestone for nostalgic reasons. They include the Southgate complex and the promenade in Southbank, Victoria . Bluestone was used extensively as cobblestone , and for kerbs and gutters, many examples of which still exist in Melbourne's smaller city lanes, and 19th-century inner-suburban streets and lanes. Crushed bluestone aggregate , known as "blue metal" (or "bluemetal"),

493-459: The conclusion that the so-called quarrying features were all natural, created over a long period of glacial and periglacial landscape change. Further, no independent evidence has ever been found to support the thesis of long overland or sea transport of Preseli bluestones from Wales to Salisbury Plain. There are three distinct building materials called "bluestone" in Australia. In Victoria , what

522-797: The denomination of Scots Church today. Scots Church minister Rev Ian Tanner was elected as the first Moderator of the UCA Synod of South Australia , and then in 1985 became the fourth President of the Assembly of the Uniting Church in Australia The Scots Church building was listed on the South Australian Heritage Register on 11 September 1986, and is the second-oldest church building in the City of Adelaide. Bluestone It

551-526: The first moderator of the Free Church of Scotland in 1843. Gardner arrived in the colony in March 1850. He immediately initiated buying the land on the corner of North Terrace and Pulteney Street from (later Sir) John Morphett , and appointed English & Brown as architects and builders, comprising Thomas English and his brother-in-law Henry Brown. Chalmers laid the foundation stone on 3 September 1850. He held

580-425: The first service in the new building on 6 July 1851. The cost of land and building was £2,572 against the estimate of £1,800 despite cost-saving measures which included substituting a shingle roof for slate tiles. The loan to the church, of £1,000 at 12½ per cent interest, was guaranteed by trustees Capt. William Elder, George Young, George Elder, jun., Charles Matthew and Henry Chapman. The 120 feet (37 m) spire

609-417: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scots_Church&oldid=942397127 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Scots Church, Adelaide Scots Church is a Uniting church on

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638-431: The major aspects of the Stonehenge "bluestone conundrum" was published in 2008. In 2018 a book devoted specifically to the problem of bluestone provenance and transport concluded that the Stonehenge bluestones are essentially an ill-sorted assemblage of glacial erratics. Much further research into the origin of the bluestones has been published between 2012 and 2022 particularly by geologists Richard Bevins and Rob Ixer. If

667-536: The name bluestone is given to dolerite (diabase), which is a dominant stone variety in the landscape, and used in a variety of building roles. Timaru bluestone (also known as Port Chalmers bluestone) is an attractive building material, used both historically and to the present. It is a grey basalt similar to Victorian bluestone, quarried near Timaru in the South Island. Bluestone from near Kokonga in Central Otago

696-692: The southwest corner of North Terrace and Pulteney Street in Adelaide , the capital city of South Australia . Founded by the Free Church of Scotland , the stone church was one of the early churches built in the new city in 1850, built as the Chalmers Church. A prominent group of immigrants to South Australia, settled by Europeans from 1836, supported the Free Church of Scotland movement. This group called Reverend John Gardner from Scotland, and established Chalmers Free Church, named after Rev. Thomas Chalmers ,

725-531: The vast majority of them quarriers. The other, lesser known, type of American "bluestone" is a blue-tinted limestone abundant in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia . It is a limestone formed during the Ordovician Period approximately 450 to 500 million years ago, at the bottom of a relatively shallow ocean that covered what is today Rockingham County, Virginia . The limestone that accumulated there

754-516: Was added in 1858 at an additional cost of £200 and a bell, brought out from England, was donated by (later Sir) Thomas Elder . The Presbytery of the Free Presbyterian Church of South Australia was formed 9 May 1854. The Free Presbyterian Church, United Presbyterian Church and the Church of Scotland merged in 1865 to form one Presbyterian Church of South Australia , although a section of

783-447: Was darker in color than most other limestone deposits because it was in deeper waters exposed to less light. The darker blue color resulted in limestone from this region being dubbed "bluestone" and with two sequences measuring about 10,000 feet (3,000 m) thick, it gives the area one of the largest limestone deposits in the world. The stone eventually fades from a deep blue to a light grey after prolonged exposure to sun and rain. Given

812-636: Was eventually sold in 1956, yielding funds to build on the western side of the North Terrace property, using bluestone facings from Flinders Street. The current organ and western stained glass also came from Flinders Street. In 1977, the majority of the Presbyterian Church of Australia joined with the Methodist and most Congregational congregations to create the Uniting Church in Australia (UCA),

841-620: Was used for Christchurch Arts Centre . There are two distinct building materials called "bluestone" in the United States, one of which is also found in Canada. Bluestone from Pennsylvania and New York is a sandstone defined as feldspathic greywacke . The sand-sized grains from which bluestone is constituted were deposited in the Catskill Delta during the Middle to Upper Devonian Period of

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