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69-480: The original formula for Scotchgard was discovered accidentally in 1952 by 3M chemists Patsy Sherman and Samuel Smith , although Patsy Sherman holds 13 patents regarding Scotchgard and is generally recognized as the scientist who discovered Scotchgard's possibilities. Sales began in 1956, and in 1973 the two chemists received a patent for the formula. 3M reformulated Scotchgard and since June 2003 has replaced PFOS with perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS). PFBS has

138-485: A 3M brand of products, a stain repellent and durable water repellent . Patsy O'Connell Sherman was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She grew up in an era where women were not permitted to higher levels of education, but despite this, her father encouraged her to pursue it. Her father was also very passionate about science his entire life, and that encouraged her even more. During this time, men were overseas fighting in

207-552: A US$ 1 chip, while colors in the PAL system are achieved by "accident" when a dot occurs on a line, and he says that to this day he has no idea how it works. During the design stage, Jobs argued that the Apple II should have two expansion slots , while Wozniak wanted eight. After a heated argument, during which Wozniak threatened that Jobs should "go get himself another computer", they decided to go with eight slots. Jobs and Wozniak introduced

276-506: A fluorochemical rubber was accidentally spilled on an assistant's shoe. After exhaustive attempts to remove the rubber failed, Sherman realized that the material could be used as a repellant for oil, water, and other solvents. Sherman and Smith received a patent in 1971 for the "invention of block and graft copolymers containing water-solvatable polar groups and fluoroaliphatic groups." Sherman holds 13 patents with Smith in fluorochemical polymers and polymerization processes. In 1974, Sherman

345-453: A superintelligence takeover would be good for humans: They're going to be smarter than us and if they're smarter than us then they'll realise they need us ... We want to be the family pet and be taken care of all the time ... I got this idea a few years ago and so I started feeding my dog filet steak and chicken every night because 'do unto others'. In 2016, Wozniak changed his mind again, stating that he no longer worried about

414-844: A 2013 interview, Wozniak said that in 1981, "Steve [Jobs] really took over the project when I had a plane crash and wasn't there." On February 7, 1981, the Beechcraft Bonanza A36TC which Wozniak was piloting (and not qualified to operate ) crashed soon after takeoff from the Sky Park Airport in Scotts Valley , California . The airplane stalled while climbing, then bounced down the runway, broke through two fences, and crashed into an embankment. Wozniak and his three passengers—then-fiancée Candice Clark , her brother Jack Clark, and Jack's girlfriend, Janet Valleau—were injured. Wozniak sustained severe face and head injuries, including losing

483-804: A 2023 open letter from the Future of Life Institute calling for "all AI labs to immediately pause for at least 6 months the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4". In an interview to the BBC in May 2023 Wozniak said that AI may make scams more difficult to detect, noting that "AI is so intelligent it's open to the bad players, the ones that want to trick you about who they are". Wozniak lives in Los Gatos, California . He applied for Australian citizenship in 2012, and has stated that he would like to live in Melbourne , Australia in

552-437: A 3M chemist) and Wendy Heil, who owned Advanced Optics, Inc. Steve Wozniak Stephen Gary Wozniak ( / ˈ w ɒ z n i æ k / ; born August 11, 1950), also known by his nickname Woz , is an American technology entrepreneur, electrical engineer , computer programmer , philanthropist, and inventor. In 1976, he co-founded Apple Computer with his early business partner Steve Jobs . Through his work at Apple in

621-469: A WOZX cryptocurrency token for funding and blockchain to redistribute the profit to token holders and businesses engaged on the platform. In September 2021, it was reported that Wozniak was also starting a company alongside co-founder Alex Fielding named Privateer Space to address the problem of space debris . Privateer Space debuted the first version of its space traffic monitoring software on March 1, 2022. In 2024, Wozniak sued YouTube in respect to

690-551: A fairly high price". "He made it by cutting the RAM down, by forcing you to swap disks here and there", says Wozniak. He attributed the eventual success of the Macintosh to people like John Sculley "who worked to build a Macintosh market when the Apple II went away". At the end of 2020, Wozniak announced the launch of a new company helmed by him, Efforce. Efforce is described as a marketplace for funding ecologically friendly projects. It used

759-617: A former tech executive who lives in Menlo Park. He also has one sister, Leslie Wozniak. She attended Homestead High School in Cupertino. She is a grant adviser at Five Bridges Foundation, which helps at-risk youths in San Francisco. She once said it was her mother who introduced activism to her and her siblings. The name on Wozniak's birth certificate is "Stephan Gary Wozniak", but his mother said that she intended it to be spelled "Stephen", which

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828-483: A heavy influence over the project along with Jef Raskin , who conceived the computer. Later named the "Macintosh 128k", it would become the first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral graphical user interface and mouse . The Macintosh would also go on to introduce the desktop publishing industry with the addition of the Apple LaserWriter , the first laser printer to feature vector graphics . In

897-555: A much shorter half-life in people than PFOS (a little over one month vs. 5.4 years). 3M now states that Scotchgard utilizes a proprietary fluorinated urethane . During 1999, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began an investigation into the class of chemicals used in Scotchgard, after receiving information on the global distribution and toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS),

966-488: A scam that was being circulated on the platform using his likeness. Later, he won after a San Jose appeals court ruled YouTube was liable for failing to combat it. Wozniak is listed as the sole inventor on the following Apple patents: In 1990, Wozniak helped found the Electronic Frontier Foundation , providing some of the organization's initial funding and serving on its founding Board of Directors. He

1035-469: A self-taught engineering project, Wozniak designed and built his first computer with his friend Bill Fernandez . Predating useful microprocessors, screens, and keyboards, and using punch cards and only 20 TTL chips donated by an acquaintance, they named it "Cream Soda" after their favorite beverage . A newspaper reporter stepped on the power supply cable and blew up the computer, but it served Wozniak as "a good prelude to my thinking 5 years later with

1104-518: A then-semi-retired Intel product marketing manager and engineer named Mike Markkula . At the request of Markkula, Wozniak resigned from his job at HP and became the vice president in charge of research and development at Apple. Wozniak's Apple I was similar to the Altair 8800 , the first commercially available microcomputer, except the Apple I had no provision for internal expansion cards. With expansion cards,

1173-485: A tooth, and also suffered for the following five weeks from anterograde amnesia , the inability to create new memories. He had no memory of the crash, and did not remember his name while in the hospital or the things he did for a time after he was released. He would later state that Apple II computer games were what helped him regain his memory. The National Transportation Safety Board investigation report cited premature liftoff and pilot inexperience as probable causes of

1242-555: Is the founding sponsor of the Tech Museum , Silicon Valley Ballet and Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose . Also since leaving Apple, Wozniak has provided all the money, and much onsite technical support, for the technology program in his local school district in Los Gatos . Un.U.Son. (Unite Us In Song), an organization Wozniak formed to organize the two US festivals , is now primarily tasked with supporting his educational and philanthropic projects. In 1986, Wozniak lent his name to

1311-408: Is what he uses. He has mentioned the surname " Wozniak " being Polish. In the early 1970s, Wozniak's blue box design earned him the nickname "Berkeley Blue" in the phreaking community. Wozniak has credited watching Star Trek and attending Star Trek conventions while in his youth as a source of inspiration for his starting Apple Computer . In his autobiography, iWoz , he also credits

1380-511: The 16-bit Apple IIGS of 1986, and was discontinued altogether when the Apple IIe was discontinued on November 15, 1993 (although the Apple IIe card , which allowed compatible Macintosh computers to run Apple II software and use certain Apple II peripherals, was produced until May 1995). After his career at Apple, Wozniak founded CL 9 in 1985, which developed and brought the first programmable universal remote control to market in 1987, called

1449-527: The Apple III , released the same year, was a commercial failure and was discontinued in 1984. According to Wozniak, the Apple III "had 100 percent hardware failures", and that the primary reason for these failures was that the system was designed by Apple's marketing department, unlike Apple's previous engineering-driven projects. During the early design and development phase of the original Macintosh , Wozniak had

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1518-654: The Order of the Eastern Star , associated with the Masons. He was initiated in 1979 at Charity Lodge No. 362 in Campbell, California , now part of Mt. Moriah Lodge No. 292 in Los Gatos. Today he is no longer involved: "I did become a Freemason and know what it's about but it doesn't really fit my tech/geek personality. Still, I can be polite to others from other walks of life. After our divorce

1587-580: The Tom Swift Jr. books as an inspiration for becoming an engineer. In 1969, Wozniak returned to the San Francisco Bay Area after being expelled from the University of Colorado Boulder in his first year for hacking the university's computer system. He re-enrolled at De Anza College in Cupertino before transferring to the University of California, Berkeley , in 1971. In June of that year, for

1656-534: The "CORE". Beyond engineering, Wozniak's second lifelong goal had always been to teach elementary school because of the important role teachers play in students' lives. Eventually, he did teach computer classes to children from the fifth through ninth grades, and teachers as well. Unuson continued to support this, funding additional teachers and equipment. In 2001, Wozniak founded Wheels of Zeus (WOZ) to create wireless GPS technology to "help everyday people find everyday things much more easily". In 2002, he joined

1725-494: The "key ingredient" of Scotchgard. The compound perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA), a PFOS precursor, was an ingredient and also has been described as the "key ingredient" of Scotchgard. Under US EPA pressure, in May 2000, 3M announced the phaseout of the production of PFOA , PFOS, and PFOS-related products. In May 2009, PFOS was determined to be a persistent organic pollutant (POP) by the Stockholm Convention . Following

1794-546: The 1970s and 1980s, he is widely recognized as one of the most prominent pioneers of the personal computer revolution . In 1975, Wozniak started developing the Apple ;I into the computer that launched Apple when he and Jobs first began marketing it the following year. He was the primary designer of the Apple II , introduced in 1977, known as one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputers , while Jobs oversaw

1863-577: The 1983 event turned a profit, he would end his involvement with rock festivals and get back to designing computers. Later that year, Wozniak returned to Apple product development, desiring no more of a role than that of an engineer and a motivational factor for the Apple workforce. Starting in the mid-1980s, as the Macintosh experienced slow but steady growth, Apple's corporate leadership, including Steve Jobs, increasingly disrespected its flagship cash cow Apple II series—and Wozniak along with it. The Apple II division—other than Wozniak—was not invited to

1932-515: The Altair could attach to a computer terminal and be programmed in BASIC . In contrast, the Apple I was a hobbyist machine. Wozniak's design included a $ 25 CPU ( MOS 6502 ) on a single circuit board with 256 bytes of ROM , 4K or 8K bytes of RAM , and a 40-character by 24-row display controller. Apple's first computer lacked a case, power supply, keyboard, and display—all components that had to be provided by

2001-433: The Apple I and Apple II computers". Before focusing his attention on Apple, he was employed at Hewlett-Packard (HP), where he designed calculators. It was during this time that he dropped out of Berkeley and befriended Steve Jobs . Wozniak was introduced to Jobs by Fernandez, who attended Homestead High School with Jobs in 1971. Jobs and Wozniak became friends when Jobs worked for the summer at HP, where Wozniak, too,

2070-696: The Apple II at the April 1977 West Coast Computer Faire . Wozniak's first article about the Apple II was in Byte magazine in May 1977. It became one of the first highly successful mass-produced personal computers in the world. Wozniak also designed the Disk II floppy disk drive , released in 1978 specifically for use with the Apple II to replace the slower cassette tape storage. In 1980, Apple went public to instant and significant financial profitability, making Jobs and Wozniak both millionaires. The Apple II's intended successor,

2139-542: The Apple had an easy-to-achieve video capability that drew a crowd when it was unveiled. Wozniak designed Apple's first products, the Apple I and II computers and he helped design the Macintosh — because he wanted to use them and they didn't exist. Between Woz and Jobs, Woz was the innovator, the inventor. Steve Jobs was the marketing person. Everything I did at Apple that was an A+ job and that took us places, I had two things in my favor ... I had no money [and] I had had no training. By March 1, 1976, Wozniak completed

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2208-536: The Byte Shop, saw the presentation and was impressed by the machine. Terrell told Jobs that he would order 50 units of the Apple I and pay $ 500 (equivalent to $ 2,680 in 2023) each on delivery, but only if they came fully assembled, as he was not interested in buying bare printed circuit boards. Together the duo assembled the first boards in Jobs's parents' Los Altos home; initially in his bedroom and later (when there

2277-451: The EPA's investigation into 3M Contamination of Minnesota Groundwater , in 2018, 3M agreed to pay the state of Minnesota $ 850 million to settle a $ 5 billion lawsuit over drinking water contaminated by PFOA and other fluorosurfactants. Patsy Sherman Patsy O’Connell Sherman (September 15, 1930– February 11, 2008) was an American chemist and co-inventor of Scotchgard ,

2346-406: The Macintosh introduction event, and Wozniak was seen kicking the dirt in the parking lot. Although Apple II products provided about 85% of Apple's sales in early 1985, the company's January 1985 annual meeting did not mention the Apple II division or its employees, a typical situation that frustrated Wozniak. Even with the success he had helped to create at Apple, Wozniak believed that the company

2415-539: The Scotchgard product in the 1950s, Sherman was required to wait for performance results outside of the textile mill during testing due to a rule at that time that banned women from the mill. At that time, there were very few female chemists; Sherman was a rarity in the corporate environment. Sherman retired from 3M in 1992, garnering further external recognition. Following a December 2007 stroke, she died February 11, 2008. Her husband Hubert Sherman had died in 1996, while her two surviving daughters were Shari Loushin (also

2484-713: The Stephen G. Wozniak Achievement Awards (popularly known as "Wozzie Awards"), which he presented to six Bay Area high school and college students for their innovative use of computers in the fields of business, art, and music. Wozniak is the subject of a student-made film production of his friend's (Joe Patane) nonprofit Dream Camp Foundation for high-level-need youth entitled Camp Woz: The Admirable Lunacy of Philanthropy . In March 2015, Wozniak stated that while he had originally dismissed Ray Kurzweil 's opinion that machine intelligence would outpace human intelligence within several decades, Wozniak had changed his mind: I agree that

2553-667: The Universe", Wozniak married Janet Hill, his current spouse. On his religious views, Wozniak has called himself an "atheist or agnostic". He is a member of a Segway Polo team, the Silicon Valley Aftershocks , and is considered a "super fan" of the NHL ice hockey team San Jose Sharks . In 1998, he co-authored with Larry Wilde The Official Computer Freaks Joke Book . In 2006, he co-authored with Gina Smith his autobiography, iWoz : From Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented

2622-470: The World War while women were expected to pick up the slack, giving them freedom and independence, which she heavily used. She attended Minneapolis North High School, where she did the men's aptitude test as the woman just told her housewife, and she wasn't happy with that. Shadowing her father, she chose to pursue a career in finance and graduated from Gustavus Adolphus College as a chemistry and math major - she

2691-486: The annual event in 2015 along with Marvel legend Stan Lee . In October 2017, Wozniak founded Woz U , an online educational technology service for independent students and employees. As of December 2018, Woz U was licensed as a school with the Arizona state board. Though permanently leaving Apple as an active employee in 1985, Wozniak chose to never remove himself from the official employee list, and continues to represent

2760-411: The basic design of the Apple I computer. He alone designed the hardware, circuit board designs, and operating system for the computer. Wozniak originally offered the design to HP while working there, but was denied by the company on five occasions. Jobs then advised Wozniak to start a business of their own to build and sell bare printed circuit boards of the Apple I. Wozniak, at first skeptical,

2829-571: The board of directors of Ripcord Networks , Inc., joining Apple alumni Ellen Hancock , Gil Amelio , Mike Connor, and Wheels of Zeus co-founder Alex Fielding in a new telecommunications venture. Later the same year he joined the board of directors of Danger, Inc. , the maker of the Hip Top . In 2006, Wheels of Zeus was closed, and Wozniak founded Acquicor Technology , a holding company for acquiring technology companies and developing them, with Apple alumni Hancock and Amelio. From 2009 through 2014 he

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2898-424: The company Unuson, an abbreviation of "unite us in song", which sponsored two US Festivals , with "US" pronounced like the pronoun, not as initials. Initially intended to celebrate evolving technologies, the festivals ended up as a technology exposition and a rock festival as a combination of music, computers, television, and people. After losing several million dollars on the 1982 festival, Wozniak stated that unless

2967-450: The company at events or in interviews. Today he receives a stipend from Apple for this role, estimated in 2006 to be US$ 120,000 per year. He is also an Apple shareholder. He maintained a friendly acquaintance with Steve Jobs until Jobs's death in October 2011. However, in 2006, Wozniak stated that he and Jobs were not as close as they used to be. In a 2013 interview, Wozniak said that

3036-547: The computer that would eventually make him famous, the Apple I . With the Apple I, Wozniak was largely working to impress other members of the Palo Alto –based Homebrew Computer Club , a local group of electronics hobbyists interested in computing. The club was one of several key centers which established the home hobbyist era, essentially creating the microcomputer industry over the next few decades. Unlike other custom Homebrew designs,

3105-625: The crash. Wozniak did not immediately return to Apple after recovering from the airplane crash, seeing it as a good reason to leave. Infinite Loop characterized this time: "Coming out of the semi-coma had been like flipping a reset switch in Woz's brain. It was as if in his thirty-year old body he had regained the mind he'd had at eighteen before all the computer madness had begun. And when that happened, Woz found he had little interest in engineering or design. Rather, in an odd sort of way, he wanted to start over fresh." Later in 1981, after recovering from

3174-497: The development of its foam-molded plastic case and early Apple employee Rod Holt developed its switching power supply . With human–computer interface expert Jef Raskin , Wozniak had a major influence over the initial development of the original Macintosh concepts from 1979 to 1981, when Jobs took over the project following Wozniak's brief departure from the company due to a traumatic airplane accident. After permanently leaving Apple in 1985, Wozniak founded CL 9 and created

3243-625: The first programmable universal remote , released in 1987. He then pursued several other businesses and philanthropic ventures throughout his career, focusing largely on technology in K–12 schools. As of June 2024, Wozniak has remained an employee of Apple in a ceremonial capacity since stepping down in 1985. In recent years, he has helped fund multiple entrepreneurial efforts dealing in areas such as GPS and telecommunications , flash memory , technology and pop culture conventions, technical education, ecology , satellites and more. Stephen Gary Wozniak

3312-445: The full bonus regardless. Jobs told Wozniak that Atari gave them only $ 700 and that Wozniak's share was thus $ 350 (equivalent to $ 2,400 in 2023). Wozniak did not learn about the actual $ 5,000 bonus (equivalent to $ 34,300 in 2023) until ten years later. While dismayed, he said that if Jobs had told him about it and had said he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him. In 1975, Wozniak began designing and developing

3381-445: The future is scary and very bad for people. If we build these devices to take care of everything for us, eventually they'll think faster than us and they'll get rid of the slow humans to run companies more efficiently. Wozniak stated that he had started to identify a contradictory sense of foreboding about artificial intelligence, while still supporting the advance of technology. By June 2015, Wozniak changed his mind again, stating that

3450-553: The future. Wozniak has been referred to frequently by the nickname "Woz", or "The Woz"; he has also been called "The Wonderful Wizard of Woz" and "The Second Steve" (in regard to his early business partner and longtime friend, Steve Jobs ). "WoZ" (short for " Wheels of Zeus ") is the name of a company he founded in 2002; it closed in 2006. Wozniak describes his impetus for joining the Freemasons in 1979 as being able to spend more time with his then-wife, Alice Robertson, who belonged to

3519-569: The mid-1980s, she developed the company's technical education department. In October 2002, along with notable speakers such as Steve Wozniak (the inventor of the Apple computer ), Sherman spoke at the 200th anniversary celebration of the United States Patent and Trademark Office . She was one of 37 inventors who spoke on the process of invention. She said You can encourage and teach young people to observe, to ask questions when unexpected things happen. You can teach yourself not to ignore

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3588-558: The new venture was short-lived. The two decided on the name "Apple" shortly after Jobs returned from Oregon and told Wozniak about his time spent on an apple orchard there. After the company was formed, Jobs and Wozniak made one last trip to the Homebrew Computer Club to give a presentation of the fully assembled version of the Apple I. Paul Terrell , who was starting a new computer shop in Mountain View, California , called

3657-521: The original Macintosh "failed" under Steve Jobs, and that it was not until Jobs left that it became a success. He called the Apple Lisa group the team that had kicked Jobs out, and that Jobs liked to call the Lisa group "idiots for making [the Lisa computer] too expensive". To compete with the Lisa, Jobs and his new team produced a cheaper computer, one that, according to Wozniak, was "weak", "lousy" and "still at

3726-541: The plane crash, Wozniak re-enrolled at UC Berkeley to complete his Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences degree that he started there in 1971 (and which he would finish in 1986). Because his name was well known at this point, he enrolled under the name Rocky Raccoon Clark, which is the name listed on his diploma, although he did not officially receive his degree in electrical engineering and computer sciences until 1987. In May 1982 and 1983, Wozniak, with help from professional concert promoter Bill Graham , founded

3795-403: The possibility of superintelligence emerging because he is skeptical that computers will be able to compete with human "intuition": "A computer could figure out a logical endpoint decision, but that's not the way intelligence works in humans". Wozniak added that if computers do become superintelligent, "they're going to be partners of humans over all other species just forever". Wozniak signed

3864-540: The sales of the blue boxes, managed to sell some two hundred of them for $ 150 each, and split the profit with Wozniak. Jobs later told his biographer that if it had not been for Wozniak's blue boxes, "there wouldn't have been an Apple." In 1973, Jobs was working for arcade game company Atari, Inc. in Los Gatos, California . He was assigned to create a circuit board for the arcade video game Breakout . According to Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell , Atari offered $ 100 (equivalent to $ 686 in 2023) for each chip that

3933-465: The unanticipated. Just think of all the great inventions that have come through serendipity, such as Alexander Fleming 's discovery of penicillin , and just noticing something no one conceived of before. Sherman was an outspoken advocate for women in science. "Girls should follow their dreams," she said. "They can do anything anybody else can do. They have many more role models today -- not the least of whom might be their mothers." During development of

4002-459: The user. Eventually about 200 Apple I computers were produced in total. After the success of the Apple I, Wozniak designed the Apple II, the first personal computer with the ability to display color graphics, and BASIC programming language built in. Inspired by "the technique Atari used to simulate colors on its first arcade games ", Wozniak found a way of putting colors into the NTSC system by using

4071-482: The wrong direction for the last five years", but Wozniak later objected to this portrayal and stated that he left primarily because he was excited to start CL 9 and recapture the fun of developing a new technology. The Apple II platform financially carried the company well into the Macintosh era of the late 1980s; it was made semi-portable with the Apple IIc of 1984, and was extended, with some input from Wozniak, by

4140-563: Was born on August 11, 1950, in San Jose, California . His mother, Margaret Louise Wozniak (née Kern) (1923–2014), was from Washington state , and his father, Francis Jacob "Jerry" Wozniak (1925–1994) of Michigan , was an engineer for the Lockheed Corporation . Wozniak graduated from Homestead High School in 1968, in Cupertino, California . Steve has one brother, Mark Wozniak,

4209-482: Was chief scientist at Fusion-io . In 2014 he became chief scientist at Primary Data, which was founded by some former Fusion-io executives. Silicon Valley Comic Con (SVCC) is an annual pop culture and technology convention at the San Jose McEnery Convention Center in San Jose, California . The convention was co-founded by Wozniak and Rick White, with Trip Hunter as CEO. Wozniak announced

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4278-399: Was eliminated in the machine. Jobs had little knowledge of circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, by using RAM for the brick representation. The fact that this prototype had no scoring or coin mechanisms meant Woz's prototype could not be used. Jobs was paid

4347-603: Was employed, working on a mainframe computer . We first met in 1971 during my college years, while he was in high school. A friend said, 'you should meet Steve Jobs because he likes electronics, and he also plays pranks.' So he introduced us. Their first business partnership began later that year when Wozniak read an article titled "Secrets of the Little Blue Box" from the October 1971 issue of Esquire , and started to build his own " blue boxes " that enabled one to make long-distance phone calls at no cost . Jobs, who handled

4416-433: Was filed I never attended again but I did contribute enough for a lifetime membership." Wozniak was married to slalom canoe gold-medalist Candice Clark from June 1981 to 1987. They have three children together, the youngest being born after their divorce was finalized. After a high-profile relationship with actress Kathy Griffin , who described him on Tom Green's House Tonight in 2008 as "the biggest techno-nerd in

4485-490: Was hindering him from being who he wanted to be, and that it was "the bane of his existence". He enjoyed engineering, not management, and said that he missed "the fun of the early days". As other talented engineers joined the growing company, he no longer believed he was needed there. By early 1985, Wozniak left Apple again and sold most of his stock. Media coverage attributed his departure to disagreements with Apple management, quoting his statement that Apple had "been going in

4554-552: Was later convinced by Jobs that even if they were not successful they could at least say to their grandchildren that they had had their own company. To raise the money they needed to build the first batch of the circuit boards, Wozniak sold his HP scientific calculator while Jobs sold his Volkswagen van . On April 1, 1976, Jobs and Wozniak formed the Apple Computer Company (now called Apple Inc. ) along with administrative supervisor Ronald Wayne , whose participation in

4623-547: Was no space left) in the garage. Wozniak's apartment in San Jose was filled with monitors, electronic devices, and computer games that he had developed. The Apple I sold for $ 666.66. Wozniak later said he had no idea about the relation between the number and the mark of the beast , and that he came up with the price because he liked "repeating digits". They sold their first 50 system boards to Terrell later that year. In November 1976, Jobs and Wozniak received substantial funding from

4692-487: Was the first ever to do so. [1]  In 1952, Sherman started her career at 3M . With Samuel Smith , Sherman co-invented Scotchgard , which soon become one of the most famous and widely used stain repellent and soil removal products in North America. The invention of Scotchgard was sparked by an accident. Sherman and coworkers were initially assigned to develop a rubber that could be used for jet fuel hoses. A sample of

4761-464: Was the first woman to be named to the Carlton Society, 3M's Hall of Fame ("for her surface energy research leading to the development of the 3M™ Scotchgard™ Fabric Protectant, and for her research in fluorochemical polymerization and synthesis of polymers"). Sherman remained at 3M for several years, improving and expanding the Scotchgard line of products. She later became a laboratory manager and, in

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