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84-412: The scalp is usually described as having five layers, which can be remembered using the mnemonic 'SCALP': The blood supply of the scalp is via five pairs of arteries, three from the external carotid and two from the internal carotid : Because the walls of the blood vessels are firmly attached to the fibrous tissue of the superficial fascial layer, cut ends of vessels here do not readily retract; even

168-860: A "scalping knife" in popular American and European literature, was not known as such by Native Americans , a knife being for them just a simple and effective multi-purpose utility tool for which scalping was but one of many uses. There is substantial archaeological evidence of scalping in North America in the pre-Columbian era . Carbon dating of skulls show evidence of scalping as early as 600 AD; some skulls show evidence of healing from scalping injuries, suggesting at least some victims occasionally survived at least several months. Among Plains Indians , it seems to have been practiced primarily as part of intertribal warfare, with scalps only taken of enemies killed in battle. However, author and historian Mark van de Logt wrote, "Although military historians tend to reserve

252-683: A British invasion from Canada, which ended in defeat at the battles of Saratoga . During the Apache–Mexico Wars in 1835, the government of the Mexican state of Sonora put a bounty on the Apache which, over time, evolved into a payment by the government of 100 pesos for each scalp of a male 14 or more years old. In 1837, the Mexican state of Chihuahua also offered a bounty on Apache scalps, 100 pesos per warrior, 50 pesos per woman, and 25 pesos per child. Harris Worcester wrote: "The new policy attracted

336-588: A bounty for male scalps or prisoners, though no scalps were turned in. During the Seven Years' War, governor of Nova Scotia Charles Lawrence offered a reward for male Mi'kmaq scalps in 1756. In 2000, Mi'kmaq activists argued that this proclamation was still legal in Nova Scotia, though government officials pointed out that it was no longer legal because the bounty was superseded by the Halifax Treaties . During

420-651: A bounty on native families, paying 100 pounds sterling for the scalps of male Indians aged 12 and over, and 50 pounds sterling for women and children. Ranger John Lovewell is known to have conducted scalp-hunting expeditions, the most famous being the Battle of Pequawket in New Hampshire. In the 1710s and 1720s, New France engaged in frontier warfare with the Natchez people and the Meskwaki people , during which both sides employed

504-482: A breeze make a sane Japanese chilly in the USA." (les) Netherlands (Pays-Bas), Canada, Brazil (Brésil), Mexico (Mexique), Senegal, Japan (Japon), Chile (Chili), & (les) USA (États-Unis d'Amérique). Mnemonics can be used in aiding patients with memory deficits that could be caused by head injuries , strokes , epilepsy , multiple sclerosis and other neurological conditions. In a study conducted by Doornhein and De Haan,

588-678: A contingent of female soldiers— Dahomey Amazons —employed by the King of Dahomey (present-day Republic of Benin ). Duncan noted that these would have been taken and kept over a long period of time and would not have come from a single battle. Although Duncan travelled widely in Dahomey, and described customs such as the taking of heads and the retention of skulls as trophies, nowhere else does he mention scalping. Occasional instances of scalping of dead Axis troops by Allied military personnel are known from World War II . While many of these instances took place in

672-501: A diverse group of men, including Anglos, runaway slaves led by Seminole John Horse, and Indians — Kirker used Delawares and Shawnees ; others, such as Terrazas, used Tarahumaras ; and Seminole chief Coacoochee led a band of his own people who had fled from Indian Territory." Mexico's scalp bounties were infamously exploited by the Glanton gang : originally charged with fighting the Apache,

756-399: A few dextrous strokes take off the part that is termed the scalp. They are so expeditious in doing this, that the whole time required scarcely exceeds a minute. The scalp separated from the skull along the plane of the areolar connective tissue , the fourth (and least substantial) of the five layers of the human scalp. Scalping was not in itself fatal, though it was most commonly inflicted on

840-429: A fund ‘for the purpose of buying Indian scalps (with $ 25 each to be paid for scalps with the ears on)’ and that the market for Indian scalps ‘is not affected by age or sex’." The article noted this behavior was "sanctioned" by the U.S. federal government , and was modeled on patterns the U.S. had begun a century earlier in the "American East". From one writer's point of view, it was a "uniquely American" innovation that

924-644: A grave in the Alvastra pile-dwelling in Sweden had been scalped approximately 5,000 years ago. Georg Frederici noted that “ Herodotus provided the only clear and satisfactory portrayal of a scalping people in the old world” in his description of the Scythians , a nomadic people then located to the north and west of the Black Sea. Herodotus related that Scythian warriors would behead the enemies they defeated in battle and present

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1008-466: A language the learner knows already, also called "cognates" which are very common in Romance languages and other Germanic languages . A useful such technique is to find linkwords , words that have the same pronunciation in a known language as the target word, and associate them visually or auditorially with the target word. For example, in trying to assist the learner to remember ohel ( אוהל ‎),

1092-420: A list is to create an easily remembered acronym . Another is to create a memorable phrase with words which share the same first letter(s) (i.e.: the same initialism ) as the list members. Mnemonic techniques can be applied to most memorization of novel materials. Some common examples for first-letter mnemonics: Mnemonic phrases or poems can be used to encode numeric sequences by various methods, one common one

1176-523: A lovely house , I'd like to buy it ." The linguist Michel Thomas taught students to remember that estar is the Spanish word for to be by using the phrase "to be a star". Another Spanish example is by using the mnemonic " Vin Diesel Has Ten Weapons" to teach irregular command verbs in the you ( tú ) form. Spanish verb forms and tenses are regularly seen as the hardest part of learning

1260-459: A mnemonic training study, a research team followed-up 112 community-dwelling older adults, 60 years of age and over. Delayed recall of a word list was assessed prior to, and immediately following mnemonic training, and at the 5-year follow-up. Overall, there was no significant difference between word recall prior to training and that exhibited at follow-up. However, pre-training performance gains scores in performance immediately post-training and use of

1344-400: A small scalp wound may bleed profusely. Venous drainage The veins of the scalp accompany the arteries and thus have similar names, e.g. Supratrochlear and supraorbital veins, which unite at the medial angle of the eye, and form the angular vein, which further continues as the facial vein. The superficial temporal vein descends in front of the tragus, enters the parotid gland, and then joins

1428-670: A system of mnemonics in which (as in Wennsshein) the numerical figures are represented by letters chosen due to some similarity to the figure or an accidental connection with it. This alphabet was supplemented by a complicated system of localities and signs. Feinaigle, who apparently did not publish any written documentation of this method, travelled to England in 1811. The following year one of his pupils published The New Art of Memory (1812), giving Feinaigle's system. In addition, it contains valuable historical material about previous systems. Other mnemonists later published simplified forms, as

1512-441: A “danger zone” though. The clinically important layer is the aponeurosis. Scalp lacerations through this layer mean that the "anchoring" of the superficial layers is lost and gaping of the wound occurs which would require suturing. This can be achieved with simple or vertical mattress sutures using a non-absorbable material, which are subsequently removed at around days 7–10. All the current hair transplantation techniques utilize

1596-509: Is a Finnish mnemonic regarding electricity : the first and last three letters can be arranged into the equations P = U × I {\displaystyle P=U\times I} and U = R × I {\displaystyle U=R\times I} . (The letter M is ignored, which can be explained with another, politically incorrect mnemonic.) Mnemonics may be helpful in learning foreign languages, for example by transposing difficult foreign words with words in

1680-503: Is derived from the Ancient Greek word μνημονικός ( mnēmonikos ) which means ' of memory ' or ' relating to memory ' . It is related to Mnemosyne , the name of the goddess of memory in Greek mythology . Both of these words are derived from μνήμη ( mnēmē ), ' remembrance, memory ' . Mnemonics in antiquity were most often considered in the context of what is today known as

1764-551: Is known regarding the practice until the 13th century. Among the voluminous writings of Roger Bacon is a tractate De arte memorativa . Ramon Llull devoted special attention to mnemonics in connection with his ars generalis. The first important modification of the method of the Romans was that invented by the German poet Conrad Celtes , who, in his Epitoma in utramque Ciceronis rhetoricam cum arte memorativa nova (1492), used letters of

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1848-623: Is physical evidence that scalping was practiced during the Longshan and Erlitou periods in China's central plain. A skull from an Iron Age cemetery in South Siberia shows evidence of scalping. It lends physical evidence to the practice of scalp taking by the Scythians living there. Some evidence is also found in the Indian Subcontinent . Bhai Taru Singh ( c.  1720 – 1 July 1745)

1932-399: Is the act of removing a human scalp, usually with hair, as a trophy . Often associated with the history of North America, scalping developed independently on multiple continents and dates back to antiquity. Mnemonic A mnemonic device ( / n ɪ ˈ m ɒ n ɪ k / nih- MON -ik ) or memory device is any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval in

2016-422: Is the connection of nerves to the scalp: the sensory and motor nerves innervating the scalp. The scalp is innervated by the following: The innervation of scalp can be remembered using the mnemonic 'Z-GLASS' for Z ygomaticotemporal nerve, G reater occipital nerve, L esser occipital nerve, A uriculotemporal nerve, S upratrochlear nerve, and S upraorbital nerve. The motor innervation of the scalp, specifically,

2100-445: Is the one known as micro grafting because it produces naturalistic results. It is akin to follicular unit extraction , although less advanced. A knife with multiple blades is used to remove tissue from donor areas. The removed tissue is then fragmented into smaller chunks under direct vision inspection (i.e., without a microscope). The scalp is a common site for the development of tumours including: The scalp plays an important role in

2184-446: Is to create a new phrase in which the number of letters in each word represents the according digit of pi. For example, the first 15 digits of the mathematical constant pi (3.14159265358979) can be encoded as "Now I need a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics"; "Now", having 3 letters, represents the first number, 3. Piphilology is the practice dedicated to creating mnemonics for pi. Another

2268-441: Is used for "calculating" the multiples of 9 up to 9 × 10 using one's fingers. Begin by holding out both hands with all fingers stretched out. Now count left to right the number of fingers that indicates the multiple. For example, to figure 9 × 4, count four fingers from the left, ending at your left-hand index finger. Bend this finger down and count the remaining fingers. Fingers to the left of the bent finger represent tens, fingers to

2352-586: Is very proud of them. The best man is the man who has the greatest number.” Ammianus Marcellinus noted the taking of scalps by the Alani in terms quite similar to those used by Herodotus. The Abbé Emmanuel H. D. Domenech referred to the decalvare of the ancient Germans and the capillos et cutem detrahere of the code of the Visigoths as examples of scalping in early medieval Europe , though some more recent interpretations of these terms relate them to shaving off

2436-568: The French and Indian War , as of June 12, 1755, Massachusetts governor William Shirley was offering a bounty of £40 for a male Indian scalp, and £20 for scalps of females or of children under 12 years old. In 1756, Pennsylvania Lieutenant Governor Robert Morris, in his declaration of war against the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) people, offered "130 Pieces of Eight , for the Scalp of Every Male Indian Enemy, above

2520-554: The Hebrew word for tent , the linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann proposes the memorable sentence " Oh hell , there's a raccoon in my tent ". The memorable sentence "There's a fork in Ma's leg " helps the learner remember that the Hebrew word for fork is mazleg ( מזלג ‎). Similarly, to remember the Hebrew word bayit ( בית ‎), meaning house , one can use the sentence "that's

2604-608: The Iroquois attacked a group of Wyandot fur traders and French carpenters near Montreal , killing and scalping three Frenchmen. Bounties for Indian captives or their scalps appeared in the legislation of several English colonies during the Susquehannock War (1675–77). The New England Colonies offered bounties to white settlers and Narragansett people in 1675 during King Philip's War . By 1692, New France also paid their native allies for scalps of their enemies. In 1697, on

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2688-717: The Iroquois Confederacy fighting New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy over a 75-year period, starting with King William's War in 1688. All sides scalped victims, including noncombatants, during this frontier warfare. Bounty policies originally intended only for Native American scalps were extended to enemy colonists. Massachusetts created a scalp bounty during King William's War in July 1689, and continued doing so during Queen Anne's War in 1703. During Father Rale's War (1722–1725), on August 8, 1722, Massachusetts put

2772-605: The Sand Creek Massacre on November 29, 1864, during the American Indian Wars , when a 700-man force of U.S. Army volunteers destroyed the village of Cheyenne and Arapaho in southeastern Colorado Territory , killing and mutilating an estimated 70–163 Native American civilians. An 1867 New York Times article reported that "settlers in a small town in Colorado Territory had recently subscribed $ 5,000 to

2856-591: The U.S. Army displayed Indian scalps in Stanislaus County, California . In 1851, the Tehama Massacre occurred in Tehama County, California , wherein U.S. military and citizens razed villages and scalped hundreds of men, women, and children. This attack targeted Native communities specifically, in the villages of Yana, Konkow, Nisenan, Wintu, Nomlaki, Patwin, Yuki, and Maidu. Scalping also occurred during

2940-417: The aesthetics of the face. Androgenic alopecia , or male pattern hair loss, is a common cause of concern to men. It may be treated with varying rates success by medication (e.g. finasteride , minoxidil ) or hair transplantation. If the scalp is heavy and loose, a common change with ageing , the forehead may be low, heavy and deeply lined. The brow lift procedure aims to address these concerns. Scalping

3024-650: The alphabet for associations, rather than places. About the end of the 15th century, Peter of Ravenna (b. 1448) provoked such astonishment in Italy by his mnemonic feats that he was believed by many to be a necromancer . His Phoenix artis memoriae ( Venice , 1491, 4 vols.) went through as many as nine editions, the seventh being published at Cologne in 1608. About the end of the 16th century, Lambert Schenkel ( Gazophylacium , 1610), who taught mnemonics in France , Italy and Germany , similarly surprised people with his memory. He

3108-502: The art of memory . The general name of mnemonics , or memoria technica , was the name applied to devices for aiding the memory, to enable the mind to reproduce a relatively unfamiliar idea, and especially a series of dissociated ideas, by connecting it, or them, in some artificial whole, the parts of which are mutually suggestive. Mnemonic devices were much cultivated by Greek sophists and philosophers and are frequently referred to by Plato and Aristotle . Philosopher Charmadas

3192-425: The occipitofrontalis muscle, is split into two main factions: the frontal belly or frontalis muscle is supplied by the temporal branch of facial nerve , while the occipital belly or occipitalis is supplied by the posterior auricular branch of facial nerve . Lymphatic channels from the posterior half of the scalp drain to occipital and posterior auricular nodes. Lymphatic channels from the anterior half drain to

3276-419: The "most fertile secret" in mnemonics—using consonants for figures, thus expressing numbers by words (vowels being added as required), in order to create associations more readily remembered. The philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz adopted an alphabet very similar to that of Wennsshein for his scheme of a form of writing common to all languages. Wennsshein's method was adopted with slight changes afterward by

3360-444: The "natural" memory and the "artificial" memory. The former is inborn and is the one that everyone uses instinctively. The latter in contrast has to be trained and developed through the learning and practice of a variety of mnemonic techniques. Mnemonic systems are techniques or strategies consciously used to improve memory. They help use information already stored in long-term memory to make memorization an easier task. Mnemonic

3444-516: The Age of Twelve Years," and "50 Pieces of Eight for the Scalp of Every Indian Woman, produced as evidence of their being killed." Although much has been made of the existence of scalp bounties, generally because they have been easily accessible as statutes, little research exists on the numbers of bounties actually paid. Early frontier warfare in forested areas in the era of flintlock muzzle-loading rifles favored tomahawks and knives over firearms because of

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3528-559: The Pacific Theater, along with more extreme forms of trophy-hunting (see American mutilation of Japanese war dead ), occasional instances are reported in the European Theater as well. One particularly widely reported, although disputed, case involves that of German general Friedrich Kussin, the commandant of the town of Arnhem who was ambushed and killed by British paratroopers in the early stages of Operation Market Garden . There

3612-417: The aged adults into two groups, aged unimpaired and aged impaired, according to a neuropsychological testing . With the aged groups split, there was an apparent deficit in target recognition in aged impaired adults compared to both young adults and aged unimpaired adults. This further supports the varying effectiveness of mnemonics in different age groups. Moreover, different research was done previously with

3696-413: The apartments of the house until discovering the places where images had been placed by the imagination. In accordance with this system, if it were desired to fix a historic date in memory, it was localised in an imaginary town divided into a certain number of districts, each with ten houses, each house with ten rooms, and each room with a hundred quadrates or memory-places, partly on the floor, partly on

3780-408: The command is being given to. The phrase, when pronounced with a Spanish accent, is used to remember "Ven Di Sal Haz Ten Ve Pon Sé", all of the irregular Spanish command verbs in the you ( tú ) form. This mnemonic helps students attempting to memorize different verb tenses. Another technique is for learners of gendered languages to associate their mental images of words with a colour that matches

3864-563: The concept of 'total war ' ", in which civilians are targeted, "for conflicts between modern industrial nations," the term "closely approaches the state of affairs between the Pawnees , the Sioux , and the Cheyennes . Noncombatants were legitimate targets. Indeed, the taking of a scalp of a woman or child was considered honorable because it signified that the scalp taker had dared to enter the very heart of

3948-551: The conflict. However, both sides of the war scalped enemy corpses. The September 13, 1779 journal entry of American Lieutenant William Barton recounted how U.S. troops scalped Native dead during the Sullivan Expedition . British-allied Iroquois also practiced scalping. The most famous case was that of Jane McCrea , whose fiancé was a Loyalist officer. She was abducted by two Iroquois warriors and ultimately scalped and shot. Her death inspired many American colonists to resist

4032-477: The creation of long-term memories. [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of mnemonic at Wiktionary Scalping Scalping is the act of cutting or tearing a part of the human scalp , with hair attached, from the head, and generally occurred in warfare with the scalp being a trophy . Scalp-taking is considered part of the broader cultural practice of the taking and display of human body parts as trophies, and may have developed as an alternative to

4116-514: The cultural patterns of the scalper regarding the desired shape, size, and intended use of the severed scalp, and on how the victims wore their hair, but the general process of scalping was quite uniform: They seize the head of the disabled or dead enemy, and placing one of their feet on the neck, twist their left hand in the hair; by this means, having extended the skin that covers the top of the head, they draw out their scalping knives, which are always kept in good order for this cruel purpose, and with

4200-514: The enemy's territory." Many tribes of Native Americans practiced scalping, in some instances up until the end of the 19th century. Of the approximately 500 bodies at the Crow Creek massacre site, 90 percent of the skulls show evidence of scalping. The event took place circa 1325 AD. European colonisation of the Americas increased the incidence of intertribal conflict, and consequently an increase in

4284-416: The four walls, partly on the ceiling. Therefore, if it were desired to fix in the memory the date of the invention of printing (1436), an imaginary book, or some other symbol of printing, would be placed in the thirty-sixth quadrate or memory-place of the fourth room of the first house of the historic district of the town. Except that the rules of mnemonics are referred to by Martianus Capella , nothing further

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4368-480: The gang later began to take scalps from peaceful Natives and non-Native Mexicans. Some scalping incidents occurred during the American Civil War of 1861-1865. For example, Confederate guerrillas led by "Bloody Bill" Anderson were well known for decorating their saddles with the scalps of Union soldiers they had killed. Archie Clement had the reputation of being Anderson's “chief scalper”. In 1851,

4452-600: The gender in the target language. An example here is to remember the Spanish word for "foot", pie , [pee-eh] with the image of a foot stepping on a pie, which then spills blue filling (blue representing the male gender of the noun in this example). For French verbs which use être as an auxiliary verb for compound tenses: DR and MRS VANDERTRAMPP: descendre, rester, monter, revenir, sortir, venir, arriver, naître, devenir, entrer, rentrer, tomber, retourner, aller, mourir, partir, passer. Masculine countries in French (le): "Neither can

4536-465: The gravely wounded or the dead. The earliest instruments used in scalping were stone knives crafted of flint , chert , or obsidian , or other materials like reeds or oyster shells that could be worked to carry an edge equal to the task. Collectively, such tools were also used for a variety of everyday tasks like skinning and processing game, but were replaced by metal knives acquired in trade through European contact. The implement, often referred to as

4620-589: The hair of the head as a legal punishment rather than scalping. In England in 1036, Earl Godwin , father of Harold Godwinson , was reportedly responsible for scalping his enemies, among whom was Alfred Aetheling . According to the ancient Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , 'some of them were blinded, some maimed, some scalped. No more horrible deed was done in this country since the Danes came and made peace here'. In 1845, mercenary John Duncan observed what he estimated to be 700 scalps taken in warfare and displayed as trophies by

4704-402: The heads to their king to claim their share of the plunder. Then, the warrior would skin the head “by making a circular cut round the ears and shaking out the skull; he then scrapes the flesh off the skin with the rib of an ox, and when it is clean works it with his fingers until it is supple, and fit to be used as a sort of handkerchief. He hangs these handkerchiefs on the bridle of his horse, and

4788-406: The human memory , often by associating the information with something that is easier to remember. It makes use of elaborative encoding , retrieval cues and imagery as specific tools to encode information in a way that allows for efficient storage and retrieval. It aids original information in becoming associated with something more accessible or meaningful—which in turn provides better retention of

4872-568: The information. Commonly encountered mnemonics are often used for lists and in auditory form such as short poems , acronyms , initialisms or memorable phrases. They can also be used for other types of information and in visual or kinesthetic forms. Their use is based on the observation that the human mind more easily remembers spatial, personal, surprising, physical, sexual, humorous and otherwise "relatable" information rather than more abstract or impersonal forms of information. Ancient Greeks and Romans distinguished between two types of memory:

4956-462: The language. With a high number of verb tenses, and many verb forms that are not found in English, Spanish verbs can be hard to remember and then conjugate. The use of mnemonics has been proven to help students better learn foreign languages, and this holds true for Spanish verbs. A particularly hard verb tense to remember is command verbs. Command verbs in Spanish are conjugated differently depending on who

5040-459: The latter part, which is so contrived as to give the answer. Thus, in history, the Deluge happened in the year before Christ two thousand three hundred forty-eight; this is signified by the word Del- etok , Del standing for Deluge and etok for 2348. Wennsshein's method is comparable to a Hebrew system by which letters also stand for numerals, and therefore words for dates. To assist in retaining

5124-524: The long loading time after a shot was fired. Advantage was clearly held by bow, knife, and hatchet. Some states had a history of escalating the payout of bounties offered per scalp, presumably because lower bounties were ineffective and were not worth risking one's life in exchange for the payoff. Rising bounties were a measure of bounty system failure. During the American Revolutionary War , British Indian Department official Henry Hamilton

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5208-440: The majority of subsequent "original" systems. It was modified and supplemented by Richard Grey (1694–1771), a priest who published a Memoria technica in 1730. The principal part of Grey's method is briefly this: To remember anything in history , chronology , geography , etc., a word is formed, the beginning whereof, being the first syllable or syllables of the thing sought, does, by frequent repetition, of course draw after it

5292-400: The maxillary vein to form the retromandibular vein. The anterior part of it unites with the facial vein to form the common facial vein, which drains into jugular vein, and ultimately to the subclavian vein. The occipital vein terminates to the sub-occipital plexus. There are other veins, like the emissary vein and frontal diploic vein, which also contribute to the venous drainage. Innervation

5376-552: The memory. The Romans valued such helps in order to support facility in public speaking. The Greek and the Roman system of mnemonics was founded on the use of mental places and signs or pictures, known as "topical" mnemonics. The most usual method was to choose a large house, of which the apartments, walls, windows, statues, furniture, etc., were each associated with certain names, phrases, events or ideas, by means of symbolic pictures. To recall these, an individual had only to search over

5460-482: The mnemonic predicted performance at follow-up. Individuals who self-reported using the mnemonic exhibited the highest performance overall, with scores significantly higher than at pre-training. The findings suggest that mnemonic training has long-term benefits for some older adults, particularly those who continue to employ the mnemonic. This contrasts with a study from surveys of medical students that approximately only 20% frequently used mnemonic acronyms. In humans,

5544-468: The mnemonical words in the memory, they were formed into memorial lines. Such strange words in difficult hexameter scansion, are by no means easy to memorise. The vowel or consonant , which Grey connected with a particular figure, was chosen arbitrarily. A later modification was made in 1806 Gregor von Feinaigle , a German monk from Salem near Constance . While living and working in Paris , he expounded

5628-506: The more complicated mnemonics were generally abandoned. Methods founded chiefly on the so-called laws of association (cf. Mental association ) were taught with some success in Germany. A wide range of mnemonics are used for several purposes. The most commonly used mnemonics are those for lists, numerical sequences, foreign-language acquisition, and medical treatment for patients with memory deficits. A common mnemonic technique for remembering

5712-500: The northern frontier of Massachusetts colony, white settler Hannah Duston killed ten of her Abenaki captors during her nighttime escape, presented their ten scalps to the Massachusetts General Court and was rewarded with bounties for two men, two women, and six children, even though colonial authorities had rescinded the law authorizing scalp bounties six months earlier. There were six colonial wars with New England and

5796-434: The parotid nodes. The lymph eventually reaches the submandibular and deep cervical nodes. The 'danger area of the scalp' is the area of loose connective tissue. This is because pus and blood spread easily within it, and can pass into the cranial cavity along the emissary veins. Therefore, infection can spread from the scalp to the meninges, which could lead to meningitis.further studies are needed to conclude that it’s actually

5880-494: The patient's existing hair. The aim of the surgical procedure is to use such hair as efficiently as possible. The right candidates for this type of surgery are individuals who still have healthy hair on the sides and the back of the head in order that hair for the transplant may be harvested from those areas. Different techniques are utilized in order to obtain the desired cosmetic results; factors considered may include hair color, texture, curliness, etc. The most utilized technique

5964-598: The patients were treated with six different memory strategies including the mnemonics technique. The results concluded that there were significant improvements on the immediate and delayed subtest of the RBMT, delayed recall on the Appointments test, and relatives rating on the MAC from the patients that received mnemonics treatment. However, in the case of stroke patients, the results did not reach statistical significance. Academic study of

6048-696: The practice. In response to repeated attacks on British settlers by the French and their native allies during King George's War , Massachusetts Governor William Shirley issued a bounty in 1746 to be paid to British-allied Indians for the scalps of French-allied Indian men, women, and children. New York passed a scalp act in 1747. During Father Le Loutre's War and the Seven Years' War in Nova Scotia and Acadia , French colonists offered payments to Indians for British scalps. In 1749, governor of Nova Scotia Edward Cornwallis created an proclamation which included

6132-524: The prevalence of scalping. Officials in the English colonies of Connecticut and Massachusetts offered bounties for the heads of killed Indians, and later for just their scalps during the Pequot War . Connecticut authorities specifically reimbursed Mohegans for killing Pequot tribespeople in 1637. Four years later, the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam offered bounties for the heads of Raritans . In 1643,

6216-496: The principles of topical or local mnemonics. Giordano Bruno included a memoria technica in his treatise De umbris idearum, as part of his study of the ars generalis of Llull . Other writers of this period are the Florentine Publicius (1482); Johannes Romberch (1533); Hieronimo Morafiot , Ars memoriae (1602);and B. Porta, Ars reminiscendi (1602). In 1648 Stanislaus Mink von Wennsshein revealed what he called

6300-406: The process of aging particularly affects the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus , in which the episodic memory is synthesized. The episodic memory stores information about items, objects, or features with spatiotemporal contexts. Since mnemonics aid better in remembering spatial or physical information rather than more abstract forms, its effect may vary according to a subject's age and how well

6384-422: The right are ones. There are three fingers to the left and six to the right, which indicates 9 × 4 = 36. This works for 9 × 1 up through 9 × 10. For remembering the rules in adding and multiplying two signed numbers, Balbuena and Buayan (2015) made the letter strategies LAUS (like signs, add; unlike signs, subtract) and LPUN (like signs, positive; unlike signs, negative), respectively. PUIMURI (' thresher ')

6468-477: The same notion, which presented with similar results to that of Reagh et al. in a verbal mnemonics discrimination task. Studies (notably " The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two ") have suggested that the short-term memory of adult humans can hold only a limited number of items; grouping items into larger chunks such as in a mnemonic might be part of what permits the retention of a larger total amount of information in short-term memory, which in turn can aid in

6552-430: The subject's medial temporal lobe and hippocampus function. This could be further explained by one recent study which indicates a general deficit in the memory for spatial locations in aged adults (mean age 69.7 with standard deviation of 7.4 years) compared to young adults (mean age 21.7 with standard deviation of 4.2 years). At first, the difference in target recognition was not significant. The researchers then divided

6636-587: The taking of human heads, for scalps were easier to take, transport, and preserve for subsequent display. Scalping independently developed in various cultures in both the Old and New Worlds . One of the earliest examples of scalping dates back to the mesolithic period, found at a hunter-gatherer cemetery in Sweden . Several human remains from the stone-age Ertebølle culture in Denmark show evidence of scalping. A man found in

6720-400: The use of mnemonics has shown their effectiveness. In one such experiment, subjects of different ages who applied mnemonic techniques to learn novel vocabulary outperformed control groups that applied contextual learning and free-learning styles. Mnemonics were seen to be more effective for groups of people who struggled with or had weak long-term memory , like the elderly. Five years after

6804-422: Was a prominent Sikh martyr known for sacrificing his life, in the name of protecting Sikh values, by having had his head scalped rather than cutting his hair and converting to Islam. Scalping in the Americas predominantly arose from the practices of Indian tribes, and was later copied by European colonists on the continent. Specific scalping techniques varied somewhat from place to place, depending on

6888-561: Was denounced as a sorcerer by the University of Louvain , but in 1593 he published his tractate De memoria at Douai with the sanction of that celebrated theological faculty. The most complete account of his system is given in two works by his pupil Martin Sommer, published in Venice in 1619. In 1618 John Willis (d. 1628?) published Mnemonica; sive ars reminiscendi , containing a clear statement of

6972-543: Was famous for his outstanding memory and for his ability to memorize whole books and then recite them. In later times, the poet Simonides was credited for development of these techniques, perhaps for no reason other than that the power of his memory was famous. Cicero , who attaches considerable importance to the art, but more to the principle of order as the best help to memory, speaks of Carneades (perhaps Charmades) of Athens and Metrodorus of Scepsis as distinguished examples of people who used well-ordered images to aid

7056-425: Was nicknamed the "hair-buyer general" by American Patriots as they believed he encouraged and paid British-allied Natives to scalp Americans. As a result, when Hamilton was captured by American troops, he was treated as a war criminal instead of a prisoner of war . However, American historians have noted that there was no proof that he had ever offered rewards for scalps, and no British officer paid for scalps during

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