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42-666: In 1927, the Metropolitan District Commission began to purchase land in the present-day footprint of the dam and reservoir. Construction of the dam commenced in 1936 while land to the north was being stripped of lumber and buildings. Before the Metropolitan District Commission named the Saville Dam in 1940 in honor of its chief engineer , Caleb Mills Saville, it was referred to as the Bill's Brook Dam after

84-738: A sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants . Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries , chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans . This applies to industries that generate wastewater with high concentrations of organic matter (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds ) or nutrients such as ammonia . Some industries install

126-694: A network of pipes and pump stations (called sewerage ) which convey the sewage to a treatment plant. For cities that have a combined sewer , the sewers will also carry urban runoff (stormwater) to the sewage treatment plant. Sewage treatment often involves two main stages, called primary and secondary treatment , while advanced treatment also incorporates a tertiary treatment stage with polishing processes and nutrient removal. Secondary treatment can reduce organic matter (measured as biological oxygen demand ) from sewage,  using aerobic or anaerobic biological processes. A so-called quarternary treatment step (sometimes referred to as advanced treatment) can also be added for

168-471: A pre-treatment system to remove some pollutants (e.g., toxic compounds), and then discharge the partially treated wastewater to the municipal sewer system. Agricultural wastewater treatment is a farm management agenda for controlling pollution from confined animal operations and from surface runoff that may be contaminated by chemicals in fertilizer , pesticides , animal slurry , crop residues or irrigation water. Agricultural wastewater treatment

210-510: A sexual nature and the jury found them to be on their face defamatory; this was seen as highly offensive to Harper because she was a Churchgoer with a conservative southern background. This was the third time in eight years that the MDC was found to be at fault for discriminating against minority employees. Despite the communities it serves being highly diverse the Hartford Courant in 2002 classified

252-504: A treatment sequence to remove solids generated during oxidation or polishing. Grease and oil may be recovered for fuel or saponification . Solids often require dewatering of sludge in a wastewater treatment plant . Disposal options for dried solids vary with the type and concentration of impurities removed from water. Solids such as stones , grit, and sand may be removed from wastewater by gravity when density differences are sufficient to overcome dispersion by turbulence . This

294-471: Is phase separation , such as sedimentation. Biological and chemical processes such as oxidation are another example. Polishing is also an example. The main by-product from wastewater treatment plants is a type of sludge that is usually treated in the same or another wastewater treatment plant. Biogas can be another by-product if the process uses anaerobic treatment. Treated wastewater can be reused as reclaimed water . The main purpose of wastewater treatment

336-453: Is a process which removes and eliminates contaminants from wastewater . It thus converts it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle . Once back in the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment. It is also possible to reuse it. This process is called water reclamation . The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant. There are several kinds of wastewater which are treated at

378-467: Is for the treated wastewater to be able to be disposed or reused safely. However, before it is treated, the options for disposal or reuse must be considered so the correct treatment process is used on the wastewater. The term "wastewater treatment" is often used to mean " sewage treatment ". Wastewater treatment plants may be distinguished by the type of wastewater to be treated. There are numerous processes that can be used to treat wastewater depending on

420-1206: Is required for continuous confined animal operations like milk and egg production. It may be performed in plants using mechanized treatment units similar to those used for industrial wastewater . Where land is available for ponds, settling basins and facultative lagoons may have lower operational costs for seasonal use conditions from breeding or harvest cycles. Animal slurries are usually treated by containment in anaerobic lagoons before disposal by spray or trickle application to grassland. Constructed wetlands are sometimes used to facilitate treatment of animal wastes. Leachate treatment plants are used to treat leachate from landfills . Treatment options include: biological treatment, mechanical treatment by ultrafiltration , treatment with active carbon filters, electrochemical treatment including electrocoagulation by various proprietary technologies and reverse osmosis membrane filtration using disc tube module technology. The unit processes involved in wastewater treatment include physical processes such as settlement or flotation and biological processes such oxidation or anaerobic treatment. Some wastewaters require specialized treatment methods. At

462-527: Is run by a 29-member board of commissioners; 17 of which are appointed by the member towns, eight by the governor, and four by legislative leaders. The current Chairman of the MDC Board is Donald Currey, the husband of Melody Currey and father of Jeffrey Currey . Its former chairman was William A. DiBella . In 1929, the MDC assumed operation of the Nepaug Reservoir, a 9.5 billion gallon reservoir spanning

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504-475: Is typically achieved using a grit channel designed to produce an optimum flow rate that allows grit to settle and other less-dense solids to be carried forward to the next treatment stage. Gravity separation of solids is the primary treatment of sewage , where the unit process is called "primary settling tanks" or "primary sedimentation tanks". It is also widely used for the treatment of other types of wastewater. Solids that are denser than water will accumulate at

546-411: Is widely used for disinfection. Advanced oxidation processes are used to remove some persistent organic pollutants and concentrations remaining after biochemical oxidation. Disinfection by chemical oxidation kills bacteria and microbial pathogens by adding hydroxyl radicals such as ozone , chlorine or hypochlorite to wastewater. These hydroxyl radical then break down complex compounds in

588-768: The Connecticut General Assembly in 1929 to provide potable water and sewer systems to the Hartford area . The original agreement tied together the water systems of Hartford , Bloomfield , Newington , Wethersfield , and Windsor , later adding West Hartford , Rocky Hill , and East Hartford to its membership. As of 2023, the MDC serves much of the Greater Hartford region, reaching nearly 500,000 residents in its eight member cities and towns as well as parts of East Granby , Farmington , Glastonbury , Windsor Locks , South Windsor , and Portland . The commission

630-812: The Connecticut River was completed in 1938, in Hartford's South Meadows region. Two more WPCs were added in Rocky Hill and East Hartford to accommodate Greater Hartford's growth after World War II . During the same period, the Goodwin Dam was built along the West Branch of the Farmington River, locally known as the Hogback Reservoir. In 2017 the MDC began work on The South Hartford Conveyance and Storage Tunnel,

672-649: The Connecticut General Statutes) and enforced by MDC police." The current Chief of Police of The MDC Police is Henry Martin. In 2011 CEO Charles Sheehan stated that Metropolitan District Officers operate both in uniform and in plain clothes, and that they maintain order at the MDC's corporate headquarters in addition to the field facilities. In 2015–6, the MDC was criticized for opaque business practices regarding discounts to industrial users without public consultation. MDC gave Niagara Bottling in Bloomfield

714-545: The MDC Commissioners present did not recall any of the billed meetings. MDC's Internal Audit sub-committee then hired an outside attorney to conduct an independent investigation. Although Sandler withdrew his invoices in December 2022, the investigation continued through April 2023, when a final report was submitted to the MDC. The report concluded that DiBella had exceeded his authority in continuing services with Sandler beyond

756-439: The MDC announced that it was investigating $ 80,000 billed for legal services provided earlier that year by James Sandler, of Sandler & Mara PC. Sandler's contract was terminated by the MDC over concerns about billing in 2021. During discussions at the public hearing, DiBella recused himself for conflict of interest and subsequently left the meeting. The bills were for 79 meetings, most of which listed DiBella as attendee; however,

798-533: The MDC's own. In 2008 MDC Chairman William A. DiBella was ordered by the SEC to pay $ 795,000 in restitution for his role in an investment scheme involving former State Treasurer Paul J. Silvester and Thayer Capital Partners . DiBella and his associates received payments by Thayer in return for investing money from the Connecticut State Retirement and Trust Fund into Thayer's investment firm. As DiBella

840-429: The agency's audit requirements. In 2002 the MDC paid $ 1.5m to settle claims of discrimination against female and minority employees. MDC Chairman William A. DiBella claimed that the settlement was a result of ``The district wanted to get this behind them.’’ A jury in 2000 had awarded the plaintiff, Sharon Harper, $ 4.6m after finding that MDC officials had defamed her. The Officials spread rumors about Harper that were of

882-553: The appropriate type of wastewater treatment plant. For domestic wastewater the treatment plant is called a Sewage Treatment . Municipal wastewater or sewage are other names for domestic wastewater . For industrial wastewater, treatment takes place in a separate Industrial wastewater treatment , or in a sewage treatment plant. In the latter case it usually follows pre-treatment. Further types of wastewater treatment plants include Agricultural wastewater treatment and leachate treatment plants. One common process in wastewater treatment

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924-626: The bottom of quiescent settling basins . More complex clarifiers also have skimmers to simultaneously remove floating grease such as soap scum and solids such as feathers, wood chips, or condoms . Containers like the API oil-water separator are specifically designed to separate non-polar liquids. Oxidation reduces the biochemical oxygen demand of wastewater, and may reduce the toxicity of some impurities. Secondary treatment converts organic compounds into carbon dioxide , water , and biosolids through oxidation and reduction reactions. Chemical oxidation

966-557: The brook that ran near the site at the time. The foundations for "Bill's Brook Dam" and the diversion tunnel for the East Branch of the Farmington River were completed in August 1934. Subsequently, the East Branch was diverted into the concrete conduit at the bottom of the Bill's Brook Dam site. The dam was completed in May 1940, at a total cost for dam and reservoir of $ 10M. Although the Saville Dam

1008-538: The corner of Main and Wells in Downtown Hartford was built in the late 1970s and has ~60,000 square feet of floor space. Its brutalist facade matches the design language of neighboring buildings. The MDC has its own police force to enforce the law and protect its various operations. According to the MDC use of its facilities is "regulated by the Connecticut Department of Public Health (Section 24-43c of

1050-629: The drinking water for Greater Hartford. Water from the reservoir is transferred by pipes to filtration stations in West Hartford and Bloomfield using only gravitational force. The West Hartford Reservoirs are a series of five reservoirs and a number of ponds and water tanks in West Hartford, Connecticut . The Revolutionary War Campsite is a historic archaeological site located on MDC land near Reservoir #6. Nepaug Reservoir Lake McDonough and Hogback Reservoir The current MDC headquarters on

1092-612: The first bulk discount since the District began operating. Both MDC and Bloomfield's Town Council neither gave public notice nor offered public comment until after the agreement was completed. In 2016 the MDC Board voted to discontinue the Niagara discount as part of efforts to restore public trust and appease the State Legislature. After the controversy, regulators at PURA recommended increased transparency and external audits in addition to

1134-567: The largest project in the District's history. The 18 ft diameter tunnel will extend four miles at a depth of over 200 ft and will carry stormwater during significant rain events; this project is the cornerstone of a larger sewer-stormwater separation project aimed at improving water quality in Wethersfield Cove , the Connecticut River , and Long Island Sound . The South Hartford Conveyance and Storage Tunnel project has an estimated budget of over $ 500 million. The Barkhamsted Reservoir

1176-483: The main criteria for selection are: desired effluent quality, expected construction and operating costs, availability of land, energy requirements and sustainability aspects. In developing countries and in rural areas with low population densities, sewage is often treated by various on-site sanitation systems and not conveyed in sewers. These systems include septic tanks connected to drain fields , on-site sewage systems (OSS), vermifilter systems and many more. On

1218-764: The organic pollutants into simple compounds such as water, carbon dioxide, and salts . Anaerobic wastewater treatment processes (for example UASB , EGSB ) are also widely applied in the treatment of industrial wastewaters and biological sludge. Polishing refers to treatments made in further advanced treatment steps after the above methods (also called "fourth stage" treatment). These treatments may also be used independently for some industrial wastewater. Chemical reduction or pH adjustment minimizes chemical reactivity of wastewater following chemical oxidation. Carbon filtering removes remaining contaminants and impurities by chemical absorption onto activated carbon . Filtration through sand (calcium carbonate) or fabric filters

1260-437: The other hand, advanced and relatively expensive sewage treatment plants may include tertiary treatment with disinfection and possibly even a fourth treatment stage to remove micropollutants. Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to

1302-514: The parts of New Hartford , Canton , and Burlington, as well as the 6 smaller reservoirs in West Hartford. In 1924, years before its official charter, MDC began acquiring land for the planned Barkhamsted Reservoir along the East Branch of the Farmington River in Barkhamsted and Hartland . In 1932, under Chairman Charles Goodwin, the MDC was forced to slow its land acquisition as a result of

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1344-515: The poor bond market during the Great Depression . Land stripping, building and cemetery relocations, and demolitions of two hamlets, Barkhamsted Hollow and Hartland Hollow, were completed in 1940. Flooding began late that fall, though it took 8 years for the reservoir to fill to capacity when water crested the Saville spillway in 1948. Construction of the first water pollution control facility on

1386-456: The removal of organic micropollutants, such as pharmaceuticals. This has been implemented in full-scale for example in Sweden. A large number of sewage treatment technologies have been developed, mostly using biological treatment processes. Design engineers and decision makers need to take into account technical and economical criteria of each alternative when choosing a suitable technology. Often,

1428-402: The scope of Sandler's contract and without the involvement of internal counsel. It also highlighted a number of gaps in policies and procedures regarding contracting legal services. As part of the controversy, including the lengthy delays in initiating the investigation and DiBella's limited cooperation, a State Legislative committee held open hearings to reconsider portions of MDC's charter and

1470-435: The senior management of the MDC as "overwhelmingly white.” In 2016 the MDC paid $ 350,000 to settle the case Lebert Thomas v. The Metropolitan District et al. It was alleged that the MDC discriminated against Mr. Thomas on the basis of his race. A confidentiality clause was included with the settlement. As of September 21, 2021 the MDC Board of Commissioners consisted of: Wastewater treatment Wastewater treatment

1512-456: The simplest level, treatment of most wastewaters is carried out through separation of solids from liquids , usually by sedimentation . By progressively converting dissolved material into solids, usually a biological floc or biofilm , which is then settled out or separated, an effluent stream of increasing purity is produced. Phase separation transfers impurities into a non-aqueous phase . Phase separation may occur at intermediate points in

1554-429: The surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventing water pollution from raw sewage discharges. Sewage contains wastewater from households and businesses and possibly pre-treated industrial wastewater . There are a high number of sewage treatment processes to choose from. These can range from decentralized systems (including on-site treatment systems) to large centralized systems involving

1596-403: The type and extent of contamination. The treatment steps include physical, chemical and biological treatment processes. Types of wastewater treatment plants include: Sewage treatment (or domestic wastewater treatment , municipal wastewater treatment ) is a type of wastewater treatment which aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable to discharge to

1638-588: The village of Barkhamsted Hollow . The village of Barkhamsted Center, partially flooded, lies just to the west of the reservoir. Its remaining buildings are part of the Barkhamsted Center Historic District , listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Metropolitan District Commission of Connecticut The Metropolitan District Commission of Connecticut ( MDC ) is a public not-for-profit municipal corporation chartered by

1680-494: Was MDC Chairman at the time, there was public pressure for his resignation or termination. The Federation of Connecticut Taxpayer Organizations was one such organization seeking DiBella's removal, adding DiBella to their “Hall of Shame” list of unethical public officials. Mark Pappa, a fellow MDC Commissioner, stated that “If this was a publicly traded company this conversation wouldn’t even happen because there’s no question Mr. DiBella would not be sitting here.” In August 2022,

1722-536: Was commissioned in 1940 after the completion of the Saville Dam on the East Branch of the Farmington River at a cost of $ 10 million. It is the largest reservoir in Connecticut, the largest impoundment on the Farmington River system, and its 54 acre watershed extends from the towns of Barkhamsted and Hartland, Connecticut into Western Massachusetts. The reservoir's 30.3 billion gallon capacity supplies nearly 75% of

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1764-582: Was completed in 1940, it was not until 1948 that the Barkhamsted Reservoir finally filled to capacity. The Farmington River East Branch is impounded for nearly 8 miles (13 km) behind the dam, with the northernmost open waters of Barkhamsted Reservoir terminating in Hartland, Connecticut just south of the Massachusetts border. The reservoir flooded many buildings and farms of Barkhamsted, including

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