Misplaced Pages

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24-654: The Shimazu were identified as one of the tozama or outsider daimyō families in contrast with the fudai or insider clans which were hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa clan . The Shimazu were descendants of the Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto . The Shimazu would become one of the families of Edo period daimyō to have held their territory continuously since the Kamakura period , and would also become, at their peak,

48-744: A value of 1,000,000 koku under the Kokudaka system. However, this was a deliberate Tokugawa plan to keep the tozama in check, as fudai daimyō were stationed in smaller domains in strategic locations, including along major roads and near important cities. Many notable tozama families, including the Shimazu , the Mori , the Date , the Hachisuka , and the Uesugi , were based in western and northern Honshu and Kyushu in contrast to

72-451: The Meiji oligarchy . The distinction between tozama and fudai became obsolete when the daimyō were morphed into the new kazoku aristocracy. Tokugawa Ienari Tokugawa Ienari ( Japanese : 徳川 家斉 , November 18, 1773 – March 22, 1841) was the eleventh and longest-serving shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan who held office from 1787 to 1837. He was a great-grandson of

96-553: The Tokugawa after the Battle of Sekigahara (関ヶ原の戦い). Tozama daimyō were discriminated against by the Tokugawa and opposed to the fudai daimyō , who were allies or vassals of Tokugawa before Sekigahara. Originally, the concept of tozama daimyō emerged in Japan along with the daimyō after the rise of the Kamakura shogunate (鎌倉幕府) in the 12th century. Tozama applied to a daimyō who

120-467: The Tokugawa shogunate in 1600 redefined tozama daimyō as the daimyō who submitted as vassals to the Tokugawa only after the decisive Battle of Sekigahara , including those who fought for the Tokugawa at the battle but were not official vassals. Tokugawa Ieyasu had treated the great tozama amicably, but his grandson Tokugawa Iemitsu was less tolerant of them during his rule between 1623 and 1626. Tozama and their descendants were distrusted and

144-663: The Shimazu's position as one of the most powerful daimyō families in Japan at the time. The Shimazu clan was renowned for the loyalty of its retainers and officers, especially during the Sengoku period . Some retainer families, such as the Ijuin and Shirakawa , were determined to defeat any opposition to help expand the power of the Shimazu clan. The Shimazu are also famous for being the first to use teppo (firearms, specifically matchlock arquebuses ) on

168-453: The Tokugawa based in the eastern city of Edo . Most, but not all, of these families had been living in roughly the same regions for centuries before the Tokugawa shogunate. Tozama daimyō heavily profited from trade in the 17th century, particularly in western Japan where most of the country's important ports were located. The shogunate responded in Sakoku policies of isolationism , preventing

192-567: The Tokugawa shogunate discriminated against them in favor of the fudai daimyō . Tozama were largely excluded from the shogunate government, the Bakufu , and their numbers were limited compared to the fudai who filled the administration's ranks. Many of the largest and wealthiest han —the personal feudal domains of the daimyō —were ruled by tozama , including the Maeda clan of the Kaga Domain with

216-615: The Tokugawa shogunate during the Bakumatsu period from 1853 led to lessening discrimination against tozama daimyō . In November 1864, Matsumae Takahiro , the tozama daimyō of the Matsumae clan , was appointed as rōjū , one of the highest-ranking government posts in the Tokugawa government. Tozama formed the nucleus of the growing anti-Tokugawa movement, with the Satsuma and Chōshū (Shimazu and Mori clans respectively) primarily responsible for

240-420: The battlefield in Japan, and began domestic production of the weapons as well. Shimazu battle tactics are known to have been very successful in defeating larger enemy armies, particularly during their campaign to conquer Kyūshū in the 1580s. Their tactics included the luring of the opposition into an ambush on both sides by arquebus troops, creating panic and disorder. Central forces would then be deployed to rout

264-563: The eighth shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune through his son Munetada (1721–1764), head of the Hitotsubashi branch of the family, and his grandson Harusada (1751–1827). Ienari died in 1841 and was given the Buddhist name Bunkyouin and buried at Kan'ei-ji . Ienari's time in office was marked by an era of pleasure, excess, and corruption, which ended in the disastrous Tenpō Famine of 1832–1837, in which thousands are known to have perished. In 1778,

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288-546: The eldest son of Shimazu Takahisa . In 1586, he succeeded in unifying and controlling the entire Kyushu region . He retired in 1587 after Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Kyushu Campaign . The 17th head, Yoshihiro (1535–1619), was the daimyō at the time of the Battle of Sekigahara , the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate , and the Siege of Osaka . His nephew and successor was Tadatsune . He held significant power during

312-444: The enemy. In this way, the Shimazu were able to defeat much larger clans such as the Itō , Ryūzōji and Ōtomo . Overall, the Shimazu was a very large and powerful clan due to their strong economy both from domestic production through trade, good organization of government and troops, strong loyalty of retainers and isolation from Honshū. In 1789, Shigehide (1745–1833)'s daughter became

336-637: The fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in the Meiji Restoration . Rallying other tozama and even fudai to their cause in support of the Imperial Court , they fought against the shogunate, Aizu Domain , and the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei during the Boshin War of 1868 to 1869. Many people from Satsuma and Chōshū dominated politics of the Empire of Japan in the ensuing decades, and well into the 20th century, as part of

360-471: The first two decades of the 17th century, and organized the Shimazu invasion of the Ryūkyū Kingdom (modern-day Okinawa Prefecture ) in 1609. The Shōgun allowed this because he wished to appease the Shimazu and prevent potential uprisings after their loss at Sekigahara. The trade benefits thus acquired, and the political prestige of being the only daimyō family to control an entire foreign country secured

384-487: The four-year-old Hitotsubashi Toyochiyo (豊千代), a minor figure in the Tokugawa clan hierarchy, was betrothed to Shimazu Shigehime or Tadakohime, the four-year-old daughter of Shimazu Shigehide, the tozama daimyō of Satsuma Domain on the island of Kyūshū . The significance of this alliance was dramatically enhanced when, in 1781, the young Toyochiyo was adopted by the childless shōgun, Tokugawa Ieharu . This meant that when Toyochiyo became Shōgun Ienari in 1786, Shigehide

408-500: The history of the Bakumatsu and Boshin War . Some of the more famous among them included: Tokugawa Nariyuki (1801–1846) Asahime (1803–1843) married Matsudaira Naritsugu Tokugawa Naritaka Yo-hime (1813–1868) married Maeda Nariyasu Matsudaira Naritami Suehime Kiyo-hime Tokugawa Narikatsu (1820–1850) Hachisuka Narihiro Tokugawa Ieyoshi The years in which Ienari

432-488: The ports of western Honshu and Kyūshū from trading with foreigners and sending Japanese vessels abroad. The Tozama daimyō had higher levels of independent power and local autonomy, and conducted their judicial, administrative and military affairs in the name of the local daimyos like sovereigns. The Tozama domains' relationship to the Shogun was one of paying tribute, military levy and guard duty obligations. The decline of

456-528: The seven most significant vassal families—the Niiro, Hokugō, Ijuin , Machida, Kawakami, Ata and Kajiki. Tozama Tozama daimyō ( 外様大名 , "outside daimyō " ) was a class of powerful magnates or daimyō (大名) considered to be outsiders by the ruler of Japan during the Edo period (江戸時代). Tozama daimyō were classified in the Tokugawa shogunate (江戸幕府) as daimyō who became hereditary vassals of

480-535: The wealthiest and most powerful Tozama daimyō family with an income in excess of 700,000 koku . The founder, Shimazu Tadahisa (d. 1227), was a son of Shōgun Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147–1199) with the sister of Hiki Yoshikazu . Tadahisa's wife was a daughter of Koremune Hironobu , a descendant of the Hata clan , whose name Tadahisa took at first. He received the domain of Shioda in Shinano Province in 1186 and

504-526: The wife of the 11th shogun , Tokugawa Ienari . In 1856, Nariakira (1809–1858)'s adopted daughter ( Tenshō-in ) became the wife of the 13th shogun , Tokugawa Iesada . Hisamitsu (1817–1887), regent of Tadayoshi , was the daimyō of Satsuma at the time of the Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration , in which Satsuma played a major role. Incorporates information from the Japanese Misplaced Pages article The Shimazu shichi-tō comprised

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528-491: Was considered an "outsider" by successive Shōguns , Emperors , and shikkens (執権) that ruled over Japan at any given time. Typically, a tozama had a loose or indirect relationship with the current ruler, and this definition remained intact during the subsequent Ashikaga shogunate (足利幕府, 1336–1573, also known as the Muromachi (室町幕府)), and the Sengoku period (戦国時代, 1467–1615, "Age of Warring States"). The establishment of

552-560: Was set to become the father-in-law of the shōgun. The marriage was completed in 1789, after which Tadako became formally known as Midaidokoro Sadako, or "first wife" Sadako. Protocol required that she be adopted into a court family, and the Konoe family agreed to take her in but this was a mere formality. Ienari kept a harem of 900 women and fathered over 75 children. Many of Ienari's children were adopted into various daimyō houses throughout Japan, and some played important roles in

576-585: Was then named shugo of Satsuma Province. He sent Honda Sadachika to take possession of the province in his name and accompanied Yoritomo in his expedition to Mutsu in 1189. He went to Satsuma in 1196, subdued the Hyūga and Ōsumi provinces, and built a castle in the Hyūga Province as part of the Shimazu Estate , whose name he also adopted. Shimazu Yoshihisa (1533–1611) was the 16th Head of Shimazu family and

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