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42-703: Up until the 17th century, the lake was fed by the Uzboy River , a distributary of the Amu Darya River, which continued on to the Caspian Sea . Today, its main source of water is a canal from the Amu Darya but also the runoff water from surrounding irrigated lands, containing high levels of pesticides , herbicides and heavy metals . The name of the lake comes from the Turkic words sari (yellow) and qamish (depression),

84-501: A branch in the Amu Darya River via Sarykamysh Lake to the Caspian Sea . A riverine civilization existed along the banks of the river from at least the 5th century BC until the 17th century AD, when the water which had fed the Uzboy abruptly stopped flowing out of the main course of the Amu Darya. The Uzboy dried up, and the tribes which had inhabited the river's banks were abruptly dispersed,

126-652: A depth of 6–7 meters. There was another projected 10,000 kilometers of main and distribution canals, 2,000 reservoirs and three hydroelectric plants, each producing 100,000 kilowatts. Construction was intended to be finished by 1957. Building began after the decision of the Council of Ministers in September 1950. The construction was based in Urgench (at that time part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic ). Urgench

168-450: A reference to the yellow color of silt and salt in the old dried up basin before its flooding by the Soviets. The modern Turkmen authorities wish to "Turkmenize" the name by contending that the name is Turkmen sarykamysh 'yellow reed'. Throughout its history, the lake has disappeared several times and re-emerged, depending on the arrival of the Amu Darya waters. The drying out periods of

210-596: Is possible that the main current shifted from the Aral to the Caspian, causing the Caspian to rise and the Aral to sink. There may have been a significant population along the Uzboy and farmland in what were later the marshes at the north end of the Oxus delta. It seems that about 1575 the east branch of the Oxus cut through some hills causing the main current to shift to the Aral Sea . Also a dam

252-543: The Qaraqum Canal began, along a route far to the south. It stretches 1300 km and irrigates a substantial part of Turkmenistan , and remains the most important canal in Turkmenistan. Construction of Qaraqum Canal drained the Amu Darya river and therefore enabled huge areas to be opened for cotton production. Nevertheless, it also resulted in the destruction of the native riparian tugay forests, and greatly diminished

294-640: The 1930s. In 1929, the Bassaga-Kerkinskiy Canal was completed at a length of 100 km. The development of the outlet design for the Amu Darya River began in 1932. The design was to bring water from the Amu Darya, across Turkmenistan to the coast of the Caspian Sea to irrigate the Karakum Desert . The project was supported by Hydrologist V. Tsinzerling, who estimated the volume of water taken from

336-522: The Amu Darya and the medieval authors (Muqaddasiy, Hamdallah, Qazviniy, Hofizi Abru, Abulgʻoziy) also adopted this view. This connection was maintained until the Pleistocene . Neolithic settlements and pottery from the Bronze Age,  as well as sites from the 7th to 5th centuries BC were discovered on the shores of Lake Sarykamysh. The connection was probably interrupted around 3000 BC and 1000 BC, because

378-747: The Amu Darya flowed through the Sarykamysh Depression and from there through the Uzboi, whose bed can be traced from the southern edge of the Sarykamysh Depression in the Kaplankyr Nature Reserve, east and south around the Karaschor Depression  along the Greater and Lesser Balkans south of the Balkan Gulf into the Caspian Sea.  Already in antiquity, Herodotus described it as a branch of

420-407: The Amu Darya was used. In the past several years, from 2018 to 2024, satellite imagery suggests that the lake is shrinking again, possibly due to the prolonged droughts and lower inflow of water from the Amu Darya. The ichthyofauna (water animal life) of Lake Sarykamysh was formed by species that penetrated from the Amu Darya and water bodies of the adventitious drainage network. For the most part,

462-559: The Aral Basin. The Uzboy dried up and the tribes along the river abandoned their settlements. The survivors led a nomadic lifestyle. Since 1575, it is said, the Amu Darya has flowed back into the Aral Sea. It was assumed that the eastern Oxus broke through some hills. However, dams were also built again to deny the water to the Turkmen.  In 1879, by combining older reports, local traditions and

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504-554: The Caspian Sea via the Uzboy River until the 9th century AD and again between 1220 and 1575, approximately. At various times in the past one or more branches of the Oxus split off from the Oxus delta and flowed west into the fresh-water Sarykamysh Lake . This was drained south by the Uzboy River about 175 km to near Igdi where it turned and flowed about 290 km west, reaching

546-539: The Caspian at Krasnovodsk Bay through the Bala-Ishem salt marshes . There was a large waterfall, a place called the Lion’s Jaw and at one point the river disappeared underground for some distance. (Glukhovskoy does not mention it, but Google Earth shows a dry river bed that starts about 100 miles (160 km) west of the Oxus and runs about 400 miles (640 km) west to join the Uzboy near Igdi. ) All geographers, from

588-457: The Karaschor Depression in 2000, attempts are being made to drain the salty groundwater before it can salinize the surrounding area. In addition to the extensive drying up of the Aral Sea, there are further dangers in that over-fertilization and pesticide pollution are not only damaging the Golden Age lake , but are also polluting the Caspian Sea. In addition, the peasant community has demanded that

630-515: The Sarygamysh lake were associated with the confluence of the river into the Aral Sea. The lake existed at the end of the Neogene period (before 2.5 million years ago), in the upper anthropocene (i.e., several centuries ago) (at 58 m above sea level), when its area covered, including the modern Assake-Audan basin, and then in the 14th - 16th centuries AD (at the level of 50–62 metres above sea level). It

672-436: The Uzboi, which had been channeling water from the Amu Darya into the Caspian Sea at least since the 4th millennium BC until the first half of the first millennium BC. The modern irrigation systems are causing the groundwater level to rise again, causing salt to be washed to the surface. Around 80 percent of agricultural land is now salinized. With the start of construction of a new drainage system and two collecting channels to

714-453: The Uzboy actually connected the Amu Darya with the Caspian Sea or whether the valley of the Uzboy was "only a product of the separation of the Aral Sea from the Caspian Sea." A river culture settled on the banks of the Uzboy from the 5th century BC to the 17th century AD. It is assumed that the northern and western Uzboy existed until the 9th century, and that a dam was then built near Gurganj ( Köneürgenç ) for irrigation purposes and to protect

756-531: The analysis of orographic conditions, it was proven that the river had been diverted from the Caspian Sea by human intervention and not by the uplift of the Aralo-Caspian lowlands.  It was thought possible to reactivate this bed as a canal not only for irrigation purposes, but also to "create a navigable waterway for Russia into the heart of its inner Asian provinces." In the 1950s, the Turkmen Main Canal

798-468: The ancient Greeks to the early Arabs, reported that the Oxus flowed into the Caspian, although their accounts are vague. From the 10th to the 13th centuries there are no reports of a Caspian mouth. It is thought that a dam was built near the old capital of Konya-Urgench and that this dam was destroyed by the Mongols when they sacked the city in 1220. We again hear of a Caspian mouth from about 1310 to 1575. It

840-489: The capital of the Khorezm Shahs.  It is likely that it diverted the Amu Darya into the Aral Sea. This assumption is supported not only by reports about the dam but also by the fact that there are no reports of the river flowing into the Caspian Sea from the 10th century until 1310, but there are reports after that until 1575. In addition, a historical peak in the Aral Sea was documented for 1220.  The region had one of

882-413: The coastlines can be reconstructed by studying various transitional deposits of Caspian mollusks, salt deposits from dried-up water bodies (sors) on the former coastlines, salt clay plains (takyrs) and other prehistoric evidence. Researchers and historians have been providing evidence of changes to both lakes due to changes in water volumes and irrigation development since ancient times. During this period,

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924-628: The end of 2020, two tons of carp, silver carp and grass carp fry were released into the Sarykamysh lake in the territory of the Dashoguz velayat of Turkmenistan. Sarygamysh lake is also inhabited by such bird species as white swans , pink and curly pelicans, and cormorants . It regularly supports more than 20,000 waterfowl and waterbirds . The area within Turkmenistan has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International . Uzboy River The Uzboy (sometimes rendered Uzboj)

966-614: The heart of Asia. This led to the 1717 invasion , among other things. Around 1879 Russia sent expeditions to accurately survey the old channel. Glukhovskoy thought that a river diversion would be practical. Either the Sarykamysh could be refilled, which would take about 15 years, or an old river bed could be cleaned out making a canal avoiding the Sary-Kamish depression. The Uzboy would need to be cleared of sand in several places and some dams would be needed. The whole project would cost between 15 and 27 million rubles. (An attempt to realize this

1008-541: The lake is inhabited by native species of the Aral-Amu Darya basin and immigrant species, both spontaneously penetrated and purposefully transferred to the reservoir for fish breeding purposes in 1969–1974. In 1980–1987, 27 species lived here, and in 2018 there were already 32, of which 34.4% are immigrant species. In total, during the existence of the lake, 36 species of various representatives of ichthyofauna were recorded in it, including carp , catfish and snakehead . At

1050-519: The lower reaches of the Amu Darya river had to be lowered according to calculations. The purpose of the canal was cotton growing, mastery of the new earth in the Karakum Desert, and later, navigation from the Volga River to the Amu Darya. The use of ten thousand dump trucks , bulldozers and excavators was anticipated for construction. The width of the canal was to be more than 100 meters, and

1092-418: The most sophisticated irrigation systems in the world until 1221.  In that year, Genghis Khan conquered the city in a fierce battle and destroyed the dam. The city was flooded and the Amu Darya again flowed over the Uzboy into the Caspian Sea and the canal system gradually fell into disrepair. As the Amu Darya shifted eastward in recent times, it could no longer reach the Sarykamysh Depression and flowed into

1134-460: The railroad from Takhiatash to Chardzhou (now, Türkmenabat ) was opened. Infrastructure for the development of the city was created, searching expeditions were organized and aviation was connected. The number of workers during construction is estimated at 10,000; more than half were prisoners. After Stalin's death in 1953, construction of the Main Turkmen Canal ceased. In 1954 construction of

1176-465: The region around the Aral Sea. They changed the course of the rivers, mainly the Amu Darya and its tributaries, which included the Uzboy. The Ustyurt Plateau protruded into the Aralo-Caspian lowland as a peninsula. It first separated the Caspian Sea from the Aral Sea near Bala-İşem, then the Uzboy Valley  and other natural connecting channels between the two lakes were formed. The development of

1218-516: The river to be around 17–35 cubic kilometres (4.1–8.4 cu mi), which, according to estimations, should not have injured the economy of Uzbekistan or the ecology of the Aral Sea . It was intended to fill Sarykamysskoe Lake and to take from 30 to 50 cubic kilometers per year for 4 to 8 years. This version was approved by the State Planning Committee of the USSR in 1932. The second plan

1260-723: The salt be washed out with more and more water from the Amu Darya. This would then be lacking in Uzbekistan and is therefore geopolitically explosive. The problem of soil salinization also affects the irrigation area around the non-concrete Karakum Canal. The Uzboi Vallis riverbed on Mars was named after the Usboi. It was photographed by the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter on May 31, 2014. Main Turkmen Canal The Main Turkmen Canal ( Russian : Главный Туркменский канал , romanized :  Glavnyy Turkmenskiy kanal )

1302-471: The survivors becoming nomadic desert dwellers. In the early 1950s, construction work started to build a major irrigation canal roughly along the river bed of the former Uzboy. However, the project was abandoned soon after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953; later on, Qaraqum Canal was constructed along an entirely different, much more southerly, route. Tectonic movements in the Pliocene raised and lowered

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1344-590: The water level of the Aral Sea was particularly high at that time.  After that, the Amu Darya shifted eastwards again and no longer flowed into the Sarykamysh Delta, but into the Aral Sea. At times (the exact period is unknown), part of the Oxus Delta (Amu Darya Delta) near the Aral Sea was flooded and incorporated the Aral Sea there. The bed of the Western Uzboi is unlikely to have dried up, however. This course

1386-430: Was a distributary of the Amu Darya which flowed through the northwestern part of the Karakum Desert of Turkmenistan until the 17th century, when it abruptly dried up, eliminating the agricultural population that had thrived along its banks. (It was a part of the ancient region of Dahistan ). Now a dry river channel and a center for archaeological excavations, the Uzboy flowed some 750 kilometres (470 mi), from

1428-530: Was a large-scale irrigation project in the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic . The canal was intended to transport water from the Amu Darya river to Krasnovodsk (now Türkmenbaşy ), a city in Turkmenistan on the coast of the Caspian Sea . The canal was going to use the course of the ancient dry Uzboy River bed. The building of canals and channels for irrigation in Turkmenistan began in

1470-549: Was built near the old site to retain the remaining water and to deny it to the Turkomans who were in the habit of raiding the Oxus delta. This not only blocked the Uzboy but caused the Sarykamysh to slowly dry up. Peter the Great heard that it would be possible to destroy the dam and send the Oxus into its old channel, thereby making a waterway from Moscow down the Volga and up the Oxus into

1512-590: Was chosen for its rail access. In November 1950, construction workers started work at the building site of the camps that would hold 2000 people. In December, they laid the new city of Takhiatash on the Amu Darya's west side. When the city was first constructed there were two camps beginning to be built in the city for 1500 prisoners or people. Shipments of goods from the entire country entered Takhiatash, and according to recollections, were stored poorly, and substantial portions were considered unusable. In 1951, several camps and economic objects were built. On June 15, 1952

1554-542: Was chosen. The length of the canal was to be more than 1200 kilometers, beginning from Takhiatash , a town/city in Uzbekistan, then extended 10 km from the town of Nukus to Krasnovodsk on the Caspian Coast of Turkmenistan. However, the discharge of water into the Caspian Sea was not planned. A system of weirs , sluices , reservoirs , hydroelectric power plants , diverters and conduits, over 1000 kilometers long

1596-501: Was first discovered and charted by the Russian geographer, Nikolai Petrusevich , in 1876. The last time the waters of the Amu Darya directly entered the basin was during the flood of 1878. Since the beginning of the 1960s, the Sarykamysh lake has been filled with collector-drainage waters, feeding was carried out through the Daryalyk collector, while water from the farmland of the left bank of

1638-542: Was investigated by Vladimir Obruchev in 1886 . He found a well south of Lake Samykamish on a road to Khiva : "200 paces west of the Bala-İşem well  , on the Sardar-Khiva road. Between the sandy hills, sandstone is not so significant. This masterpiece, Uzboydur, has caused great controversy among the scholars of the world. It has not yet been fully investigated."  At that time, it was considered controversial whether

1680-470: Was made around 1950-1953.) At least the main branch of the Uzboi, which was particularly important for people in the Holocene, has once again become important as a drainage channel due to current environmental problems. In 1971, reckless irrigation projects along the Amu Darya caused water to once again break through underground to Lake Sarykamysh, which was not stopped. This reactivated the underground supply of

1722-404: Was planned along the canal's route. At the beginning of the canal at Takhiatash, Uzbekistan an enormous weir was built which had to be combined with the hydroelectric power plant. 25 percent of the water from the Amu Darya was to be drained into the canal to drain the Aral Sea. With the level of the Aral Sea lowered, the intention was to use the exposed land for agriculture, but the salt content of

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1764-464: Was planned as part of Stalin's "Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature", but was abandoned after Stalin's death. It was to be built from Tachia-Tash (today Taxiatosh ) in the Sarykamysh delta across the former bed of the Uzboi to Krasnowodsk (today Türkmenbaşy ). It would have been 1100 km long Alexandr Ivanovitch Gloukhovsky wrote in 1893 that the Oxus (Amu-Darya) River seemed to flow into

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