Sary Shagan (Russian: Сары-Шаган ; Kazakh : Сарышаған ) is an anti-ballistic missile testing range located in Kazakhstan .
45-545: On 17 August 1956 the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union authorized plans for an experimental facility for missile defence located at Sary Shagan, on the west bank of Lake Balkhash . The first missile launched from the facility was a V-1000 on 16 October 1958, but the facilities for full-scale testing were not ready until 1961. Sary Shagan remains in use, with the latest known launch on 2 December 2022. The town of Sary Shagan
90-572: A "great overlap" between the responsibilities and functions of the Central Committee , Secretariat and the Presidium of the Council of Ministers. However, Schapiro was not sure of the Presidium's membership or if the Presidium had any meetings. It is unknown whether the Presidium had any importance for ordinary policy-making during the 1950s and 1960s. Soviet works from that period make no mention of
135-511: A Central Committee plenum which forbade any single person to have the two most powerful jobs in the country: First Secretary (renamed General Secretary during 1966) and Premier of the Council of Ministers. Kosygin, the Premier of the Council of Ministers, was in charge of economic administration while Brezhnev, the General Secretary, cared for other domestic matters. During the later part of
180-645: A Presidium of the Council of Ministers. Professor T.H. Rigby believes that the duties and responsibilities of the Presidium were at the time largely assumed by the Current Affairs Commission of the Council of Ministers and from 1956 possibly by the State Economic Commission of the Council of Ministers with both Commissions directed by Mikhail Pervukhin . During his visit to the USSR, political scientist Robert C. Tucker asked Mansur Mirza-Akhmedov ,
225-466: A ministry and a state committee could be obscure as for the case of the Committee for State Security (KGB). State committees were instrumental in keeping the vast Soviet economic system coherent and integrated. The Presidium of the Council of Ministers was established during March 1953 as a result of the reorganisation of a special bureau formed during 1944 for the purpose of supervising and coordinating
270-606: A network of regional and local sovnarkhoz supervised by the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy . Khrushchev's economic reform proved disastrous as it severed regional economic relations and was abandoned by the Soviet Government after Khrushchev's ousting in 1964. The year later twenty-eight industrial ministries, eleven All-union and seventeen Union ministries were reestablished. The second attempt at decentralising
315-530: A servant, a woman, or a minor. Sometimes legal status refers to a characteristic wholly created by law, such as being a Social Security recipient." Thus, legal status is "a feature of individuals and their relationships to the law." Tiffany Graham added to Balkin's definition: "legal status refers to a set of characteristics that define an individual's membership in an official class, as a consequence of which rights, duties, capacities and/or incapacities are acquired." This article related to international law
360-557: A training target at the test site. In 2016, the Russian-Kazakh agreement was ratified, which established new boundaries of the landfill, excluding some sections. At the beginning of 2017, the modernization of the experimental test base of the test site began. The ground-based optical-electronic systems "Beret-M", optical-electronic stations of the trajectory-measuring complex "OES TIK", optical-electronic stations "Sazhen-TM", receiving antenna complexes were delivered. On 2 December 2022
405-402: A vast network of government committees, commissions, and other institutions that reported directly to the Council of People's Commissars . Throughout its existence, the Presidium of the Council of Ministers was a mysterious institution. First World observers knew little of the Presidium's activities and functions, or even the frequencies of its meetings. In Soviet textbooks and by officials it
450-629: Is provided. In 1998, the Sary-Shagan test site was withdrawn from the troops AD and reassigned to 4th State Central Interspecific Test Site (administered by the Strategic Rocket Forces ). In the 1990s, most of the test site facilities were decommissioned and abandoned; in subsequent years, they were looted by marauders, and the equipment was dismantled. As of 2014, due to the controversial legal status of abandoned test sites, these territories have not been cleaned up: they are cluttered with
495-684: The Brezhnev era the job of Premier of the Council of Ministers lost its rank as the second-most powerful in the USSR to the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet . Nikolai Podgorny 's dismissal as chief of state during 1977 had the effect of reducing Kosygin's role in day-to-day management of government activities as Brezhnev strengthened his control over the government apparatus. Kosygin resigned during 1980, to be succeeded by his First Deputy Chairman Nikolai Tikhonov . After five-years service, by
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#1732852469492540-642: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs , and Andrei Grechko and Dmitriy Ustinov , the defence ministers . USSR state committees were different from the ministries in that a state committee was primarily responsible for several parts of government as opposed to the one specific topic for which a ministry was solely responsible. Therefore, many state committees had jurisdiction over certain common activities performed by ministries such as research and development, standardisation, planning, building construction, state security, publishing, archiving and so on. The distinction between
585-577: The Premier of the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic , if the Presidium still functioned as an inner policy-making body. The answer he received was yes, and that the Presidium consisted of the Premier , two first deputy chairmen , four deputy chairmen , the Minister of Finance and the Minister of Agriculture . During the 1970s Soviet authorities officially defined
630-675: The Soviet of Ministers , was the de jure government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), comprising the main executive and administrative agency of the USSR from 1946 until 1991. During 1946 the Council of People's Commissars was reorganized as the Council of Ministers. Accordingly, the People's Commissariats were renamed as Ministries . The council issued declarations and instructions based on and in accordance with applicable laws, which had obligatory jurisdictional power in all republics of
675-564: The 1960s and functioned as part of the Russian missile warning network until 2020. Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Совет министров СССР , romanized : Sovet Ministrov SSSR , IPA: [sɐˈvʲet mʲɪˈnʲistrəf ˌɛsˌɛsˌɛsˈɛr] ), sometimes abbreviated as Sovmin or referred to as
720-471: The Central Committee at the 25th Party Congress . Nikita Khrushchev 's attempt during the late 1950s to decentralise decision-making by reforming the chain of command that was in use since the early times of the Council of People's Commissars to manage local industries and enterprises resulted in major reorganisation of the USSR ministries. A large number of ministries were eliminated and replaced by
765-682: The Communist Party's Politburo . Article 132 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution and Article 17 of the 1978 USSR Law that regulated the activities of the Soviet Government state that the Premier, the First Deputy, Deputy Chairmen, and other members of the USSR Council of Ministers were members of the Presidium. Regardless, the actual names of its members (other than the Premier) were never disclosed to
810-578: The Council of Ministers during March 1946. At the same time The People's Commissariats were transformed into Ministries . Joseph Stalin 's death began a power struggle within the Soviet government between the Government apparatus managed by Georgy Malenkov as Premier, and the Party apparatus managed by Nikita Khrushchev as General Secretary (a job which was named First Secretary from 1953 until 1966). Malenkov lost
855-409: The Council of Ministers was the collective decision-making body of government. The Chairman of the Council of Ministers, his First Deputy Chairmen , Deputy Chairmen , ministers, State Committee chairmen, Soviet Republican Council of Ministers chairmen and other unspecified personnel were members of the Presidium . The Council of People's Commissars , the Soviet Government , was transformed into
900-436: The Presidium's responsibilities and membership. The 1977 Soviet Constitution referred to the Presidium as a "permanent" organ of the Council of Ministers, which was established to secure good economic leadership and assume other administrative responsibilities. The few documents published provide evidence that the Presidium emphasised economic planning and decision-making as well as making important decisions lesser than those of
945-607: The Russian army announced that they had successfully tested a new missile defence system in Sary Shagan. In the 1970s the Vympel NPO , Geofizika , Phazotron , MNIIRE Altair, others; built the Terra-3 laser testing centre at Sary Shagan. The Sary Shagan site has hosted a number of radar prototypes such as the Don-2NP. Also there is Balkhash-9 radar station a few km away which started in
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#1732852469492990-439: The Soviet economy was in 1965, with Premier Alexei Kosygin initiating a new economic reform aimed at giving enterprises more economic freedom and incentives to be profitable. Certain major ministries had more influence over the national and international politics of the USSR, with their ministers being full members of Politburo. Among them were notables such as Leon Trotsky , Vyacheslav Molotov and Andrei Gromyko , heads of
1035-503: The Union. However, the most important decisions were made by joint declarations with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Soviet Union (CPSU), which was de facto more powerful than the Council of Ministers. During 1991 the Council of Ministers was dissolved, and replaced by the newly established " Cabinet of Ministers ", which itself disappeared only months later when the USSR
1080-693: The car, and state number [ ru ] ; since 2009, the data of the majority of cars entering are not recorded. 24 October 2012 and a conditional target at the test site destroyed a prototype of a new Russian ballistic missile with a mobile launcher RS-26 , launched from Kapustin Yar in Astrakhan areas Russia. On 4 March 2014, the RS-12M Topol intercontinental ballistic missile launched from Kapustin Yar test site in Astrakhan Region Russia struck
1125-597: The council's relationships with subordinate organs were defined in the Soviet constitution by the Law on the Council of Ministers of the USSR . During 1946, the All-Union Council of People's Commissars became the Council of Ministers ( Russian : Совет Министров , tr.: Sovet Ministrov SSSR ), whilst People's Commissars and People's Commissariats became Ministers and Ministries. Ministers were important for ordinary decision-making, with 73 percent of them elected full-members of
1170-523: The decrees and resolutions issued by the All-Union Council of Ministers. The All-Union Council also had the power to suspend all mandates and decrees issued by itself or organisations subordinate to it. The Council coordinated and directed the work of the union republics and union ministries, state committees and other organs subordinate to it. The competence of the Council of Ministers and its Presidium with respect to their procedures and activities and
1215-402: The desert. On June 9, 1960, and at the test site General Designer OKB-301 S. A. Lavochkin died of a heart attack (during the test of the air defense system “ Dal [ ru ] ”). On March 4, 1961, for the first time in the world a ballistic missile warhead was hit by an experimental complex missile defense System A (missile defense) [ System A ; Система «А» ] at
1260-400: The discovery of remnants of weapons by the population, for example, those found in 2005 in abandoned barrels with napalm (the Soviet military name is “ ognesmes [ ru ] ”). In connection with the collapse of the Soviet defence industry and in connection with the reduction of Russian missile defense programs and FFP [ ru ] since the late 1990s, missile tests at
1305-639: The period between convocations of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of Ministers was accountable to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and regularly reported to the Supreme Soviet on its work, as well as being tasked with resolving all state administrative duties in the jurisdiction of the USSR which were not the responsibility of the Supreme Soviet or the Presidium. Within its limits, the Council of Ministers had responsibility for: The Council of Ministers could also issue decrees and resolutions and later verify their execution. All organisations were obliged to obey
1350-491: The power struggle, and during 1955 he was demoted from his office as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. He was succeeded in his job by Nikolai Bulganin , who was dismissed and replaced by Khrushchev because of his assistance to the Anti-Party Group , which had tried to oust Khrushchev during 1957. After Khrushchev's dismissal from power, the collective leadership organized by Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin had
1395-445: The presence of sparsely populated lowland woodland, a large number of cloudless days, and the lack of valuable farmland. Marshal Nedelin recalled: This is a very harsh desert region, uninhabited, unsuitable for grazing flocks. Stony barren and waterless desert. But the main dwelling of the missile defense ground can be tied to Lake Balkhash. It has fresh, though harsh, water, and the town will be blissful if you can apply this word to
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1440-450: The public. Legal status Legal status is the status or position held by an entity as determined by the law . It includes or entails a set of privileges , obligations , powers or restrictions that a person or thing has as encompassed in or declared by legislation . Jack Balkin has defined the term by writing, "In law, status is generally a characteristic of an individual that has some legal consequences. Examples are being
1485-512: The remnants of buildings and structures, and are polluted by military waste. After the proclamation in 1991 of the independence of Kazakhstan, its sovereignty extends to the test site. In 1996, an agreement was signed between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the lease of the Sary-Shagan testing ground, under which Russia leased part of
1530-466: The rules established by Leonid Brezhnev , Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko , Tikhonov was compelled to retire by Mikhail Gorbachev on 27 September 1985. Tikhonov was succeeded by Nikolai Ryzhkov . Ryzhkov was a half-hearted reformer, and was skeptical about de-nationalisation and the monetary reform of 1989; however, he did endorse the creation of a "regulated market" economy. During 1991 Ryzhkov
1575-529: The state committees and the Chairmen of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Republics . The Premier of the Council of Ministers could also recommend people who he found suitable for membership of the Council of Ministers to the Supreme Soviet . The Council of Ministers ended its functions on each first-convocation of a newly elected Supreme Soviet. Responsible and accountable to the Supreme Soviet and during
1620-723: The test site (10 GNIIP Air Defense Forces) was awarded the Order of the Red Star. All Soviet and Russian complexes PRO and air defense long-range, many promising radar , experimental complexes based on combat laser high power (including the program “ Terra ”, “ Omega ”). In total, the following was tested at the test site: 6 antimissile systems; 12 anti-aircraft missile systems; 7 types of anti-missile; 12 types of anti-aircraft guided missiles; 14 types of measuring equipment; 18 radar systems and several systems on new physical principles. Testing of 15 strategic missile systems and their modifications
1665-415: The test site area. The areas to which the rent did not apply were transferred to the use of the Republic of Kazakhstan. However, no specific steps have been taken, the property has not yet been taken to the balance of the relevant departments of Kazakhstan. The territory of the test site is not protected. In practice, the site is open to all who wish to visit it. There are no designations of the boundaries of
1710-563: The test site have been performed only once or twice a year . In particular, in December 2010 and training exercises were conducted with a Topol rocket. The military units of the Ministry of Defense of Kazakhstan. From 2005, entry into the city of Priozersk is carried out without a permit. Until 2009, the Kazakhstan Road police at security checkpoint KPP recorded the time of entry, the model of
1755-458: The test site, no information signs and shields on which it would be explained what the risk of unauthorized visitors to the site and the responsibility they may incur for it. To obtain the same official permission, subject to the availability of all the necessary documents , it takes many months. Without any permits at the site, the local population earns a living by collecting scrap and "mining" building materials. Media reported several cases of
1800-486: The test site. In October 1961 and October 1962, five nuclear explosions at altitudes from 80 km to 300 km were carried out over the test site during Soviet Project K nuclear tests . July 15, 1966 and by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the test site was awarded the Order of Lenin for successfully completing the tasks of developing and mastering new military equipment. On April 20, 1981,
1845-567: Was State Research and Testing Site No. 10 USSR Ministry of Defense . The test site occupied 81,200 km (including 49,200 km in the Karaganda region Kazakh SSR ). The construction of the test site and the city began in 1956 in connection with the development of a missile defense system called System A . The main criteria for selecting a site for the test site, like when creating the Kapustin Yar and NIIP-5 rocket ranges ( Baikonur ), were
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1890-523: Was a closed city until 2005. The administrative centre, Priozersk remained a closed city. The length of the site is 480 km. The Sary Shagan range was the intended landing site for the sample return canister of the Russian Fobos-Grunt mission. The first and only one in Eurasia test site for the development and testing of anti-missile weapons . In USSR , the official name of the test site
1935-451: Was described as an internal organ of the government. Churchward noted in his 1975 book that it was impossible to determine the importance of the Presidium in comparison with other organs of the Council of Ministers. British historian Leonard Schapiro , writes in his book The Government and Politics of the Soviet Union , that the Presidium worked somewhat as an "Inner Cabinet" for policy-making. Historians Hough and Fainsod believed there to be
1980-456: Was disbanded . There were seven Chairmen of the Council of Ministers between 1946 and early 1991, who were in effect the Premier of the USSR . After Nikita Khrushchev 's dismissal from the jobs of First Secretary of the Communist Party and Premier, to be replaced by Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin respectively, a Central Committee plenum forbade any person to hold the positions of First Secretary and Premier concurrently. The Presidium of
2025-461: Was succeeded as Premier by Valentin Pavlov . The Council of Ministers was dissolved and replaced with the newly established Cabinet of Ministers . The Council of Ministers was the manager of the government's executive part. Formed at a joint meeting of the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities , it consisted of a Premier , several First Deputies , Deputies , ministers , Chairmen of
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