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27-587: The PSd'Az is one of the oldest stateless nationalist parties active in Europe that promotes autonomy towards the ideal of independence. As such, the party was a founding member of the European Free Alliance in 1984, but was expelled in 2020 because of its alliance with the League. Christian Solinas , who has led the party since 2015, was elected senator in the 2018 general election and President of Sardinia in

54-498: A nation through the awakening of national consciousness . A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person. In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain English nationalism , Scottish nationalism , and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism . Nationalism

81-707: A number of states (for example, the Yoruba people found in the African states of Nigeria , Benin and Togo ) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China ). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913

108-628: A recognised minority ethnic group in Italy. Friulians are a recognised minority ethnic group in Italy. Tatars in Republic of Crimea Deportation of the Crimean Tatars 2010 Sardinian provincial elections The 2010 provincial elections of Sardinia took place on 30–31 May 2010. A run-off took place in Cagliari , Nuoro and Ogliastra on 12–13 June. Six provinces were won by the centre-left, two by

135-473: A small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are

162-590: A social-democratic group of the Italian resistance movement . Lussu left the party in 1948 to found the short-lived Sardinian Socialist Action Party (PSd'AzS), which joined the Italian Socialist Party in 1949, along with many other PSd'Az members. Consequently, the PSd'Az started to cooperate with Christian Democracy and was quite a stable until the 1980s. The PSd'Az and the PSd'AzS won 10.5% and 6.6% respectively in

189-456: Is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal. The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Misplaced Pages articles. States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population. mostly Shia Volkstaat Sardinians are

216-457: Is often connected to separatism because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence. Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence , but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of

243-609: The 2004 Sardinian regional election , the PSd'Az won 3.9% of the vote and 2 regional councillors. In the 2006 general election , leader Giacomo Sanna , due to an electoral pact named Pact for the Autonomies , was a candidate of the Northern League (LN) for the Senate in Lombardy , but failed to get elected. The party ran by itself in the 2008 general election , winning a mere 1.5% in

270-449: The 2010 provincial elections the party was strongest in Nuoro (12.8%), Sassari (6.9%), Olbia-Tempio (6.7%) and Cagliari (6.4%). In 2013, the PSd'Az broke with Cappellacci and the centre-right, but re-joined the coalition in time for the 2014 regional election . In the election, Cappellacci was defeated and the PSd'Az won 4.7% of the vote and two regional councillors. In the run-up of

297-562: The 2018 general election , the party formed once again an electoral pact with the Northern League, which presented itself as "League" all around the country. The alliance managed to get 10.8% of the vote and Christian Solinas , leader of the PSd'Az, was elected to the Senate, while Guido De Martini , a local activist of the League, was elected to the Chamber. This marked the return of the PSd'Az to

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324-560: The 2019 regional election , the first Sardist to do so since Mario Melis in 1984–1989, leading a centre-right coalition. The party was founded in April 1921. However, it was soon banned under fascism. The party was re-organized after World War II by Emilio Lussu , secretary for Southern Italy of the Action Party during the war, and other veterans from the Sassari brigade and anti-fascists,

351-587: The Italian Republican Party . This was the highest point in party history: the PSd'Az was represented in the Italian Parliament from 1983 to 1994, and Melis was a MEP for the Rainbow Group from 1989 to 1994. The party was affiliated to The Olive Tree during the 1996 general election . However, the party congress rejected a continuation of the alliance ahead the 2001 general election . In

378-605: The United Nations . Nations without a state are classified as fourth-world nations . Some stateless nations have a history of statehood , while some were always stateless. The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state . It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone , Michael Keating and T. M. Devine . Ethnicities described as stateless nations can be dispersed across

405-462: The Italian Parliament after 22 years. In August 2018, the party was suspended from the European Free Alliance because of its alliance with the League. In the 2019 regional election , Solinas was elected President of Sardinia with 47.8% of the vote, while the PSd'Az won 9.9%. In the 2024 regional election , Solinas did not stand for re-election and the centre-right lost the election, with

432-447: The PSd'Az reduced to 5.4% and three regional councillors. After the election, Solinas was re-elected as its leader during a congress. As a result, two regional councillors out of three left the party. In September, all three PSd'Az elects joined Forza Italia . The party has failed to regain the electoral support it enjoyed upon its foundation (e.g. 36% of the popular vote in 1921 general election ). The party has been mostly marginal in

459-655: The Region. In the 2009 regional election , the PSd'Az joined the centre-right coalition , provoking the split of the party's left that formed the Red Moors . Cappellacci won and the PSd'Az won 4.3% of the vote (having its strongholds in the traditionally left-wing Provinces of Nuoro and Carbonia-Iglesias , where it gained 7.5 and 7.1%, respectively) and four regional councillors plus one (Giacomo Sanna) elected in Cappellacci's regional list. The Red Moors won 2.5% and one councillor. In

486-570: The Sardinan political scene since the post-war period and this marginalisation has increased with the Italian establishment of a bipolar political system in the 1990s. The electoral results of the PSd'Az in regional and Chamber of Deputies elections in Sardinia since 1946 are shown in the chart below. For 1953 only the regional election's result is shown. In the general elections of 1972, 1976, 1979 and 2006

513-642: The first regional election in 1949 . After a decline in term of votes in the 1960s and 1970s, the party re-gained strength in the 1980s (13.8% in 1984 and 12.4% in 1989 ). Following these results, Sardist Mario Melis was President of Sardinia between 1984 and 1989 at the head of a five-party coalition composed also by the Italian Communist Party , the Italian Socialist Party, the Italian Democratic Socialist Party and

540-503: The multinational state of Yugoslavia and gained independence during the breakup of Yugoslavia ). Stateless nations can have large populations; for example, the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations. The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in Western Europe during the 18th century, and it

567-562: The overwhelming majority of nations in the world. During the imperial and colonial era , powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland; resulting in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and being described as stateless nations thereafter. Some nations have been victims of "carve-outs" that left their homeland divided among several countries. Even today, the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These boundaries often differ from cultural boundaries which results in situations wherein people who speak

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594-592: The party did not run lists for the Chamber of Deputies. Stateless nation A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own sovereign state . Use of the term implies that such ethnic groups has the right to self-determination , to establish an independent nation-state with its own government. Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as

621-447: The potential for ethnic conflicts . Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination . Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and as a result, they became victims of atrocities such as discrimination , ethnic cleansing , genocide , forced assimilation , and the exploitation of labor and natural resources . People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs, or religion can turn into

648-505: The same language or have the same culture are divided by national borders; for example, New Guinea is split into the regions of West Papua (a former Dutch colony ) and Papua New Guinea (a former Australian colony ). During decolonization , the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state . This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased

675-530: The world. Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations. Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state they are located in and believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is associated with unionism (such as Pakistani nationalism , Indian nationalism , and Belgian nationalism ) ). In many countries, unionism

702-630: Was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood. However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states consider themselves stateless nations. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states that are not considered "stateless nations". Only

729-639: Was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China - which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation. Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats , Serbs , Bosniaks , Slovenes , Montenegrins and Macedonians that were once part of

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