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38-512: The Sarajevo Stock Exchange or SASE ( Bosnian : Sarajevska berza ) is a stock exchange which operates in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina . The Sarajevo Stock Exchange (SASE) was founded on 13 September 2001 and commenced trading on 12 April 2002, as a central marketplace for trading in securities in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , which together with Republika Srpska , makes up

76-639: A committee of experts of different nationalities from all four countries was formed that worked on the final version of the Declaration on 16 and 17 January 2017 in Zagreb. After the meeting , the text was sent to some twenty consultants, whose proposals are then embedded in the final form of the text. The Declaration on the Common Language , with more than two hundred signatures of prominent intellectuals from Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia

114-433: A common standard language of the polycentric type. Before any public presentation, the Declaration was signed by over 200 prominent writers, scientists, journalists, activists and other public figures from the four countries . After being published , it has been signed by over 10,000 people from all over the region. The Declaration on the Common Language is an attempt to counter nationalistic factions. Its aim

152-578: A result had constitutional amendments imposed by High Representative Wolfgang Petritsch . However, the constitution of Republika Srpska refers to it as the Language spoken by Bosniaks , because the Serbs were required to recognise the language officially, but wished to avoid recognition of its name. Serbia includes the Bosnian language as an elective subject in primary schools. Montenegro officially recognizes

190-567: A series of plenary lectures on the Declaration was held at conferences at the universities of various EU countries , and then at the universities in Japan. On the occasion of the second anniversary of the Declaration , two round tables were held: in Vienna "Language and Nationalisms: Do We Understand Each Other?" and in Zagreb "One Language or Several Languages: Discussion on the Declaration on

228-450: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bosnian language Bosnian uses both the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets , with Latin in everyday use. It is notable among the varieties of Serbo-Croatian for a number of Arabic , Persian and Ottoman Turkish loanwords, largely due to the language's interaction with those cultures through Islamic ties. Bosnian is based on

266-472: Is to stimulate discussion on language without nationalism and to contribute to the reconciliation process. The Declaration states that Bosniaks , Croats , Montenegrins and Serbs have a common standard language of the polycentric type. It refers to the fact that the four peoples communicate effectively without an interpreter due to their mutual intelligibility , which is a key notion when talking about languages. Furthermore, it points out that

304-524: The Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) recognize the Bosnian language. Furthermore, the status of the Bosnian language is also recognized by bodies such as the United Nations , UNESCO and translation and interpreting accreditation agencies, including internet translation services. Most English-speaking language encyclopedias ( Routledge , Glottolog , Ethnologue , etc.) register

342-680: The 10th Subversive Festival in Zagreb, a round table on the Declaration , titled "Language and Nationalism", was held. Then a debate "About the Declaration on the Common Language and Other Demons" was held at the Crocodile Literature Festival in Belgrade. After that, in Novi Sad , a panel discussion "Whose is Our Language?" at the Exit festival and a forum "What are the Achievements of

380-465: The 1990s and 2000s. Lexically, Islamic-Oriental loanwords are more frequent; phonetically: the phoneme /x/ (letter h ) is reinstated in many words as a distinct feature of vernacular Bosniak speech and language tradition; also, there are some changes in grammar, morphology and orthography that reflect the Bosniak pre- World War I literary tradition, mainly that of the Bosniak renaissance at the beginning of

418-522: The 1990s, especially within diplomatic circles. Table of the modern Bosnian alphabet in both Latin and Cyrillic, as well as with the IPA value, sorted according to Cyrilic: Although Bosnians are, at the level of vernacular idiom , linguistically more homogeneous than either Serbians or Croatians, unlike those nations they failed to codify a standard language in the 19th century, with at least two factors being decisive: The modern Bosnian standard took shape in

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456-423: The 20th century. The name "Bosnian language" is a controversial issue for some Croats and Serbs , who also refer to it as the "Bosniak" language ( Serbo-Croatian : bošnjački / бошњачки , [bǒʃɲaːtʃkiː] ). Bosniak linguists however insist that the only legitimate name is "Bosnian" language ( bosanski ) and that that is the name that both Croats and Serbs should use. The controversy arises because

494-416: The Bosnian language: its 2007 Constitution specifically states that although Montenegrin is the official language, Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian are also in official use. The differences between the Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian literary standards are minimal. Although Bosnian employs more Turkish, Persian, and Arabic loanwords —commonly called orientalisms—mainly in its spoken variety due to

532-527: The Common Language The Declaration on the Common Language ( Serbo-Croatian : Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku / Декларација о заједничком језику ) was issued in 2017 by a group of intellectuals and NGOs from Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Montenegro and Serbia who were working under the banner of a project called "Language and Nationalism". The Declaration states that Bosniaks , Croats , Montenegrins and Serbs have

570-559: The Common Language", organized by the Union of Student Associations of the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb , which later also organized a plenary lecture on the Declaration at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb. The British sociolinguist Peter Trudgill notes that "linguists are well represented on the list of signatories." The most famous linguist " Noam Chomsky has signed the Declaration on

608-596: The Declaration on the Common Language?" at the International Literary Conference Book Talk were organised. In Montenegro, there was a round table on the Declaration in the framework of the 7th Njegoš's Days. At the end of 2017, a discussion "What to do With the Language: Who speaks (or does not speak) the common language?" was organised at the 6th Open University in Sarajevo . During 2018,

646-591: The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina called the language "Bosniac language", until 2002 when it was changed in Amendment XXIX of the Constitution of the Federation by Wolfgang Petritsch . The original text of the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was agreed in Vienna and was signed by Krešimir Zubak and Haris Silajdžić on March 18, 1994. The constitution of Republika Srpska ,

684-608: The Securities Commission of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Only those brokers authorized by the SASE members, who have passed a brokers' exam are allowed to trade. The Securities Commission defines the manner and conditions for taking the exam and for revoking the licence. A broker is required to hold a valid licence issued by the Agency. The SASE currently has 16 members, whose headquarters are spread around Bosnia and Herzegovina,

722-515: The Serb-dominated entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina, did not recognize any language or ethnic group other than Serbian. Bosniaks were mostly expelled from the territory controlled by the Serbs from 1992, but immediately after the war they demanded the restoration of their civil rights in those territories. The Bosnian Serbs refused to make reference to the Bosnian language in their constitution and as

760-1241: The common language", which has been particularly resounding. The Declaration has been signed by "over fifty other linguists, including Anders Ahlqvist, Ronelle Alexander, Nadira Aljović, Bojan Anđelković, Boban Arsenijević, John Frederick Bailyn, Josip Baotić, Ranka Bijeljac-Babić, Ranko Bugarski, Vesna Bulatović, Daniel Bunčić, Costas Canakis, Greville Corbett, Oliver Czulo, Natalia Długosz, Ljiljana Dolamic, Nicholas Evans, Rajka Glušica, Radmila Gorup, Senahid Halilović, Camiel Hamans, Mirjana Jocić, Jagoda Jurić-Kappel, Dunja Jutronić, Dejan Karavesović, Jana Kenda, Ivan Klajn, Snježana Kordić, Svetlana Kurteš, Igor Kusin, Zineta Lagumdžija, Igor Lakić, Gordana Lalić-Krstin, Mia Mader Skender, Alisa Mahmutović, Olga Mišeska Tomić, Vladimir Miličić, Spiros Moschonas, Joachim Mugdan, Zoran Nikolovski, Miloš Okuka, Tatjana Paunović, Dušan-Vladislav Pažđerski, Mira Peter, Tanja Petrović, Enisa Pliska, Milena Podolšak, Luka Raičković, Katarina Rasulić, Marija Runić, Svenka Savić, Marko Simonović, Ljiljana Subotić, Danko Šipka, Dušanka Točanac, Neda Todorović, Aleksandar Trklja, Peter Trudgill, Mladen Uhlik, Hanka Vajzović, Vera Vasić, Elvira Veselinović, Đorđe Vidanović, Ana Ždrale, Jelena Živojinović." Signatories of

798-451: The conferences were: More than thirty experts participated in the drafting of the Declaration , half of whom were linguists of different nationalities from the four states. The process of writing lasted for several months. The initiative emerged just after the last conference in Sarajevo, when young people from Bosnia-Herzegovina who experienced the educational segregation in the so-called " two schools under one roof " came up with

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836-416: The current language policy of emphasizing differences has led to a number of negative phenomena, and linguistic expression is imposed as a criterion of ethnonational affiliation and a means of affirming political loyalty . The Declaration states that language and people do not have to coincide, and that each state or nation may independently codify its own variant of the common language, and that

874-580: The end of 2005, it was € 3.3 billion. The average daily trading volumes also soared in the first few years and hit €1.5 million by 2005. The leading index of the Sarajevo Stock Exchange, the BIFX, rose from 1,264.20 at the end of 2002 to 4,045.57 points at the end of 2005. In April 2019, market capitalization was BAM 5.36 billion, while the average daily trading volumes in 2020 were at BAM 541.031 million. This article about stock exchanges

912-759: The ethnic variants of the standard language makes translation and second language teaching impossible." The Bosnian language, as a new normative register of the Shtokavian dialect, was officially introduced in 1996 with the publication of Pravopis bosanskog jezika in Sarajevo. According to that work, Bosnian differed from Serbian and Croatian on some main linguistic characteristics, such as: sound formats in some words, especially "h" ( kahva versus Serbian kafa ); substantial and deliberate usage of Oriental ("Turkish") words; spelling of future tense ( kupit ću ) as in Croatian but not Serbian ( kupiću ) (both forms have

950-444: The fact that most Bosnian speakers are Muslims, it is still very similar to both Serbian and Croatian in its written and spoken form. "Lexical differences between the ethnic variants are extremely limited, even when compared with those between closely related Slavic languages (such as standard Czech and Slovak, Bulgarian and Macedonian), and grammatical differences are even less pronounced. More importantly, complete understanding between

988-861: The four countries during 2016, thus providing an insight into the current situation and problems. The project was inspired by the book Language and Nationalism , and was organized by four non-governmental organizations from each of the countries included: P.E.N. Center Bosnia-Herzegovina from Sarajevo , the Association Kurs from Split , Krokodil from Belgrade and the Civic Education Center from Podgorica . An interdisciplinary series of expert conferences in Podgorica, Split, Belgrade and Sarajevo took place under participation of linguists , journalists, anthropologists and others. Numerous audiences were also included. The titles of debates on

1026-508: The four standard variants enjoy equal status. The Declaration calls for abolishing all forms of linguistic segregation and discrimination in educational and public institutions. It also advocates for the freedom of individual choice and respect for linguistic diversity . The Declaration followed the international project Languages and Nationalisms (founded by two German foundations : Forum Ziviler Friedensdienst and Allianz Kulturstiftung ), within which conferences were held in

1064-579: The fourth Southeast European stock exchange to enter into a cooperation agreement with the Budapest Stock Exchange and the Wiener Börse. The memorandum of understanding lays the foundation for closer collaboration between the exchanges of Sarajevo and Vienna . The first joint project was an index . The performance of the Sarajevo Stock Exchange exploded in the first few years. From 2002, market capitalization rose by around twenty times and, at

1102-412: The idea of composing a text that would encourage change of the language policy in all four countries. They entitled the text Declaration on the Common Language and gave it for rewriting to professional linguists, so that the Declaration was redrafted in Zagreb in the following months and can therefore be called the "Zagreb Declaration." As a continuation of the project Languages and Nationalisms,

1140-404: The language is taught under the name Bosnisch , not Bosniakisch (e.g. Vienna, Graz, Trier) with very few exceptions. Some Croatian linguists ( Zvonko Kovač , Ivo Pranjković , Josip Silić ) support the name "Bosnian" language, whereas others ( Radoslav Katičić , Dalibor Brozović , Tomislav Ladan ) hold that the term Bosnian language is the only one appropriate and that accordingly

1178-520: The language solely as "Bosnian" language. The Library of Congress registered the language as "Bosnian" and gave it an ISO-number. The Slavic language institutes in English-speaking countries offer courses in "Bosnian" or "Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian" language, not in "Bosniak" language (e.g. Columbia, Cornell, Chicago, Washington, Kansas). The same is the case in German-speaking countries, where

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1216-613: The majority being in the country's capital, Sarajevo . The shareholder assembly elects a five-member supervisory board for a four-year term. The supervisory board appoints the Manager of the Exchange who is in charge of the strategic planning and daily operations. The members of the management board of the Sarajevo Stock Exchange and Wiener Börse (Vienna Stock Exchange) signed a memorandum of understanding on 21 March 2006. This made Bosnia and Herzegovina – after Romania , Croatia and Serbia –

1254-529: The most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian , more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian , which is also the basis of standard Croatian, Serbian and Montenegrin varieties. Therefore, the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins was issued in 2017 in Sarajevo. Although the common name for the common language remains 'Serbo-Croatian', newer alternatives such as 'Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian' and 'Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian' have been increasingly utilised since

1292-445: The name "Bosnian" may seem to imply that it is the language of all Bosnians, while Bosnian Croats and Serbs reject that designation for their idioms. The language is called Bosnian language in the 1995 Dayton Accords and is concluded by observers to have received legitimacy and international recognition at the time. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) and

1330-499: The post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina . The SASE was founded as a joint-stock company . It had eight founding members. According to the Securities Law, SASE members can only be legal entities - brokerage houses whose sole activity is trading in securities, with headquarters in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The founding capital of the exchange was BAM 200.000 (1 BAM = 0.51 € ). All SASE members must be licensed for securities trading by

1368-709: The same pronunciation). 2018, in the new issue of Pravopis bosanskog jezika , words without "h" are accepted due to their prevalence in language practice. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Bosnian, written in the Cyrillic script : Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Bosnian, written in the Latin alphabet : Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Declaration on

1406-520: The terms Bosnian language and Bosniak language refer to two different things. The Croatian state institutions, such as the Central Bureau of Statistics, use both terms: "Bosniak" language was used in the 2001 census, while the census in 2011 used the term "Bosnian" language. The majority of Serbian linguists hold that the term Bosniak language is the only one appropriate, which was agreed as early as 1990. The original form of The Constitution of

1444-448: Was simultaneously presented to the public on 30 March 2017 in Zagreb, Podgorica, Belgrade and Sarajevo, where a press conference was held and two panel discussions with titles "What is a common language?" and "Language and the Future". Then the Declaration was opened for signing to other people. Over the next few days, more than 8,000 people signed it. Two months later, in the framework of

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