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35-714: The leader of the Baro-Bhuiyan zamindars , Isa Khan , had his first and temporary capital situated in Sarail. During the Mughal era, Sarail was a mahallah (district) of the Sylhet Sarkar. During the dewani of Dewan Shahbaz Khan in 1650, the Hatirpul was constructed. It was a bridge built over the canal mainly for elephant pass. The Mughal dewans used to communicate by the elephant in this road and also took rest near this bridge. In 1662,

70-876: A group of seven Kayastha (in Assam, they are commonly known as the Kalita caste) and seven Brahmin families led by Candivara was transferred to Langamaguri, a few miles north of present-day Guwahati . During the harvesting season in Lengamaguri, the Bhutiyas attacked and looted the country and in one instance the Bhutiyas captured Rajadhara, the son of Candivara. Candivara chased the Bhutiyas as far as Daimara between Maguri (near Changsari town ) and Dewangiri (in Bhutan ), killed few of them and released his son from captivity. In next four or five years,

105-452: A monument dedicated to the martyr Sheikh Mesbahuddin Saraili . In 1990, Sarail was made an upazila of Bangladesh. Sarail is located at 24°07′06″N 91°07′30″E  /  24.118333°N 91.125°E  / 24.118333; 91.125 . It has 43,854 households and a total area of 227.22 km. According to the 2011 Census of Bangladesh , Sarail Upazila had 58,622 households and

140-429: A population of 315,208. 102,749 (32.60%) were under 10 years of age. Sarail had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 40.85%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 1068 females per 1000 males. 46,927 (14.89%) lived in urban areas. According to the 1991 Bangladesh census , Sarail had a population of 254,481. Males constituted 50.32% of the population, and females 49.68%. The population aged 18 or over

175-609: A reward, the Ahom king Suhungmung (1497–1539) settled these Bhuyans in Kalabari , Gohpur , Kalangpur and Narayanpur as tributary feudal lords. Over time, these Bhuyans grew very powerful but they were later subjugated by the Ahom king Jayadhwaj Singha . The Saru Baro Bhuyan is a branch of the Bar Baro Bhuyan that split and went west. By the mid 16th century, all the Adi Bhuyans power

210-745: A warrior chief or a landlord. The tradition of Baro-Bhuyan is peculiar to both Assam and Bengal. In Assam, this phenomenon came into prominence in the 13th century when they resisted the invasion of Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah and in Bengal when they resisted Mughal rule in the 16th century. Baro denotes the number twelve, but in general there were more than twelve chiefs or landlords, and the word baro meant many. Thus, Bhuyan-raj denoted individual Bhuyanship, whereas Baro-Bhuyan denoted temporary confederacies that they formed. In times of aggression by external powers, they generally cooperated in defending and expelling

245-449: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Baro-Bhuiyan The Baro-Bhuyans (or Baro-Bhuyan Raj ; also Baro-Bhuians and Baro-Bhuiyans ) were confederacies of soldier-landowners in Assam and Bengal in the late Middle Ages and the early modern period. They were predominantly Bengali Muslims . The confederacies consisted of loosely independent entities, each led by

280-642: Is often referred to as the Adi Bhuyan , or the progenitor Bhuyans. The Adi-charita written in the late 17th century is the only manuscript which mentions the Adi-Bhuyan group. However, Maheswar Neog has called the account as spurious or fabricated. Nevertheless, their presence is recorded in the Ahom Buranjis , where it is recorded that they were instrumental in ending the rule of the Kachari and Chutia kingdom. As

315-463: Is spoken by 6.09 million people representing 22.1% of the valley, Hindi is spoken by 2.1 million comprising 7.61% of the region, Bodo is spoken by 1.41 million comprising 5.13% of the valley's population and 2.88 million people speak various indigenous tribal languages of Assam, such as Santali , Karbi , Lalung , Hmar , Deori , Rabha , Mishing , Koch , Rajbangshi , Sadri, Garo , Dimasa , Gondi, Savara, Gorkha , Halam, Ao and Motak. Religions in

350-750: The Arifil Mosque was constructed by Shah Arif. There are unknown tombs located near the mosque, supposedly belonging to the wives of Isa Khan . During the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, the Pakistani Army killed about 70 innocent people in the Bitghar area. On 5 May, the freedom fighters raided the Pakistani Army's camp in the Shahbazpur area and killed 9 Pakistani soldiers; one freedom fighter

385-598: The 12th century. Guha (1983) claims that the Baro-Bhuyan emerged in the 13th century from the fragmented remains of the Kamarupa chieftains. Nevertheless, not all local Kamarupa administrators ( samanta ) became Bhuyans and many were later-day migrant adventurers from North India. Though there exists many legendary accounts of the origin of the Baro Bhuyan these accounts are often vague and contradictory. This original group

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420-628: The Brahmaputra Valley (2011) Out of 27,580,977 people living in the Brahmaputra Valley, a majority of 17,368,618 profess to the Hindu faith, a large minority of 8,934,387 people profess to the Islamic faith, 1,107,192 people profess to the Christian faith and around 170,780 people profess to other faiths such as Buddhism , Jainism , Sikhism and Animism . The major cities in the valley are Guwahati ,

455-654: The Candivara group later. In due course, members of these Bhuyans became powerful. Alauddin Husain Shah , who ended the Khen dynasty by displacing Nilambar in 1498, extended his rule up to the Barnadi river by defeating Harup Narayan who was a descendant of Gandharva-raya, a Bhuyan from the second group established by Durlabhnarayana at Bausi ( Chota raja of Bausi), among others. The Baro-Bhuyans retaliated and were instrumental in ending

490-611: The Kachari kingdom in the east and the Kamata kingdom in the west on the south bank of the Brahmaputra River . According to Neog, the leader ( shiromani ) of the group, Chandivara, was originally a ruler of Kannauj , who had to flee due to Firuz Shah Tughlaq 's 1353 campaign against Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah and reached Gauda , the domain of Dharmanarayana. As a result of a treaty between Dharmanarayana and Durlabhnarayana of Kamata kingdom,

525-480: The aggressor. In times of peace, they maintained their respective sovereignty. In the presence of a strong king, they offered their allegiance. In general each of them were in control of a group of villages, called cakala , and the more powerful among them called themselves raja . The rulers of the Bhuyanships belonged to different ethnic, religious or social backgrounds. In 13th century Brahmaputra valley

560-575: The end of the Karrani Dynasty (1564–1575), the nobles of Bengal became fiercely independent. Sulaiman Khan Karrani carved out an independent principality in the Bhati region comprising a part of greater Dhaka district and parts of Mymensingh district . During that period Taj Khan Karrani and another Afghan chieftain helped Isa Khan to obtain an estate in Sonargaon and Mymensingh in 1564. By winning

595-853: The grace of the Afghan chieftain, Isa Khan gradually increased his strength and status and by 1571, the Mughal Court designated him as the ruler of Bhati. Mughal histories, mainly the Akbarnama , the Ain-i-Akbari and the Baharistan-i-Ghaibi refers to the low-lying regions of Bengal as Bhati. This region includes the Bhagirathi to the Meghna River is Bhati, while others include Hijli, Jessore , Chandradwip and Barisal Division in Bhati. Keeping in view

630-412: The king and his subjects—the members of which held central administrative offices, maintained economic and administrative links with in their own domain and propagated Indo-Aryan culture. This gave rise to the condition that individual domains were self-administered, economically self-sufficient and capable of surviving the fragmentation of central authority, when the Kamarupa kingdom finally collapsed in

665-574: The most productive soils in the world. The Brahmaputra River flows from Assam to Bangladesh where it meets the Ganges River to form the world's largest delta and finally flows into the Bay of Bengal in the south. The majority of the people of the valley are Hindus , mostly speaking the Assamese language . The valley is more populous and prosperous than the rest of the region because of its accessibility to

700-539: The most prominent Baro-Bhuyan confederacy was led by Isa Khan of Sonargaon in the 16th century, which emerged during the disintegration of the Bengal Sultanate in the region, as a resistance to the Mughal expansion . They carved the land of Bhati and other areas of Bengal into twelve administrative units or Dwadas Bangla . The Baro-Bhuyans gradually succumbed to the Mughal dominance and eventually lost control during

735-529: The people of Lengamaguri finding that Bhutiyas were planning an attack in retaliation decided to hand over Candivara as the person responsible for the massacre of the Bhutiyas. The Bhutiyas chased Candivara as far as Rauta (in present-day Udalguri district ) but had to suffer defeat at the hands of the Baro-Bhuyans. Candivara and his group in search of a safe haven did not stay in Lengamaguri for long and moved soon to Bordowa in present-day Nagaon district with

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770-645: The regions of Goalpara and Kamrup ; the Central Brahmaputra Valley region covering Darrang , Nagaon and the North Bank and Eastern Brahmaputra Valley comprising districts of Sonitpur , Lakhimpur , Dibrugarh and Sibsagar . The Teesta River in North Bengal also drains into Brahmaputra River . The Brahmaputra Valley has a total area of 71,516 km with containing 27 districts. Brahmaputra Valley with its rainforest-like climate contains some of

805-656: The reign of Jahangir . Isa Khan was the leader of the Baro Bhuiyans (twelve landlords) and a zamindar of the Bhati region in medieval Bengal. Throughout his reign he put resistance against Mughal invasion. It was only after his death, when the region went totally under Mughals . The Jesuit mission who sent to Bengal managed to identify that 3 of the chieftains were Hindus, they were Ramchandra Basu of Chandradwip , Bakla (Barisal), Surendranath Sur of Present Southern West Bengal, and Pratapaditya of Chandechan, Jessore while

840-399: The reign of emperor Jahangir , under the leadership of Islam Khan I , the governor of Bengal Subah . Epigraphic sources indicate that the Kamarupa state had entered a state of fragmentation in the 9th century when the tradition of granting away police, revenue and administrative rights to the donee of lands became common. This led to the creation of a class of landed intermediary between

875-420: The rest of the country. The Brahmaputra Valley has a population of 27,580,977 as per the 2011 census. Languages spoken in Brahmaputra Valley (2011) The population of the Brahmaputra Valley is 27,580,977 according to the 2011 census report by the Assam government. Assamese is the official language of the Brahmaputra Valley and is spoken by 15.1 million people comprising 55.65% of the valley population. Bengali

910-548: The rest were Muslims during Isa Khan's rule. Nalini Kanta Bhattasali affirms that there were more than twelve Bhuiyans, with the word baro signifying a large number. Brahmaputra valley The Brahmaputra Valley (also Assam Valley) is a region situated between hill ranges of the eastern and northeastern Himalayan range in Eastern India. The valley consists of the Western Brahmaputra Valley covering

945-850: The rule of Alauddin Husain Shah via his son Shahzada Danyal . But very soon, the rise of Biswa Singha of the Koch dynasty in Kamata destroyed their hold in Kamrup and squeezed those in the Nagaon region against the Kacharis to their east. They had to relocate to the north bank of the Brahmaputra in the first quarter of the 16th century, to a region west of the Bor Baro-Bhuyan group. The increasing Koch and Ahom conflicts further ate away at their independence and sovereignty. At

980-502: The south bank of the Brahmaputra river , and west of the Chutiya kingdom in the north bank. These included areas of Nagaon , Darrang and Sonitpur districts. Subsequently, the Baro Bhuyan rules ended in the 16th century as they were squeezed between the Kachari kingdom and the Kamata kingdom in the west and were slowly overpowered by the expanding Ahom kingdom in the east. In Bengal,

1015-657: The support of Durlabhnarayana. Among the descendants of Candivara was Srimanta Sankardeva . After the death of Candivara, Rajadhara became the Baro-Bhuyan. During the late 14th century, Gadadhara Bar-bhuya, the younger brother of Rajadhara in order to increase his influence collected an army in Bordowa and attacked the Chutiyas and Khamtis but was held captive, he was later set free and had to settle in Makhibaha (in present-day Nalbari district ). A second group of five Bhuyans joined

1050-506: The system of Baro-Bhuyan Raj (confederacy) was formed from the petty chieftains—the remaining fragments of the erstwhile Kamarupa state. They often resisted foreign invasions (Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah in the 13th century), removed foreign rule ( Hussain Shah in the 16th century) and sometimes usurped state power ( Arimatta in the 14th century). They occupied the region west of the Kachari kingdom in

1085-478: The territories up to Subansiri River in 1563 AD. This group was finally subjugated by Prataap Singha in 1623, who relocated them to the south bank of the Brahmaputra. The Saru Bhuyans, who had moved west after the conflict with the Bor Baro-Bhuyans trace the genealogy of Candivara to Kanvajara, the eldest son of Sumanta, but this is not given credence. The later Baro-Bhuyans had ensconced themselves between

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1120-776: The theatre of warfare between the Baro-Bhuiyans and the Mughals, the Baharistan-i-Ghaibi mentions the limits of the area bounded by the Ichamati River in the west, the Ganges in the south, the Tripura to the east; Alapsingh pargana (in present Mymensingh District ) and Baniachang (in greater Sylhet ) in the north. The Baro-Bhuiyans rose to power in this region and put up resistance to the Mughals, until Islam Khan Chisti made them submit in

1155-500: Was 120,249. Sarail had an average literacy rate of 22.6% (7+ years), against the national average of 32.4%. Sarail Upazila is divided into nine union parishads : Auraol, Chunta, Kalikachchha, Noagaon, Pakshimul, Panishor, Sarail, Shahbazpur, and Shahjadapur. The union parishads are subdivided into 67 mauzas and 141 villages. Upazila Chairman: Rafique Uddin Thakur This Chittagong Division location article

1190-607: Was crushed, and they remained satisfied with what service they could render to the Ahom state as Baruwas or Phukans , Tamulis or Pachanis. During the first expedition of Chilarai against the Ahom kingdom, they aligned with the Ahoms (which Chilarai lost), but during the second expedition they aligned with the Koches (which Chilarai won). Chilarai appointed Uzir Bamun, Tapashi Laskar and Malamulya Laskar as Rajkhowas in Uttarkula after he annexed

1225-623: Was killed during this raid. A number of Pakistani Army officers and the chairman of the Sarail Peace Committee were also killed. The freedom fighters set up a mine bomb north of Kalikaccha Bazar . This exploded and destroyed two military vehicles. Three mass graves remain in Sarail. Memorial monuments were established in the upazila's Bitghar area, the Annada Government High School, the Sarail Degree College and also

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