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21-495: Ortaköy was identified as the site of ancient Sapinuwa after a local farmer contacted Çorum Museum; he found two clay cuneiform tablets in his field. This led to a survey conducted in 1989, and more discoveries. Ankara University quickly obtained permission from the Ministry of Culture to begin excavation. This commenced in the following year, in 1990, under the leadership of Aygül and Mustafa Süel, and has continued since. Building A

42-415: A Hurrian name Tasmi-Sarri, in common with many other Hittite kings of that time, who also had Hurrian names. His queen was Tadu-Heba, which is also a Hurrian name. Their wedding ceremony is mentioned in many tablets from Sapinuwa, as well as from Hattusa. Sapinuwa is where Tudhaliya II resided for much of his reign, and many cuneiform tablets mentioning him were found, including international treaties. This

63-536: A fragmentary vocabulary text listing useful plants, perhaps an advanced school tablet of the 14th century BCE, along with further discussion of the site, appeared in Aygul Süel and Oguz Soysal, "A Practical Vocabulary from Ortakoy"; also published is a letter from a queen. The site is divided into an Upper and a Lower City. The latter is divided into two main districts: the Ağılönü region and Tepelerarası; they are separated by

84-619: A stream which flows through the area. According to Erdal Atak, Northeast of Building D in the Tepelerarası district there is located Area G. A workshop has been uncovered here, featuring finds of intricately carved moulds. These moulds were used for fine silver work; large amounts of obsidian were also found nearby. These finds date to the end of the Middle Hittite period; this was the time of Tudhaliya II (also known as Tudhaliya III according to some scholars). This Tudhaliya II also had

105-548: A two-volume edition in Turkish and German in 1991. Most tablets here are correspondence between the site and the Hittite king, a "Tudhaliya" who was probably Tudhaliya II ; most concern the Kaska front. The Hittites' capital at this time was either Sapinuwa (which has been found) or else Samuha (which has been identified since 2005 based on archives). One place-name mentioned in the texts

126-575: Is Tabigga / Tabikka / Tapikka , which is now generally considered to be the Hittite name of the Maşat Höyük site. The site also contains 14th-century BC Helladic period ware from mainland Greece. The site of Maşat Höyük measures 450 by 225 meters, with a lower town and an upper citadel area which stands 29 meters above the plain. A cuneiform tablet was found on the surface by H. G. Güterbock in 1943 and published. A small excavation resulted in 1945. Full excavation did not begin until 1973, sponsored by

147-419: Is a Bronze Age Hittite archaeological site 100 km nearly east of Boğazkale / Hattusa , about 20 km south of Zile , Tokat Province , north-central Turkey , not far from the Çekerek River . The site is under agricultural use and is plowed. It was first excavated in the 1970s. During the Hittite period, it is believed to have been named Tappika (Tabigga, Tabikka). The site dates back to at least

168-659: The Turkish Historical Society . Wood collected by field archaeologist Tahsin Özgüç of Ankara University at the upper Hittite level at Masat Höyük has been added to the Aegean Dendrochronology Project, a 30-year-long project established to build tree-ring chronologies for the Eastern half of the Mediterranean. The wood, which was tentatively dated to 1353 BCE, was retrieved from an excavation site of

189-654: The 15th century BC were the Kaskas . Oguz Soysal writes: "The excavators of Ortaköy believe that this city was a second capital of the Hittites or a royal residence , for a specific period, namely during the Middle Hittite Kingdom, ca. late 15th century B.C." However, "[m]ost of the epigraphic finds are dated to the last phase of the Hittite Middle Kingdom (ca. 1400-1380 B.C.)", contemporary with Tudhaliya I and

210-538: The Early Bronze Age. Most of the EBA remains on the upper city were destroyed in the construction of the Hittite palace. Some remain in the lower town. The enigmatic marauding Kaskas burned this site during Tudhaliya II 's reign. The Hittites rebuilt it under the next king Suppiluliuma I . Cuneiform tablets from the site form a new archive of Hittite texts. The letters found at Masat Höyük were edited by Sedat Alp in

231-648: The Kaskans, as well as the Hayasans and Arzawa. The Hittites commonly invoked the storm god of Sapinuwa alongside the storm god of Nerik . Given that Hattusa was to the south and Nerik likely further north, both of which had initially been Hattic speaking; that the Hattic language is found in the Sapinuwa archive alongside an apparent paucity of the Palaic language ; and that the name of

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252-592: The archive at Maşat Höyük . It is possible that the Kaskas were responsible for the burnings that turned some of the building materials into coal in the 14th century BC. The Hittite court then moved away to Samuha . Ankara University Ankara University ( Turkish : Ankara Üniversitesi ) is a public university in Ankara , the capital city of Turkey. It was the first higher education institution founded in Turkey after

273-432: The building was burnt. At Kadilar Hoyuk, 150 meters southeast of Building A, "Building B" has proven to be a depot filled with earthenware jars. Another building features an "orthostat that looks like the relief of Tudhaliyas at Yazilikaya ". The fire which destroyed Sapinuwa also damaged its archive. Most of the tablets are fragmentary, and must be pieced together before interpretation and translation. Identification of

294-512: The city makes sense in Hattic as a theophoric ( sapi "god", Sapinuwa "[land] of the god"), it is likely that Hattians founded Sapinuwa as well. It is generally believed that it was Hattusili I who destroyed Nerik in the mid to late 17th century BCE. So it's possible that the Nesite -speaking people would have taken over Sapinuwa at the same time as well. The Hittites' enemy at that frontier during

315-483: The formation of the republic in 1923. The university has 40 vocational programs, 120 undergraduate programs and 110 graduate programs. Ankara University was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , the first president of Turkey. Ankara University faculties are: School are: There are 41 research, application and education centers in Ankara University. The Department of Japanese Language and Literature

336-990: The site as Sapinuwa immediately corrected a misunderstanding in Hittite geography. Due to the archives so far discovered at Hattusas, Sapinuwa had been thought to be a primarily Hurri -influenced city. Scholars of the Hattusas archive therefore positioned Sapinuwa to the southeast of Hattusa. Now Sapinuwa (and therefore the cities associated with it) are known to be to Hattusas's northeast. The Building A tablets are mostly in Hittite (1500); but also in Hurrian (600), "Hitto-Hurrian", Akkadian , and Hattian . In addition, there are bilingual texts, not heretofore known, in Hittite / Hattian and in Hittite / Hurrian; vocabulary lists in Hittite / Sumerian / Akkadian; and seal impressions in Hieroglyphic Luwian . The Hittite texts include many letters; Hurrian

357-479: Was awarded the Japanese Foreign Minister 's commendation for their contributions to promotion of Japanese language education in Turkey on December 1, 2020. 39°56′12″N 32°49′49″E  /  39.9367°N 32.8303°E  / 39.9367; 32.8303 Tapikka 40°8′54″N 35°45′44″E  /  40.14833°N 35.76222°E  / 40.14833; 35.76222 Maşat Höyük

378-501: Was burned down, after which the court moved to Samuha . Other Hittite cities in the area, such as Tapikka and Sarissa , also suffered destruction at this time. It is at this time of Hittite weakness that Arzawa in western Anatolia rose to international prominence reflected in the Amarna letters of Amenhotep III . These letters used Hittite language. Suppiluliuma I was the son of Tudhaliya II, and both of them spent much time fighting

399-579: Was excavated first, and then Building B in 1995. The building with the Yazılıkaya-style orthostate and 14th century BC charcoal was excavated after 2000. Aygül Süel has been the head of excavations at this site from 1996 onward. In the first excavated region was a Cyclopean-walled building dubbed "Building A". Building A has yielded 5000 tablets and fragments, dated to the time of Hittite ruler Tudhaliya II (c. 1360 – 1344 BC). They were stored in three separate archives on an upper floor, which collapsed when

420-495: Was mostly used for itkalzi (purification) rituals. Several of the letters corresponded with those mentioned in the Maşat Höyük archive. The dialect of Hittite in that correspondence was Middle Hittite, but the site was in use for centuries afterward. The first English-language publication from the excavation was by Aygul Süel, 2002. As of 2014, the archive had not been published. The first English-language publication of any text,

441-417: Was the time known in literature as ‘concentric invasions’, when the Hittite state was besieged by many enemies on all sides. At that time, the Kaskans repeatedly invaded Hittite territory. They also probably sacked the capital Hattusa, after which the court moved to Sapinuwa. A destruction of the capital, however, is neither archaeologically proven nor mentioned in contemporary reports. Nevertheless, Sapinuwa

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