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20-891: San Millán may refer to: Places [ edit ] San Millán de la Cogolla , a village in La Rioja, Spain San Millán de Lara , a village in Burgos, Spain San Millán de los Caballeros , a village in León, Spain Persons [ edit ] Áurea of San Millán , or Saint Aurea, female saint from 11th century Spain Emilian of Cogolla , or San Millán, saint from 5th or 6th century in Spain Institutions [ edit ] Monasteries of San Millán de la Cogolla ,

40-531: A term of Arabic origin used in old official documents in Spain and Portugal to designate the self-governing communities of Moors and Jews living under Christian rule in the Iberian Peninsula . In some present-day Spanish cities, the name is still applied to the quarters where such communities lived, though they are many centuries gone. The Jewish communities of Spain, owing to their social isolation and to

60-465: Is associated with Gonzalo de Berceo , the first Spanish poet known by name. The area is now Spanish-speaking, but some of the local place-names are of Basque origin, and the Glosas Emilianenses , provides evidence that in medieval times Basque was spoken alongside an early form of Spanish. In medieval times the monastery had a large estate. and benefited from being on one of the variants of

80-484: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages San Mill%C3%A1n de la Cogolla In a papal bull from 1199 where Privileges were granted to the monasteries of San Millán de la Cogolla it appears with the name Coculla , which comes from the Latin word cuculla , small hill, hilltop; this word is typically used for high sites and those of defensive nature, coming from

100-671: The Camino de Santiago . The monastery and the surrounding area suffered in the civil war between Peter of Castile and Henry II of Castile which involved a major confrontation nearby, the Battle of Nájera (April 1371). Those affected included the small Jewish community ( aljama ) of San Millán. In 1369 Henry II of Castile made an order in their favour, "the Christian men and women and the Moorish men and women" should immediately discharge all their debts to

120-566: The Jama Masjid of a Muslim community, where believers pray Jumu'ah , the communal Friday prayer. The word aljama is derived from the Arabic jama ('gather') plus the definite article al . It originally meant 'congregation', 'assembly', or 'group', but was, even before the establishment of Spanish rule, applied by the Moors to their own religious bodies and the larger mosques , and especially to

140-638: The Jewish communities in the midst of them, and to the synagogues and schools which formed the center of all Jewish life. The term was adopted by the Christians, and its meaning extended so as to designate also the quarters that Jews and Moors had made their own. In some Spanish cities, the former Jewish quarters are still known by that name, even though the Jews were expelled in 1492 . Very often, for purposes of distinction, such phrases as Aljama de los Judíos ('Aljama of

160-555: The Jews') and Aljama de los Moros ('Aljama of the Moors ') were used. But the circumstance that the Moors of Spain had by the term designated more especially the Jewish community has left its trace in the use of the word in Spanish; for in Spanish literature aljama , without any further specification, stands for sanedrín or Judería ('Jewry'), or even for the Jewish place of worship, in

180-450: The Jews, "that the last-named might be able to pay their taxes the more promptly." On September 10, 1371, however, the king released the abbot and all the monks of San Millán from whatever debts they had contracted with the Jews since the Battle of Nájera. Aljama Aljama ( Spanish: [alˈxama] , Portuguese: [alˈʒɐmɐ] , Catalan: [əʎˈʒamə] ) is

200-590: The San Millán de Suso and San Millán de Yuso monasteries Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title San Millán . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Millán&oldid=774740698 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

220-410: The communities. The elections of rabbis and judges were to be held at stated intervals, and the names of these dignitaries submitted to the bishop for approval; there was to be a Rabino mayor ( Rab de la corte ; lit.   ' court rabbi ' ) for the presentation of communal questions before the proper authorities; and the heads of the congregation were made answerable for the conduct of

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240-474: The community. In all government action, whether local or general, the unit considered was in most cases the community, not the individual Jew. The governing authority of the state sometimes nominated a member of the Jewish community to the administrative position of crown rabbi to act as intermediary between the aljama and the state. For example in the Kingdom of Aragon , King John I issued edicts in 1386 defining

260-492: The concrete as well as in the abstract sense. This use occurs at a very early date. In the "Poem of Alexander", the "Milagros de Nuestra Señora", and the "Duelo de la Virgen" of Gonzalo de Berceo , all of the 13th century, aljama or alfama is employed to designate the people of ancient Jerusalem ; and the historian of the 16th century, Mariana, uses aljama for the synagogue: "they devastated their houses and their aljamas ." A good example of how much self-government

280-583: The functions and duties of the Rab Mayor . There were various requirements as to the good character and faith of the person holding the position, as well as a requirement that he live among the entourage of the Court, and thus away from his community, and in constant contact with the Christian majority population. His powers and authorities over the aljama of Castile , economic, judicial, and otherwise, were specified. The word aljama comes from Arabic and refers to

300-512: The officials not as subjects amenable to the general law of the land, but as collective bodies with special privileges and special duties. Thus, the Visigothic kings imposed a tax not upon each individual Jew or upon the heads of families, but upon the community as a whole, allowing the communal authorities to fix the individual rate of taxation. But both under the Visigoths and under the Moors there

320-535: The purpose of establishing a just rate of taxation for Jewish communities, and of devising adequate means for tax-collection. This first official recognition by the government of the Jewish communities as separate bodies led to a still further change in the treatment of the Jewish congregations and in the legislation, both local and national, regarding them. The bishops of the various districts assumed immediate authority over them, and, in conjunction with Jewish representatives, formed rules which were henceforth to govern

340-418: The religious and political regulations imposed upon them, had always formed groups apart from the rest of the population. The authority exercised by their own rabbis and the system of tax -collection by the heads of the congregations for the administration of communal affairs, placed them almost completely without the jurisdiction of the government of the country. As a result, they soon came to be dealt with by

360-522: The times of the Reconquista . The other part of the name is taken from a 6th-century saint ( Saint Emilianus or San Millán ) who lived here. San Millán has a claim to being the birthplace of the Spanish language. This claim is based on its monasteries being the home of a medieval manuscript which contains the Glosas Emilianenses , and is reinforced by the proximity of the village to Berceo which

380-686: Was granted to the Jewish Aljamas is afforded by the "resolution of the meeting", in Spanish called tecana (from takkanah ( תקנה ), a Hebrew word that, like sanedrín , has been incorporated into Spanish) arrived at by the Aljama of Valladolid in 1432. The report is written partly in Hebrew, and partly in Spanish with Hebrew characters , and is preserved in the Bibliothèque nationale de France at Paris ("Fonds hébreux", No. 585). From this document it

400-653: Was neither regularity in the transactions of the rabbis and elders nor system in the attitude of the government toward the Jewish communities. With the reestablishment of Christian rule, however, the relation between the government and its Jewish subjects gradually became a well-defined one. In 1219 and 1284 in Toledo , in 1273 in Barcelona , in 1290 at Huete , and on more than one occasion during those years in Portugal , councils were held of Spanish officials and Jewish representatives for

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