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25-654: Tlacolula Valley Zapotec is a cluster of Zapotec languages spoken in the western Tlacolula Valley, which show varying degrees of mutual intelligibility. All varieties of Valley Zapotec are endangered. The languages in this group include: Teotitlán del Valle dialect is divergent, 59% intelligible to San Juan Guelavía proper. Valley Zapotec is also spoken in the city of Oaxaca , capital of the state of Oaxaca . In April 2014, linguist Brook Danielle Lillehaugen, along with students from Haverford and Swarthmore Colleges, visited Tlacolula de Matamoros to present an online Tlacolula Valley Zapotec talking dictionary to local leaders. It

50-449: A concurrently elected municipal council ( ayuntamiento ) responsible for providing all the public services for their constituents. The municipal council consists of a variable number of trustees and councillors ( regidores y síndicos ). Municipalities are responsible for public services (such as water and sewerage), street lighting, public safety, traffic, and the maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries. They may also assist

75-511: A few syntax words that were brought into a sentences and were put into charts: Very few Tlacolula Valley Zapotec speakers are literate in the language. Of the two main orthographies used, twelve consonant sounds are generally agreed upon by both: p, t, c/qu, b, d, f, g/gu, j, ts, z, r, rr, and y. Six vowel sounds are generally agreed upon: a, e, i, o, u, and ë/ɨ. More complicated systems exist, which include contour tones and broader differentiation of vowel types. However, more recent analysis of

100-428: A focused element and an adverb before the verb Laad - foc ʂ-unaa- poss -woman Dolf-Rodolfo d͡ʒe - already z-u - prog -stand nga - there = Roldofo's wife was already standing there. Zapotec languages also show the phenomenon known as pied-piping with inversion , which may change the head-initial order of phrases such as NP, PP, and QP. A few varieties of Zapotec have passive morphology, shown by

125-608: A historical form of Valley Zapotec preserved in archival documents written during the Mexican colonial period. We provide data showing that positional verbs in CVZ have unique morphological properties and participate in a defined set of syntactic constructions, showing that positional verbs formed a formal class of verbs in Valley Zapotec as early as the mid-1500s. This work contributes to the typological literature on positional verbs, demonstrating

150-486: A prefix on the verb. Compare Texmelucan Zapotec root /o/ 'eat' and its passive stem /dug-o/ 'be eaten', with the prefix /dug-/. In many other cases, the transitive-intransitive verb pairs are appropriately described as causative vs. noncausative verb pairs and not as transitive-passive pairs. Most if not all varieties of Zapotec languages have intransitive-transitive verb pairs which may be analyzed as noncausative vs. causative. The derivation may be obvious or not depending on

175-564: A slight aspiration. Some sounds are only found in loanwords (/f/ and /j/). The following is represented in the San Juan Guelavía dialect: Tlacolula Valley Zapotec vowels are classified as modal, creaky (á), checked (a'), or breathy (ah). Vowels may also occur as pharyngealized /vˤ/ or glottalized /vˀ/. Vowels may be differentiated by phonation and tone. Tlacolula Valley Zapotec has four tones: level high, level low, rising, and falling. Vowels differing in phonation often occur together in

200-467: Is Oaxaca de Juárez , seat of the state capital, with 270,955 residents (6.55% of the state's total), while the smallest is Santa Magdalena Jicotlán with 81 residents, the least populated municipality in Mexico. The largest municipality by land area is Santa María Chimalapa which spans 4,547.10 km (1,755.65 sq mi), and the smallest is Natividad with 2.20 km (0.85 sq mi), also

225-521: Is a state in Southern Mexico that is divided into 570 municipalities , more than any other state in Mexico. According to Article 113 of the state's constitution, the municipalities are grouped into 30 judicial and tax districts to facilitate the distribution of the state's revenues. It is the only state in Mexico with this particular judicial and tax district organization. Oaxaca is the tenth most populated state with 4,132,148 inhabitants as of

250-450: Is actually indicative. Also, research in the last decade has revealed that the distal =ki is typically the most commonly used determiner, since its function of denoting the past tense is required when telling folktales, local legends, or recounting personal narratives. At this time, there is still no evidence to suggest that the speaker’s position relative to that of the referent’s carries any significance in any of these scenarios. Here are

275-561: Is part of the Tlacolula District in the east of the Valles Centrales Region . As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 2,940. San Juan Guelavia is on the river and one of the few communities in the valley that had historically set up irrigation canals. Early Spanish migration to the area consisted of cattle ranchers who moved their cattle from communal usage pastures in the mountains to communal pastures in

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300-462: Is similar to several other Zapotec languages. The use of these specific determiners is extremely similar to that of the demonstrative adjective and the definite article in English and Spanish. These four main determiners are: =rè (the proximal), =kang (the medial), =re (the distal), and =ki (the distal/invisible). The three spatial determiners each have their own specific usages: =rè (the proximal)

325-645: Is the derivational prefix /ʂ-/ (or its cognate) that derives an inherently possessed noun from a noun that does not take a possessor. Compare Mitla Zapotec /koʰb/ 'dough', /ʃ-koʰb/ 'dough of'. The derived noun is used when the possessor is indicated, as in /ʃkoʰb ni/ 'his/her dough'. Determiners In Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec, determiners come in varied forms and have a multitude of uses, with current research suggesting that they may have even more purposes that have yet to be discovered. Most often though, they are used to indicate definiteness, and make both spatial and temporal distinctions in regular discourse, which

350-435: Is used to reference something close to the speaker, =re (the distal) has the same purpose for things that are slightly further away, but generally still visible, and =ki (the distal/invisible) is for referents that are not visible at all to the speaker at the time of utterance. It is possible that =kang (the medial) can be used to signify a medium distance between =rè and =re , but it is more likely that its main function

375-628: Is virtually no true morphology in the Zapotec noun. There is no case marking. Plurality is indicated (if at all) in the noun phrase, either by a number or a general quantifier that may be simply translated as "plural". Possessors are also indicated in the noun phrase either by a nominal or a pronominal element. (In both of these cases, since the plural morpheme and the pronouns may be enclitics, they are often written as if they were prefixes and suffixes, respectively, although they arguably are not true affixes.) The only clear morphology in most varieties of Zapotec

400-458: The 2020 Mexican census and the fifth largest by land area spanning 93,757.6 square kilometres (36,200.0 sq mi). Municipalities in Oaxaca have some administrative autonomy from the state according to the 115th article of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico . Every three years, citizens elect a municipal president (Spanish: presidente municipal ) by a plurality voting system who heads

425-535: The New Testament reveals that vowel types are differentiated orthographically to a greater extent than current vowel orthography systems suggest (for example, using an acute accent on single vowels to differentiate different words spelled the same way). San Juan Guelav%C3%ADa San Juan Guelavía is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico . The municipality covers an area of 17.86 km . It

450-901: The kinds of non-causative vs. causative pairs with the following examples. (Basic intransitive verbs are more common than basic transitive verbs, as in many languages.) The presence of the theme vowel /u-/ should be noted in the causative verbs, and in some cases is the only difference between the two verbs. One example of a double causative is also included here; these are not possible in all varieties. Tlacolula Valley Zapotec differs from other Zapotec language varieties in its use of pronominal clitics in regards to formality and hierarchy. Zapotec words contain three important syllabic positions: pre-key syllable, key syllable, and clitic. Some key syllables exhibit changes when they are non-phrase final; key syllables containing three vowels may reduce to two-vowel "combination form" sequences, while key syllables containing two vowels may reduce to one vowel syllables. There

475-407: The kinds of sounds that are involved. In the simplest cases, causative is transparently seen to be a prefix, cognate with /s-/ or with /k-/, but it may also require the use of a thematic vowel /u/, as in the following examples from Mitla Zapotec: Setting aside possible abstract analyses of these facts (which posit an underlying prefix /k-/ that causes the changes seen superficially), we can illustrate

500-439: The same syllable as diphthongs. While a given vowel complex will always have the same tone, there are no tone contrasts for the same vowel complex. nnah 'says' bèe'll ' sister The chart the level high, level low, rising, or falling the tone makes that the syllables make in the vowels of the word. Speakers take notice of the vowel complex, in the chart most words are spelled in the same way. Colonial Valley Zapotec (CVZ),

525-407: The state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. Since 1984, they have had the power to collect property taxes and user fees , although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own income. The largest municipality by population as of the 2020 census

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550-499: The type of morphosyntactic work that can be done with a corpus of CVZ texts, and contributes to our understanding of the structure and development of the modern Zapotec positional verb system with implications for the larger Zapotec locative system. Though the most basic order has the verb at the beginning of the sentence, all Zapotec languages have a number of preverbal positions for topical, focal, negative, and/or interrogative elements. The following example from Quiegolani Zapotec shows

575-559: The valley. In 1539, Bartolome Sanchez was granted an estancia de granado mayor (permanent land holding rights) near what is now San Juan Guelavía. Guelavia's sixteenth century church has a large number of colonial-era santos , statues of Roman Catholic saints. During the Mexican Revolution , in 1914, General Juan M. Brito stationed his troops near San Juan Guelavia to oppose the Federalist aims of Venustiano Carranza . After

600-574: The war, Brito spent time in a prison in the Federal District of Mexico City before returning to San Juan Guelavia, where he established himself as a businessman running a store and also the local jefe strong man controlling the local communities through force of his armed followers. This article about a location in the Mexican state of Oaxaca is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Municipalities of Oaxaca Oaxaca

625-474: Was estimated that about 100 elderly speakers of this Zapotecan language remain. Tlacolula Valley Zapotec is a VSO language. Most stops occur to be realized as fricatives and may fluctuate as well; /p b d ɡ/ become [ɸ β ð ɣ~x]. Rhotic consonants are voiceless when preceding a voiceless consonant; /ɾ~r/ ~ [ɾ̥~r̥]. Most consonants may also be geminated (ex. /t/ ~ /tː/). Approximant consonants are phonetically realized as [j̟] and [w̟]. Voiceless stops generally have

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