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55-659: When the Jesuits were removed from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , the Franciscan friars moved to the chapel at San Miguel del Carcarañal. In 1790 they sought to establish another one more distant from the Parana river , and governor Félix Aldao gave them the current location. In that year they built the chapel, a well, a house for the monk appointed to it and a shed for the laborers. The shed

110-422: A base from which they launched attacks all across Upper Peru. Cristóbal would hold the town and much of the surrounding territory until mounting losses and diminishing support convinced him to accept a general amnesty from Viceroy Agustín de Jáuregui . A preliminary treaty and prisoner exchange were conducted on 12 December, and Cristóbal's forces formally surrendered on 26 January 1782. Though some rebels resisted,

165-455: A customs office in 1778, and Montevideo in 1789. Spanish policy still was directed at restricting Argentina's commerce; the Empire banned the export of silver from Buenos Aires and tried to direct exports out of Potosí . The system of corregimientos to mark the subdivisions of the territory was ended in 1782, and replaced with Intendencias by Charles III. The new system was intended to reinforce

220-596: A fierce fight. In May Lt. Gen. John Whitelock arrived to take overall command and attacked Buenos Aires on 5 July 1807. After losing more than half his force, who were killed or captured, Whitelock signed a cease-fire and departed for Great Britain . The criollo bourgeoisie aspirations in the face of lack of support from Spain and the defeat of a world power by local forces added to their confidence and fueled their movement toward independence. As of 1814, Argentina had been self-governed for about four years, and Paraguay had already declared its independence. The viceroyalty

275-544: A large-scale uprising could occur. In 1778 Spain raised sales taxes (known as the alcabala ) on goods such as rum and pulque (the common alcoholic beverages of the peasants and commoners) while tightening the rest of its tax system in its colonies, in part to fund its participation in the American Revolutionary War . José Gabriel Condorcanqui, an upper-class Indian with claims to the Inca royal lineage, adopted

330-466: A list of Spanish ports allowed to trade with each other, certain Spanish American products were imported tax-free to Spain, and all the cities with ports were to be assigned Consulates or Tribunals of Commerce. This was not free trade , but a predecessor to what would develop. In the decade of 1778–1788, the commerce between Spain and Spanish America increased by nearly 700%. Buenos Aires was given

385-542: A time when Spanish troops were unable to help. In 1809, the Criollo elite revolted against colonial authorities at La Paz and Chuquisaca , establishing revolutionary governments or juntas . Although short-lived, retroversion of the sovereignty to the people provided a theoretical basis for the legitimacy of the locally based governments (temporarily in the absence of a legitimate king in Spain). These events proved decisive at

440-535: Is estimated at 100,000 Indians and 10,000–40,000 non-Indians. Viceroy Jáuregui lessened mita obligations in an attempt to ameliorate some of the Indians' complaints. In 1784, his successor, Teodoro de Croix , abolished the corregidors and reorganized the colonial administration around eight intendants . In 1787, an audiencia was established in Cuzco. Areche's decrees following the execution of Túpac Amaru II included

495-551: Is now Argentina from the Viceroyalty of Peru . These territories included the economically important silver mines at Potosí , whose economic benefits began to flow to Buenos Aires in the east instead of Cuzco and Lima to the west. The economic hardship this introduced to parts of the Altiplano combined with systemic oppression of Indian and mestizo underclasses (a recurring source of localized uprisings throughout Spanish colonial South America) to create an environment in which

550-609: The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II inspired a violent Aymara -led revolt across the Upper Peru highlands, demonstrating the great resentment against colonial authorities by both the mestizo and indigenous populations. Twenty-five years later, the Criollos , native-born people of Spanish descent, successfully defended against two successive British attempts to conquer Buenos Aires and Montevideo . This enhanced their sense of autonomy and power at

605-674: The Santa Catarina islands after a siege of three days, gaining the First Treaty of San Ildefonso . With it, the Portuguese retired from the Río de la Plata and left the Banda Oriental for Spain. In exchange Spain ceded them the area of Rio Grande do Sul , which they developed as Brazil. Cevallos ended his military actions at this point and started working with government, but he was soon replaced by Juan José Vertiz y Salcedo . The viceroyalty

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660-789: The Upper Peru (which remained controlled by royalist troops from Lima, and was eventually re-incorporated into the Viceroyalty of Peru). Meanwhile, the Governor of Montevideo Francisco Javier de Elío , appointed as a new Viceroy by the Spanish Government in 1811, declared the Buenos Aires Junta seditious. However, after being defeated at Las Piedras , he retained control only of Colonia del Sacramento and Montevideo. He departed by ship to Spain on 18 November and resigned in January 1812. In 1814,

715-592: The 1810 May Revolution events deposing Viceroy Cisneros at Buenos Aires. The name "Provincias del Río de la Plata" was formally adopted in 1810 during the Cortes of Cádiz to designate the Viceroyalty based on popular sovereignty . The revolution in Buenos Aires spread across the Spanish Provincias del Río de la Plata, against the resistance of Paraguay (which declared itself an independent nation in 1811) and

770-671: The Argentine Armed Forces so that the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers have a permanent presence in the site. The chapel works as a museum of the battle as well. 32°44′45″S 60°43′53″W  /  32.74583°S 60.73139°W  / -32.74583; -60.73139 Viceroyalty of the R%C3%ADo de la Plata The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ( Spanish : Virreinato del Río de la Plata or Spanish : Virreinato de las Provincias del Río de la Plata ) meaning "River of

825-600: The Continent preoccupied the Spanish government and, after its defeat, Napoleon placed his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne. By 1805, Spain had to help France because of their 1795 alliance , and lost its navy to the British in the Battle of Trafalgar . The Spanish prime minister had warned the viceroyalty of the likelihood of a British invasion , saying it could not provide support to

880-639: The Crown and the viceroyalty was equally delayed. The viceroyalties had to operate with considerable independence and self-reliance. 34°40′00″S 58°24′00″W  /  34.6667°S 58.4000°W  / -34.6667; -58.4000 Rebellion of T%C3%BApac Amaru II Spanish victory, rebellion suppressed The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (4 November 1780 – 15 March 1783) was an uprising by cacique -led Aymara , Quechua , and mestizo rebels aimed at overthrowing Spanish colonial rule in Peru . The causes of

935-598: The French colony on the Malvinas Islands, called Port St. Louis ; after assuming effective control in 1767, it placed the islands under a governor subordinate to the Buenos Aires colonial administration . The expulsion of the British settlement in 1770 brought the two countries to the brink of war but a peace treaty was offered by Spain "to restore the port and fort called Egmont, with all the artillery and stores, according to

990-575: The Silver", also called the " Viceroyalty of River Plate " in some scholarly writings, in southern South America, was the last to be organized and also the shortest-lived of one of the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire in the Americas . The name "Provincias del Río de la Plata" was formally adopted in 1810 during the Cortes of Cádiz to designate the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The Viceroyalty

1045-438: The Spanish army eventually brought them down. Government efforts to destroy the rebellion were frustrated by, among other things, a high desertion rate, hostile locals, scorched-earth tactics, the onset of winter, and the region's altitude (most of the troops were from the lowlands and had trouble adjusting). An army led by Diego Cristóbal occupied the strategically important city of Puno on 7 May 1781 and proceeded to use it as

1100-691: The Spanish in the Treaty of Paris (1763) , following the British defeat of France in the Seven Years' War . King Charles III quickly reacted to the advantageous conditions: France was bound to be an ally as a guarantor of the treaty, and Great Britain , due to its own colonial problems with revolution in the Thirteen Colonies in North America, maintained neutrality on the issues between Portugal and Spain. Pedro de Cevallos conquered Colonia del Sacramento and

1155-482: The Spanish military proved to be too strong for his army of 40,000–60,000 followers. After being repelled from the capital of the Incan empire, the rebels march around the country, gathering forces to attempt to fight back. Troops from Lima were instrumental in helping repel Túpac's siege of Cuzco from 28 December 1780 to 10 January 1781. Following these failures, his coalition of disparate malcontents began to fall apart, with

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1210-429: The Spanish viceroyalties in his name. In the beginning their terms had no fixed duration and could last for life. Later he established fixed terms of three to five years. Because of the distances between Spain and South America, and with sailing as the chief means of transport, there were long delays between the designation of a viceroy and the viceroy's effectively taking power. In addition, regular communication between

1265-442: The administration and defense of the Río de la Plata estuary ; it provided the main support but its silver production at Potosí was declining. In the first years of the viceroyalty, around 75% of the expenses were covered with revenues from the north. The Alto Plata (mostly present-day Paraguay ) also had problems with the Buenos Aires administration, particularly because of its keeping a monopoly on exports. The Napoleonic Wars on

1320-509: The banning of the Quechua language, the wearing of indigenous clothing, and virtually any mention or commemoration of Inca culture and history. Areche's attempts to destroy Inca culture after the execution of Túpac Amaru II were confirmed by royal decree in April 1782 however, colonial authorities lacked the resources to enforce these laws, and they were soon largely forgotten. Still, paintings depicting

1375-473: The chapel, attempting to pillage it, but San Martín made a surprise attack and defeated them at the Battle of San Lorenzo . The chapel was used after the battle to give medical treatment to the injured soldiers. The chapel was also the site where Belgrano, Estanislao López and Francisco Ramírez signed an armistice in 1819. The convent was declared National Monument on October 2, 1940, by law 12.648. Raimundo, mayor of San Lorenzo, made an agreement in 2008 with

1430-541: The city of Buenos Aires. On 27 June 1806, a British force of around 1,500 men under Col. William Carr Beresford successfully invaded Buenos Aires. Viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte had escaped to Córdoba . The British forces were thrown back by the criollos in December 1806, a militia force from Montevideo under the leadership of Santiago de Liniers . In February 1807, British reinforcements of about 8,000 men under Gen. Sir Samuel Auchmuty captured Montevideo after

1485-571: The coast of present-day Uruguay and developed as the department's capital. Lobo's chief objective was to secure the Portuguese expansion of Brazil beyond the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas , which had defined areas of influence in the Americas between the Iberian nations. From 1580 to 1640, Spain had controlled Portugal and thus all of its territories in America. In 1681 José de Garro quickly attacked and seized

1540-567: The eastern region, especially in Asunción , Buenos Aires and Montevideo . Under these conditions, Viceroy Manuel de Amat y Junyent issued a decree for the former governor of the Río de la Plata , Pedro Antonio de Cevallos , to found the new viceroyalty in August 1776. The ruling was resisted by the elite of Lima, but it was enforced. The cabildo of the Captaincy General of Chile requested from

1595-457: The growing interest of competing foreign powers in the area. The Spanish Crown wanted to protect its territory against Great Britain and the Kingdom of Portugal . But these Enlightenment reforms proved counterproductive, or perhaps too late, to quell the colonies' demands. The entire history of this Viceroyalty was marked by growing domestic unrest and political instability. Between 1780 and 1782,

1650-580: The inventory" which was accepted by Britain. However, neither side relinquished sovereignty over the Malvinas. By the nineteenth century, Buenos Aires was becoming more self-sufficient, producing about 600,000 head of cattle annually (of which about one quarter was consumed locally). The area was rapidly developing. But wars with Great Britain meant a great setback for the region's economy, as maritime communications were practically paralyzed. The Upper Peru region started to show resistance to continued support of

1705-573: The king to be excluded from the new viceroyalty, which was accepted. The Cuyo region , with its main city Mendoza , was split from the Captaincy General of Chile. Leaders in Santiago resented this action as the Cuyo region had been originally settled by Spanish colonists from Chile. The Portuguese prime minister, Marquis of Pombal , encouraged the occupation of territory which had already been awarded to

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1760-517: The mid-1700s, women had a changing role throughout Latin America. They began getting involved politically, economically, and culturally. Women had begun getting involved in the workforce, particularly producing cotton cloth and working as market traders. Because of these growing gender role changes, women were involved in the Túpac Amaru II revolt. Túpac's wife, Micaela Bastidas, had commanded her battalion, and she and her battalion were responsible for

1815-561: The name Túpac Amaru II (alluding to Túpac Amaru , the last Inca emperor), and in 1780 called for rebellion. He claimed to be acting on behalf of the King of Spain, enforcing royal authority on the corrupt and treacherous colonial administration. He was motivated in part by reading of a prophecy that the Inca would rule again with British support. He may have been aware of the British colonial rebellion in North America and Spanish involvement in

1870-560: The new fort for Spain . On 7 May 1681, under the Provisional Treaty of Lisbon , it was ceded to Portugal . The Viceroyalty of Peru was requiring all commerce to go through the port of Lima , on the Pacific Ocean. This policy failed to develop the potential of Buenos Aires as an Atlantic port, adding months to the transport of goods and commodities in each direction. It resulted in encouraging widespread contraband activities in

1925-562: The next day, destroying the local church where several people had taken refuge. Túpac then turned south, against the advice of his wife and lieutenant Micaela Bastidas , who urged him to attack Cuzco before the government could mobilize. Micaela Bastidas was a pivotal force in the Túpac de Amaru rebellion and is often overlooked. Bastidas was known for leading an uprising in the San Felipe de Tungasucsa region. Indigenous communities often sided with

1980-477: The rebellion included opposition to the Bourbon Reforms , an economic downturn in colonial Peru, and a grassroots revival of Inca cultural identity led by Túpac Amaru II , an indigenous cacique and the leader of the rebellion. While Amaru II was captured and executed by the Spanish in 1781, the rebellion continued for at least another year under other rebel leaders. Amaru II's rebellion was simultaneous with

2035-410: The rebels, and local militias put up little resistance. It was not long before Túpac's forces had taken control of almost the entire southern Peruvian plateau . Spanish colonial administrator José Antonio de Areche acted in response to Túpac's uprising, moving troops from Lima and as far off as Cartagena toward the region. Tupac Amaru II, in 1780, began to lead an uprising of indigenous people, but

2090-448: The rebels. Some historians have described these killings aimed at non-Indians, in conjunction with attempts to violently eradicate various non-Indian cultural customs, as genocidal in nature. Many of the leaders who fought in the rebellion after Túpac de Amaru's death were discovered to be women (32 out of 73) and were later acknowledged by the eventual liberator of Spanish America, Simón Bolívar in his speech in 1820. Throughout

2145-462: The revolutionary patriots entered Montevideo, following a two-year-long siege . The Viceroyalty was disestablished in 1825 as Spanish political entity with the fall of Upper Peru and the death of the last Viceroy Pedro Antonio Olañeta . In 1680, Manuel Lobo, Portuguese governor of Rio de Janeiro , created the Department of Colonia and founded Colónia do Sacramento . The fort was located on

2200-539: The royal authority and promote centralization. Buenos Aires had the main intendencia, and the other cities provincial ones. In 1778 Cevallos reinstated the Real Audiencia of Buenos Aires , by creating a new one; he maintained the Real Audiencia at Cochabamba . The Consulate of Commerce of Buenos Aires was authorized that year, but legal difficulties prevented its being established until 1794. In 1766, Spain acquired

2255-516: The same end, he also sought the creation of a new audiencia at Cuzco. Túpac began moving through the countryside, gaining supporters, primarily from the Indian and mestizo classes, but also with some creoles. On 17 November, he arrived at the town of Sangarará , where Spanish authorities from Cuzco and the surrounding area had assembled a force of about 604 Spaniards and 700 Indians. Túpac's ad hoc army, which had grown to several thousand, routed this force

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2310-429: The upper-caste criollos abandoning him first to rejoin the loyalist forces. Further defeats and Spanish offers of amnesty for rebel defectors hastened the collapse of Túpac's forces. By the end of February 1781, Spanish authorities began to gain the upper hand. A mostly indigenous loyalist army of 15,000 to 17,000 troops led by Jose del Valle had the smaller rebel army surrounded by 23 March. A breakout attempt on 5 April

2365-479: The uprising in the San Felipe de Tungasucan region. Micaela Bastidas and Bartola Sisa took part in demonstrations against high prices, food distribution networks, racist treatment of Natives, high taxes, and tightening restrictions on the colonies. Although women were involved in the revolution and had a very active role throughout their villages, leading to independence throughout the region, they had received little attention for their efforts. The ultimate death toll

2420-399: The uprising of Túpac Katari in colonial-era Upper Peru (now Bolivia). The government of Spain , to streamline the operation of its colonial empire, began introducing what became known as the Bourbon Reforms throughout South America . In 1776, as part of these reforms, it created the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata by separating Upper Peru (modern Bolivia ) and the territory that

2475-731: The war. Additionally, the growth of mining as a source of colonial revenue was largely caused by the increased burden placed on indigenous workers who formed the base of the labor used to mine silver, leading to increased unrest. On 4 November 1780, after a party in Tungasuca, where Túpac was a cacique , Túpac and supporters seized Antonio Arriaga, the corregidor of his hometown of Tinta. They forced him to write letters to his treasurer in Tinta requesting money and arms and to other influential individuals and kurakas ordering them to congregate in Tungasuca. On 10 November, six days after his capture, Arriaga

2530-515: The western shore of the Río de la Plata estuary flowing into the Atlantic Ocean, opposite the Portuguese outpost of Colonia del Sacramento , was chosen as the capital. Usually considered one of the late Bourbon Reforms , the organization of this viceroyalty was motivated on both commercial grounds (Buenos Aires was by then a major spot for illegal trade ), as well as on security concerns brought about by

2585-445: The worst was over. The last organized remnants of the rebellion would be vanquished by May 1782, though sporadic violence continued for many months. Diego, his mother, and several of his allies would be arrested and executed anyway by Spanish authorities in Cuzco on 19 July 1783 on the pretext he had broken the peace accords. During the rebellion, especially after the death of Túpac Amaru II, non-Indians were systematically killed by

2640-571: Was beheaded. Túpac Amaru's capture and execution did not end the rebellion. In his place, his surviving relatives, namely his cousin Diego Cristóbal Túpac Amaru, continued the war, albeit using guerilla tactics, and transferred the rebellion's focal point to the Collao highlands around Lake Titicaca . The war was also continued by Túpac Katari 's female commander, Bartolina Sisa. Sisa led a resistance of 2,000 troops for several months until

2695-485: Was effectively dissolved locally when the rebel troops entered Montevideo after a two-year-long siege. The war remained in Upper Peru until 1825. The Real Audiencia of Charcas was established in 1559, but became part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776. It met in the city of La Plata until it was disestablished in 1825. It had the following provinces under its authority: The Real Audiencia of Buenos Aires

2750-494: Was established in 1776 from several former Viceroyalty of Perú dependencies that mainly extended over the Río de la Plata Basin , roughly the present-day territories of Argentina , Chile , Bolivia , Paraguay and Uruguay , extending inland from the Atlantic Coast. The colony of Spanish Guinea (present-day Equatorial Guinea ) also depended administratively on the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata. Buenos Aires , located on

2805-561: Was established in 1785. It met in the city of Buenos Aires until it was disestablished in 1813. It had the following provinces under its authority: The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was created in 1776 by Charles III of Spain . Although it functioned as a Spanish colony, Río de la Plata was technically a personal possession of the King of Spain . This allowed both European Spain and its overseas territories to have their own laws and regulations. The king of Spain appointed viceroys to govern

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2860-404: Was executed in front of thousands of gathered Indians , mestizos , and criollos (locals of partial Spanish descent). Following the assassination of Arriaga, Túpac made a proclamation citing several explicit demands related to indigenous issues. These included ending the mita rotational labor system and limiting the power of the corregidor and thus amplifying his power as cacique .  To

2915-518: Was expanded in 1792, and the chapel was fenced. The friars finally moved to it in 1796. Manuel Belgrano visited it in 1811, in his return from the Paraguay campaign , and the chapel helped him the following year to build the "Independencia" and "Libertad" batteries at modern Rosario. José de San Martín followed a royalist ship navigating the Parana, and hid his troops inside the convent. The ship landed near

2970-476: Was repulsed. Túpac and his family were betrayed and captured the next day along with battalion leader Tomasa Tito Condemayta , who was the only indigenous noble who would be executed alongside Túpac. After being tortured, on 15 May Túpac was sentenced to death, and on 18 May forced to witness the execution of his wife and one of his children before he was himself quartered . The four horses running in opposite directions failed to tear his limbs apart, and so Túpac

3025-489: Was tasked with promoting local production of linen and hemp as export commodity crops, to supply the Spanish cloth industries that the Bourbons sought to favor. The conditions imposed by Spain on local commerce were high, but Charles III sought to lighten the burden. He allowed commerce through Buenos Aires on Spanish flag ships that were manned with Spanish naval officers. The ports of Buenos Aires and Montevideo were included in

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