63-609: Samoa First ( Samoan : Faʻamuamua Samoa ), officially the Samoa First Political Party , is a political party in Samoa . The party is nationalist , supporting the protection of customary lands and opposing Chinese immigration. It is led by Unasa Iuni Sapolu . The party was registered in July 2018. In March 2019 the party unsuccessfully contested the Fa'asalelega No. 2 byelection. Following
126-482: A German missionary living on Easter Island during 1935–1969, published a partial Rapa Nui–Spanish dictionary in his La Tierra de Hotu Matuꞌa in 1948, trying to save what was left of the old language. Despite the many typographical mistakes, the dictionary is valuable, because it provides a wealth of examples which all appear drawn from a real corpus, part oral traditions and legends, part actual conversations. Englert recorded vowel length , stress, and glottal stop, but
189-451: A back vowel ( /a, o, u/ ) and preceding an /i/ ; otherwise it is [ l ] . /s/ is less sibilant (hissing) than in English. /r h/ are found in loan words. The consonants in parentheses are only present in loanwords and informal Samoan. Loanwords from English and other languages have been adapted to Samoan phonology: Stress generally falls on the penultimate mora ; that is, on
252-401: A basic two-way distinction in its words, much like other Polynesian languages. That is between full words, and particles. Full words occur in the head of the phrase and are mostly open classes (exceptions like locationals exist). Particles occur in fixed positions before or after the head, and have a high frequency. There also exists an intermediate category, Pro-Forms, which occur in the head of
315-634: A ceremonial form used in Samoan oratory. Samoan is an analytic , isolating language and a member of the Austronesian family, and more specifically the Samoic branch of the Polynesian subphylum. It is closely related to other Polynesian languages with many shared cognate words such as aliʻi , ʻava , atua , tapu and numerals as well as in the name of gods in mythology . Linguists differ somewhat on
378-588: A dozen Mapuche - Rapa Nui cognates have been described", chiefly by Sebastian Englert . Among these are the Mapuche/Rapa Nui words toki / toki (axe), kuri / uri (black) and piti / iti (little). Spanish notes from a 1770 visit to the island record 94 words and terms. Many are clearly Polynesian, but several are not easily recognizable. For example, the numbers from one to ten seemingly have no relation to any known language. They are compared with contemporary Rapa Nui words, in parentheses: It may be that
441-472: A few words, such as mate or maliu 'dead', vave 'be quick'. In formal Samoan, used for example in news broadcasts or sermons, the consonants /t n ŋ/ are used. In colloquial Samoan, however, /n ŋ/ merge as [ŋ] and /t/ is pronounced [k] . The glottal stop /ʔ/ is phonemic in Samoan. Its presence or absence affects the meaning of words otherwise spelled the same, e.g. mai = from, originate from; maʻi = sickness, illness. The glottal stop
504-563: A graphic approximation of ⟨ ŋ ⟩. It is assumed that rongorongo , a possible undeciphered script once used on Rapa Nui, transcribes the old Rapa Nui language if it is indeed a true writing system. The island has been under the jurisdiction of Chile since 1888 and is now home to a number of Chilean continentals. The influence of the Spanish language is noticeable in modern Rapa Nui speech. As fewer children learn to speak Rapa Nui at an early age, their superior knowledge of Spanish affects
567-409: A handful; feanu , to spit; anusaga , spittle; tanu , to bury; tanulia , the part buried. These verbal nouns have an active participial meaning; e.g. ʻO le faiga o le fale , the building of the house. Often they refer to the persons acting, in which case they govern the next noun in the genitive with a ; ʻO le faiga a fale , contracted into ʻo le faiga fale , those who build
630-431: A maʻa , the heap of stones, that is, the stones which have been heaped up. Those nouns which take ʻaga are rare, except on Tutuila ; gataʻaga , the end; ʻamataʻaga , the beginning; olaʻaga , lifetime; misaʻaga , quarrelling. Sometimes the addition of ga makes the signification intensive; such as ua and timu , rain; uaga and timuga , continued pouring (of rain). The simple form of
693-627: A period of years. Those who survived to arrive in Peru were poorly treated, overworked, and exposed to diseases. Ninety percent of the Rapa Nui died within one or two years of capture. Eventually the Bishop of Tahiti caused a public outcry and an embarrassed Peru rounded up the few survivors to return them. A shipload headed to Rapa Nui, but smallpox broke out en route and only 15 arrived at the island. They were put ashore. The resulting smallpox epidemic nearly wiped out
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#1733115625834756-562: A phrase, and can be preceded or followed by a particle. Unlike full words, they do not have lexical meaning, and like particles, form a closed class. Pro-forms include personal, possessive and benefactive pronouns, as well as interrogative words. Additionally, two other intermediate categories are the negator ( ꞌina ) and the numerals. While both of them form a closed class, they are able to function as phrase nuclei. Rapa Nui does not have one class of demonstratives, instead it has four classes of particles with demonstrative functions. Each class
819-450: Is (C)V, where V may be long or a diphthong. A sequence VV may occur only in derived forms and compound words; within roots, only the initial syllable may be of the form V. Metathesis of consonants is frequent, such as manu for namu 'scent', lavaʻau for valaʻau 'to call', but vowels may not be mixed up in this way. Every syllable ends in a vowel. No syllable consists of more than three sounds, one consonant and two vowels,
882-512: Is an Eastern Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family. It is spoken on Easter Island , also known as Rapa Nui . The island is home to a population of just under 6,000 and is a special territory of Chile . According to census data, there are 9,399 people (on both the island and the Chilean mainland) who identify as ethnically Rapa Nui. Census data does not exist on the primary known and spoken languages among these people. In 2008,
945-510: Is an annual celebration of the language in New Zealand supported by the government and various organisations including UNESCO . Samoan Language Week was started in Australia for the first time in 2010. The Samoan alphabet consists of 14 letters, with three more letters ( H , K , R ) used in loan words. The ʻ ( koma liliu or ʻokina ) is used for the glottal stop . Vowel length
1008-666: Is argued that Rapanui may be undergoing a shift from VSO to the Spanish SVO . This example sentence was recorded first in 1948 and again in 2001 and its expression has changed from VSO to SVO. Rapa Nui's indigenous Rapanui toponymy has survived with few Spanish additions or replacements, a fact that has been attributed in part to the survival of the Rapa Nui language. This contrasts with the toponymy of continental Chile , which has lost many of its indigenous names. Rapa Nui has ten consonants and five vowels. Like all Polynesian languages, Rapa Nui has relatively few consonants. Rapa Nui
1071-401: Is closest to Marquesan morphologically, although its phonology has more in common with New Zealand Māori , as both languages are relatively conservative in retaining consonants lost in other Eastern Polynesian languages. One of the most important recent books written about the language of Rapa Nui is Verónica du Feu's Rapanui (Descriptive Grammar) ( ISBN 0-415-00011-4 ). Very little
1134-402: Is done in referring to a family; as Sa Muliaga, the family of Muliaga, the term Sa referring to a wide extended family of clan with a common ancestor. So most words ending in ga , not a sign of a noun, as tigā , puapuaga , pologa , faʻataga and aga . So also all words ending in a diphthong , as mamau , mafai , avai . In speaking the voice is raised, and
1197-424: Is duplicated to form an adjective. For example: Besides forming adjectives from nouns, the reduplication of whole words can indicate a multiple or intensified action. For example: There are some apparent duplicate forms for which the original form has been lost. For example: The reduplication of the initial syllable in verbs can indicate plurality of subject or object. In this example the bolded section represents
1260-432: Is either the bathing-place or the party of bathers. The first would take o after it to govern the next noun, ʻO le taʻelega o le nuʻu , the bathing-place of the village; the latter would be followed by a , ʻO le taʻelega a teine , the bathing-place of the girls. Sometimes such nouns have a passive meaning, such as being acted upon; ʻO le taomaga a lau , the thatch that has been pressed; ʻo le faupuʻega
1323-525: Is generally written with the Latin letter ⟨g⟩ , but occasionally as ⟨ng⟩ . In electronic texts, the glottal plosive /ʔ/ may be written with a (always lower-case) saltillo ⟨ꞌ⟩ to avoid the problems of using the punctuation mark ⟨'⟩ . A special letter, ⟨ġ⟩ , is sometimes used to distinguish the Spanish /ɡ/ , occurring in introduced terms, from
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#17331156258341386-459: Is his excellence or that is his best. Many verbs may become participle-nouns by adding ga ; as sau , come, sauga ; e.g. ʻO lona sauga muamua , his first coming; mau" to mauga , ʻO le mauga muamua , the first dwelling. As there is no proper gender in Oceanic languages, different genders are sometimes expressed by distinct names: When no distinct name exists, the gender of animals
1449-622: Is known about the Rapa Nui language prior to European contact. The majority of Rapa Nui vocabulary is inherited directly from Proto–Eastern Polynesian. Due to extensive borrowing from Tahitian there now often exist two forms for what was the same word in the early language. For example, Rapa Nui has Tahitian ʻite alongside original tikeꞌa for 'to see', both derived from Proto-Eastern Polynesian *kiteʻa. There are also hybridized forms of words such as hakaꞌite 'to teach', from native haka (causative prefix) and Tahitian ʻite . According to archaeologist José Miguel Ramírez "more than
1512-863: Is known by adding poʻa and fafine respectively. The gender of some few plants is distinguished by tane and fafine , as in ʻo le esi tane ; ʻo le esi fafine . No other names of objects have any mark of gender. The singular number is known by the article with the noun; e.g. ʻo le tama , a boy. Properly there is no dual. It is expressed by omitting the article and adding numbers e lua for things e.g. e toʻalua teine , two girls, for persons; or ʻo fale e lua , two houses; ʻo tagata e toʻalua , two persons; or ʻo lāʻua , them/those two (people). Rapa Nui language Rapa Nui or Rapanui ( English: / ˌ r æ p ə ˈ n uː i / , Rapa Nui: [ˈɾapa ˈnu.i] , Spanish: [ˈrapa ˈnu.i] ), also known as Pascuan ( / ˈ p æ s k j u ə n / ) or Pascuense ,
1575-407: Is made up of three particles of different degrees of distance; proximal, medial, or distal. This is a three-way distinction, similar to Samoan and Māori , two closely related languages from the same language family. Tongan , by contrast, has a two-way contrast. Rapa Nui speakers hence distinguish between entities that are close to the speaker (proximal), something at a medium distance or close to
1638-412: Is phonemic in Samoan; all five vowels also have a long form denoted by the macron . For example, tama means child or boy, while tamā means father. Diphthongs are /au ao ai ae ei ou ue/ . The combination of u followed by a vowel in some words creates the sound of the English w , a letter not part of the Samoan alphabet, as in uaua (artery, tendon). /a/ is reduced to [ ə ] in only
1701-470: Is represented by the koma liliu ("inverted comma"), which is recognized by Samoan scholars and the wider community. The koma liliu is often replaced by an apostrophe in modern publications. Use of the apostrophe and macron diacritics in Samoan words was readopted by the Ministry of Education in 2012 after having been abandoned in the 1960s. /l/ is pronounced as a flap [ ɾ ] following
1764-441: Is sometimes used where English would require the indefinite article. As a specific, rather than a definite article, it is used for specific referents that the speaker has in mind (specificity), regardless of whether the listener is expected to know which specific referent(s) is/are intended (definiteness). A sentence such as ʻUa tu mai le vaʻa , could thus, depending on context, be translated into English as "A canoe appears", when
1827-448: Is spoken by approximately 260,000 people in the archipelago and with many Samoans living in diaspora in a number of countries, the total number of speakers worldwide was estimated at 510,000 in 2015. It is the third-most widely spoken language in New Zealand, where 2.2% of the population, 101,900 people, were able to speak it as of 2018. The language is notable for the phonological differences between formal and informal speech as well as
1890-411: Is the only Eastern Polynesian language to have preserved the original glottal stop *ʔ of Proto-Polynesian . As present generation Rapa Nui speak Spanish as their first language in younger years and learn Rapa Nui later in life, flap / ɾ / in word-initial position can be pronounced alveolar trill [ r ] . All vowels can be either long or short and are always long when they are stressed in
1953-573: Is used when the speaker doesn't have a particular individual of a class in mind, such as in the sentence Ta mai se laʻau , "Cut me a stick", whereby there is no specific stick intended. The plural non-specific article ni is the plural form and may be translated into English as "some" or "any", as in Ta mai ni laʻau , "Cut me some sticks". In addition, Samoan possesses a series of diminutive articles. Names of natural objects, such as men, trees and animals, are mostly primitive nouns, e.g. ʻO le la ,
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2016-599: The 'passive knowledge' they have of Rapa Nui. A version of Rapanui interspersed with Spanish nouns, verbs and adjectives has become a popular form of casual speech. The most well integrated borrowings are the Spanish conjunctions o (or), pero (but) and y (and). Spanish words such as problema (problem), which was once rendered as poroporema , are now often integrated with minimal or no change. Spanish words are still often used within Rapanui grammatical rules, though some word order changes are occurring and it
2079-667: The 2021 census in Australia conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the Samoan language is spoken in the homes of 49,021 people. US Census 2010 shows more than 180,000 Samoans reside in the United States, which is triple the number of people living in American Samoa, while slightly less than the estimated population of the island nation of Samoa – 193,000, as of July 2011. Samoan Language Week ( Vaiaso o le Gagana Sāmoa )
2142-540: The Land Titles Registration Act 2008. It initially endorsed 10 candidates for the 2021 election. but ultimately only nominated 6. On 11 December 2020 the party announced an electoral alliance with the Tautua Samoa Party and Sovereign Independent Samoa Party , under which the parties would support each other's candidates in seats where they are not running against one another. During the 2021 election
2205-520: The Pacific as a vast source of free labor. Slavers raided islands as far away as Micronesia, but Rapa Nui was much closer and became a prime target. In December 1862 eight Peruvian ships landed their crewmen and between bribery and outright violence they captured some 1,000 Rapanui, including the king, his son, and the ritual priests (one of the reasons for so many gaps in knowledge of the ancient ways). It has been estimated that 2,000 Rapanui were captured over
2268-409: The Rapa Nui /ŋ/ . Similarly, /ŋ/ has been written ⟨g̈⟩ to distinguish it from Spanish ⟨g⟩ . The IPA letter ⟨ŋ⟩ is now also coming into use. The reduplication of whole nouns or syllable parts performs a variety of different functions within Rapa Nui. To describe colours for which there is not a predefined word, the noun for an object of a like colour
2331-612: The by-election the party's candidate, Lema'i Faioso Sione, was banished from his village for not supporting the candidate backed by the village council. The party held its official launch in February 2020. It then began to prepare to contest the 2021 Samoan general election . In May 2020 the party joined other opposition parties in calling for the Land and Titles Bill to be delayed. The party launched its manifesto in October 2020, promising to repeal
2394-526: The classification search of the database itself. There are approximately 470,000 Samoan speakers worldwide, 50 percent of whom live in the Samoan Islands. Thereafter, the greatest concentration is in New Zealand , where there were 101,937 Samoan speakers at the 2018 census, or 2.2% of the country's population. Samoan is the third-most spoken language in New Zealand after English and Māori. According to
2457-404: The compound word is composed; as tofátumoánaíná , to be engulfed. The articles le and se are unaccented. When used to form a pronoun or participle, le and se are contractions for le e , se e , and so are accented; as ʻO le ona le meae , the owner, literally the (person) whose (is) the thing, instead of O le e ona le meae . The sign of the nominative ʻoe ,
2520-421: The emphasis falls on the last word in each sentence. When a word receives an addition by means of an affixed particle, the accent is shifted forward; as alofa , love; alofága , loving, or showing love; alofagía , beloved. Reduplicated words have two accents; as palapala , mud; segisegi , twilight. Compound words may have even three or four, according to the number of words and affixes of which
2583-486: The final position of a word. Most vowel sequences are present, with the exception of *uo . The only sequence of three identical vowels is eee , also spelled ꞌēē ('yes'). Syllables in Rapa Nui are CV (consonant-vowel) or V (vowel). There are no consonant clusters or word-final consonants. Written Rapanui uses the Latin script . The Latin alphabet for Rapanui consists of 20 letters: The nasal velar consonant /ŋ/
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2646-410: The fire; talafaʻasolopito , ("history") stories placed in order, faletalimalo , ("communal house") house for receiving guests. Like many Austronesian languages, Samoan has separate words for inclusive and exclusive we , and distinguishes singular , dual , and plural . The root for the inclusive pronoun may occur in the singular, in which case it indicates emotional involvement on the part of
2709-769: The hearer (medial), and something far away, removed from both the speaker and hearer (distal). This is called a person-oriented system, in which one of the demonstratives denotes a referent in proximity of the hearer. For Rapa Nui speakers, that is the medial distinction, nei / ena / era . This system of spatial contrasts and directions is known as spatial deixis , and Rapa Nui is full of ways to express this, be it through locationals, postverbal or postnominal demonstratives, or directionals. These four classes that function as demonstratives are similar in form, but differ in syntactic status and have certain differences in functions. The postnominal demonstratives are used to indicate different degrees of distance. They always occur on
2772-406: The house, the builders. In some cases verbal nouns refer to either persons or things done by them: ʻO le faiga a talo , the getting of taro, or the party getting the taro , or the taro itself which has been got. The context in such cases decides the meaning. Sometimes place is indicated by the termination; such as tofā , to sleep; tofāga , a sleeping-place, a bed. ʻO le taʻelega
2835-471: The island four years later, and had a Tahitian interpreter with him, who, while recognizing some Polynesian words (up to 17 were written down), was not able to converse with the islanders in general. The British also attempted to record the numerals and were able to record the correct Polynesian words. In the 1860s the Peruvian slave raids began, as Peruvians were experiencing labor shortages and came to regard
2898-527: The islands are split between the sovereign country of Samoa and the United States territory of American Samoa . It is an official language , alongside English , in both jurisdictions. It is widely spoken across the Pacific region, heavily so in New Zealand and also in Australia and the United States . Among the Polynesian languages, Samoan is the most widely spoken by number of native speakers. Samoan
2961-414: The last syllable if that contains a long vowel or diphthong or on the second-last syllable otherwise. Verbs formed from nouns ending in a, and meaning to abound in, have properly two aʻs, as puaa ( puaʻaa ), pona , tagata , but are written with one. In speaking of a place at some distance, the accent is placed on the last syllable; as ʻO loʻo i Safotu , he is at Safotu. The same thing
3024-475: The list is a misunderstanding, and the words not related to numbers at all. The Spanish may have shown Arabic numerals to the islanders who did not understand their meaning, and likened them to some other abstraction. For example, the "moroqui" for number eight would have actually been moroki , a small fish that is used as a bait, since "8" can look like a simple drawing of a fish. Captain James Cook visited
3087-523: The listener or reader is not expected to know which canoe, or "The canoe appears", if the listener or reader is expected to know which canoe, such as when the canoe has previously been mentioned. The plural specific is marked by a null article: ʻO le tagata "the person", ʻO tagata "people". (The word ʻoe in these examples is not an article but a "presentative" preposition. It marks noun phrases used as clauses, introducing clauses or used as appositions etc.) The non-specific singular article se
3150-538: The local form of Tahitian-Pidgin. Fischer argues that this pidgin became the basis for the modern Rapa Nui language when the surviving part of the Rapa Nui immigrants on Mangareva returned to their almost deserted home island. William J. Thomson, paymaster on the USS Mohican , spent twelve days on Rapa Nui from 19 to 30 December 1886. Among the data Thomson collected was the Rapa Nui calendar . Father Sebastian Englert ,
3213-487: The major subdivisions of Polynesian under this analysis. A revision by Marck reinterpreted the relationships among Samoan and the outlier languages. In 2008 an analysis, of basic vocabulary only, from the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database is contradictory in that while in part it suggests that Tongan and Samoan form a subgroup, the old subgroups Tongic and Nuclear Polynesian are still included in
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#17331156258343276-527: The number of fluent speakers was reported as low as 800. Rapa Nui is a minority language and many of its adult speakers also speak Spanish . Most Rapa Nui children now grow up speaking Spanish and those who do learn Rapa Nui begin learning it later in life. The Rapa Nui language is isolated within Eastern Polynesian, which also includes the Marquesic and Tahitic languages . Within Eastern Polynesian, it
3339-456: The party did not win any seats and earned a total of 207 votes nationwide. This article about a Samoan political party is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Samoan language Samoan ( Gagana faʻa Sāmoa or Gagana Sāmoa , pronounced [ŋaˈŋana ˈsaːmʊa] ) is a Polynesian language spoken by Samoans of the Samoan Islands . Administratively,
3402-477: The phonology of Rapa Nui. In particular, vowel epenthesis is used to break consonant clusters (normally forbidden in Rapa Nui) and paragoge to append a word-final vowel to a final consonant: More recently, loanwords – which come primarily from Spanish – retain their consonant clusters. For example, litro (litre). Rapa Nui is, or until recently was, a verb-initial language. Rapa Nui can be said to have
3465-406: The prepositions o, a, i, e , and the euphonic particles i and te , are unaccented; as ʻO maua, ma te o atu ia te oee , we two will go to you. Ina , the sign of the imperative, is accented on the ultima; ína , the sign of the subjunctive , on the penultima. The preposition iá is accented on the ultima, the pronoun ia on the penultima. Samoan syllable structure
3528-416: The reduplication of a syllable which indicates the plurality of the subject of a transitive verb: The reduplication of the final two syllables of a verb indicates plurality or intensity. In this example the bolded section represents the reduplication of two final syllables, indicating intensity or emphasis: Rapa Nui incorporates a number of loanwords from other languages. Most of them have been adapted to
3591-456: The remaining population. In the aftermath of the Peruvian slave deportations in the 1860s, Rapa Nui came under extensive outside influence from neighbouring Polynesian languages such as Tahitian. While the majority of the population that was taken to work as slaves in the Peruvian mines died of diseases and bad treatment in the 1860s, hundreds of other Islanders who left for Mangareva in the 1870s and 1880s to work as servants or labourers adopted
3654-436: The speaker. In formal speech, fuller forms of the roots mā- , tā- , and lā- are ‘imā- , ‘itā- , and ‘ilā- . Articles in Samoan do not show the definiteness of the noun phrase as do those of English but rather specificity . The singular specific article le has frequently, erroneously, been referred to as a "definite" article, such as by Pratt, often with an additional vague explanation that it
3717-422: The sun; ʻo le tagata , the person; ʻo le talo , the taro; ʻo le iʻa , the fish; also manufactured articles, such as matau , an axe, vaʻa , canoe, tao , spear, fale , house, etc. Some nouns are derived from verbs by the addition of either ga , saga , taga , maga , or ʻaga : such as tuli , to chase; tuliga , chasing; luluʻu , to fill the hand; luʻutaga ,
3780-404: The two vowels making a diphthong; as fai , mai , tau . Roots are sometimes monosyllabic , but mostly disyllabic or a word consisting of two syllables. Polysyllabic words are nearly all derived or compound words; as nofogatā from nofo (sit, seat) and gatā , difficult of access; taʻigaafi , from taʻi , to attend, and afi , fire, the hearth, making to attend to
3843-690: The verb is sometimes used as a noun: tatalo , to pray; ʻo le tatalo , a prayer; poto , to be wise; ʻo le poto , wisdom. The reciprocal form of the verb is often used as a noun; e.g. ʻO le fealofani , ʻo femisaiga , quarrellings (from misa ), feʻumaiga ; E lelei le fealofani , mutual love is good. A few diminutives are made by reduplication , e.g. paʻapaʻa , small crabs; pulepule , small shells; liilii , ripples; ' ili'ili , small stones. Adjectives are made into abstract nouns by adding an article or pronoun; e.g. lelei , good; ʻo le lelei , goodness; silisili , excellent or best; ʻo lona lea silisili , that
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#17331156258343906-404: The way they classify Samoan in relation to the other Polynesian languages . The "traditional" classification, based on shared innovations in grammar and vocabulary, places Samoan with Tokelauan , the Polynesian outlier languages and the languages of Eastern Polynesia , which include Rapanui , Māori , Tahitian and Hawaiian . Nuclear Polynesian and Tongic (the languages of Tonga and Niue) are
3969-407: Was not always consistent, or perhaps the misprints make it seem so. He indicated vowel length with a circumflex , and stress with an acute accent , but only when it does not occur where expected. The glottal stop /ʔ/ is written as an apostrophe, but is often omitted. The velar nasal /ŋ/ is sometimes transcribed with a ⟨g⟩ , but sometimes with a Greek eta, ⟨η⟩ , as
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