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73-698: Before its 1999 relocation and expansion, the original museum chartered by the Oklahoma legislature in 1899 had occupied much smaller quarters in various buildings on campus. It was originally named as the Department of Geology and Natural History, renamed the Museum of the University of Oklahoma in 1943, and in 1953 named the Stovall Museum of Science and History, for J. Willis Stovall , a paleontologist and faculty professor who

146-557: A Department of Geology and Natural History would begin a scientific survey of the Territory of Oklahoma , and mandated the discovery and development of natural resources, including flora, fauna, and minerals.   As the university’s collections grew during the early 20th century, several attempts were made to build a museum facility to house new collections, exhibit materials and specimens. The attempts were nearly successful in 1920 when university leadership funded an expedition to Alaska for

219-706: A collection of baby sauropod bones from the Morrison Formation , large samples of Miocene horse species, a large and diverse collection of Cretaceous microvertebrates (such as mammals and lizards) from the western United States, and some relatively complete or unique specimens of Cretaceous dinosaurs (such as Tenontosaurus and Pentaceratops ). The collection holds a total of 118 holotype specimens, 61 paratypes , and almost 1,500 figured specimens. Notable curators include J. Willis Stovall, David B. Kitts , and Richard L. Cifelli. More than 1 million specimens representing every major invertebrate fossil group are found in

292-499: A college or university with three (or two) academic years remaining. An applicant for a campus-based scholarship must meet all AROTC administrative and academic requirements as well as have a minimum SAT score of 1000 or ACT score of 19. Once a prospect has shown interest in the AROTC program they can compete in a scholarship board. If the prospect boards well the AROTC program's Professor of Military Science may submit them for selection of

365-533: A combined 56 percent of all active-duty officers in the Department of Defense commissioned that year. Under ROTC, a student may receive a competitive, merit-based scholarship covering all or part of college tuition, textbooks and lab fees, in return for an active-duty service obligation after graduation (or completion of a graduate degree under an approved education delay). ROTC students attend college like other students, but also receive basic military training and officer training for their chosen branch of service through

438-567: A core collection of material from Oklahoma, the museum also maintains smaller collections from the American Southwest, Mexico, Guatemala, Panama, Ecuador, and Japan. Notable curators include Robert E. Bell and Donald G. Wyckoff. The Sam Noble Museum ethnology department curates extensive collections of traditional art and material culture from societies around the world with the goal of providing researchers with resources needed to explore human cultures and societies. The ethnology collection

511-629: A dedicated facility throughout the Great Depression and Dust Bowl . At the time, President Franklin Roosevelt and his Works Progress Administration (WPA) sought to ease mass unemployment during the Great Depression through federal jobs and careers. It was through this program that about 50 workers were assigned to museum paleontologist J. Willis Stovall , Ph.D. The workers were employed to strategically uncover and excavate dinosaur fossils across

584-560: A scholarship. Numerous factors will influence this decision. Typically the summer between the academic junior and senior years of school, Cadets attend Advance Camp at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Here, each cadet would be evaluated on leadership skills. The course was set up for a month of training with other peers and evaluated by Army Officers and Non-Commissioned Officers. Advance Camp is the United States Army's largest training event. The Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) program

657-421: A single museum umbrella. In the late 1930s, Stovall was named as the director of this early museum, which was largely scattered among numerous university colleges and departments. While Stovall made repeated attempts to obtain funding for a dedicated museum facility, he was unable to do so before his death in 1953. Though the museum collections remained scattered physically, Stovall’s work was instrumental in uniting

730-516: A summer of military training. In 1916, the provision to formally establish ROTC was advocated to Congress by a delegation from Ohio including William Oxley Thompson , President of the Ohio State University . On February 7, 1916, Ralph D. Mershon , a graduate of Ohio State, testified before the committee as a professional engineer . Present to testify as an advocate of a Reserve Engineers Corps, he expanded his remarks to argue in favor of

803-705: A wide diversity of invertebrate species. While the focus of the collection is Oklahoma invertebrates, it also contains specimens from more than 100 countries and territories, especially the Neotropics and the Philippines. The collection includes specimens collected and studied by Harley P. Brown , renowned as a world authority on water pennies and riffle beetles . Taxonomic strengths include dragonflies, beetles, mosquitoes, spiders, crayfish and mollusks. Notable curators include Howard P. Clemens, J. Teague Self, Harley P. Brown, and Cluff E. Hopla. The Sam Noble Museum established

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876-500: Is a group of college - and university -based officer-training programs for training commissioned officers of the United States Armed Forces . While ROTC graduate officers serve in all branches of the U.S. military, the U.S. Marine Corps , the U.S. Space Force , and the U.S. Coast Guard do not have their own respective ROTC programs; rather, graduates of Naval ROTC programs have the option to serve as officers in

949-666: Is a strong representation of mammals from Argentina, Oklahoma, and Tennessee; amphibians and reptiles from the United States and the Philippines; birds from the Great Plains; and fish from Puerto Rico.   National Medal for Museum and Library Service The National Medal for Museum and Library Service is an award given annually by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) to American libraries and museums with outstanding service to their communities. The IMLS refers to

1022-696: Is especially strong in its representation of Native North American languages, particularly the severely to critically endangered languages of the central United States. The collection houses the world’s largest collection of Dhegiha language materials, as well as pedagogical materials in Navajo and other languages of the Southwest.   The collection is intended to be a resource center where scholars and community members develop mutually beneficial relationships by preserving language resources, conducting research, providing services to Native American communities and educating

1095-602: Is notably strong in areas of Native North America and Central America. The museum also preserves an extensive number of classical artifacts from the Mediterranean region and important ethnographic arts from East Asia. The Fine Art Collection includes a growing collection of 20th and 21st century works by established and emerging Native North American artists, and works by natural history artists (e.g., George Miksch Sutton ). Research in this collection focuses on collaborative projects with contemporary Native American communities across

1168-467: Is required of students attending the senior and junior military colleges. Another major difference between the senior military colleges and civilian colleges is that under federal law, graduates of the SMCs are guaranteed active duty assignments if requested with the approval of the school's professor of military science. The Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (AROTC) program is the largest branch of ROTC, as

1241-708: Is the largest repository of Oklahoma amphibians and reptiles. Additionally, the collection’s geographic diversity covers 46 states and 54 countries, including specimens from Brazil and Nicaragua, as well as collections from Egypt and the Galapagos. In addition to physical specimens, the collections preserve specimen records, field notebooks, and audio and visual materials from collectors spanning roughly 60 years, including those of Charles C. Carpenter. Notable curators include Arthur N. Bragg, Arthur I. Ortenburger, Charles C. Carpenter, Janalee P. Caldwell, and Laurie J. Vitt. With more than 2 million specimens in over 56,000 catalogued lots,

1314-595: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Texas A&M University . After World War II , the Air Force established ROTC units at 77 colleges and universities throughout the United States. Other national armed forces in countries with strong historical ties to the United States have ROTC programs. Other countries have also institutionalized reservist training programs. Reserve Officer Training in Russia began in

1387-564: The Ozark highlands , limestone caves , mixed grass prairies , to the Black Mesa , the habitats of Oklahoma all come together in some of the most recent and interactive additions to the Sam Noble Museum.   The Sam Noble Museum vertebrate paleontology collection is a major international research resource and constitutes one of the most important records of vertebrate history and evolution in

1460-465: The Pleistocene and represents a significant research source for comparative paleobotanical and/or paleoecological studies and for new, innovative investigations into the world’s geologic past. The collection contains more than 1,047 verified type and figured specimens representing over 104 verified type taxa. Notable curators include Leonard R. Wilson. With over 5 million artifacts spanning 11,000 years,

1533-549: The Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) constructed in the 1930s that served as the museum’s main building. This building was officially renamed the Stovall Museum of Science and History following the death of J. Willis Stovall.   Beginning in 1983 under the leadership of museum director Michael Mares , Ph.D., the Stovall Museum began a campaign to make Oklahoma citizens aware of the fragility of their state’s most valuable natural and cultural treasures, and

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1606-1115: The Upper Mississippi Valley , the Great Basin and Wyoming. The collection includes over 1,400 primary type specimens and about 9,000 figured specimens that are of particular scientific importance. The Amoco donation consists of significant holdings of fossils related to oil and gas exploration that were collected by the company prior to its merger with BP . Notable curators include George G. Huffman, Patrick K. Sutherland, and Stephen R. Westrop. The collection of paleobotany , micropaleontology and mineralogy contains more than 3 million specimens. These specimens include 50,000 overall slabs and plant macrofossils that are categorized as single taxon specimens, or taxa, on slabs, over 50,000 palynological slides and residues, over 18,500 coal ball peels (free and mounted on microscope slides), over 5,000 kg of cut and uncut coal balls, over 8,300 ostracods in micromounts, over 3,000 unprocessed reserves, over 3,400 minerals, rocks and meteorites , including

1679-731: The archaeology collection at the Sam Noble Museum is the largest in Oklahoma. The collection’s most notable artifacts include the Cooper Bison Skull , one of the oldest painted objects in North America at roughly 10,000 to 11,000 years old, and the Burnham Bison Skull with associated artifacts, which provide evidence of human presence in North America prior to 11,000 years ago, and pre-dating Clovis culture . The museum also houses an extensive collection of artifacts from Spiro Mounds , Oklahoma’s most famous archaeological site. Apart from

1752-447: The "American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy," promoted the idea of "citizen soldiers," men trained to act in a military capacity when their nation required but capable of fulfilling standard civilian functions in peacetime. The Morrill Act of 1862 established land-grant colleges . Part of the federal government's requirement for these schools was that they include military tactics as part of their curriculum. Another root of

1825-558: The "Ohio Plan". Mershon noted: Congress agreed, and the ROTC provision was included in the final version of the National Defense Act of 1916 . The first ROTC unit was at Harvard in 1916. Over 5,000 men arrived at Plattsburgh, New York , in May 1917 for the first of the officer training camps. By the end of 1917, over 17,000 men had been trained. By the eve of its entry into World War I ,

1898-629: The 1920s. Brazil has had the CPOR and the NPOR since 1928, the difference being that officers trained by the CPOR choose their area of specialization, while officers trained by the NPOR learn from their local army base. During World War I, the United States created the Student Army Training Corps in an effort to encourage young men to simultaneously receive a college education and train for the military. Students were authorized to participate beginning in

1971-579: The 1950s, 1960s and 1980s. The collection grew during the 1990s, thanks to area conservationist Jimmie Pigg, and during the early 2000s, due to the efforts of the Department of Environmental Quality, which continued Pigg’s work. The availability of these long-term samples of specimens from statewide sites provides an important opportunity to assess natural variation in fish communities. Notable curators include Carl D. Riggs, William J. Matthews and Edie Marsh-Matthews. The Sam Noble Museum collection of recent invertebrates, with more than 500,000 specimens, represents

2044-415: The 30,000-year history of Native inhabitants of Oklahoma and North America. Exhibits detail the earliest known evidence of human activity in Oklahoma, continuing up to the present, and examining what it means to be a Native American in Oklahoma today. The Merkel Family Foundation Gallery of World Cultures features objects and artifacts of traditional art and material culture from around the world, chosen from

2117-578: The Army is the largest branch of the military. There are over 20,000 ROTC cadets in 273 ROTC programs at major universities throughout the United States . These schools are categorized as Military Colleges (MC), Military Junior Colleges (MJC) and Civilian Colleges (CC). Army ROTC provides the majority of the Army's officer corps; the remainder comes from West Point , Officer Candidate School (OCS) , or direct commissions . AROTC offers scholarships based on

2190-593: The Guinness World Record for the tallest dinosaur. Stretching back into the prehistory of Oklahoma, the Siegfried Family Hall of Ancient Life extends from the formation of Planet Earth up to the most recent Ice Age . The gallery features detailed models, interactive tools, detailed dioramas of cast fossil specimens and original fossil specimens. The McCasland Foundation Hall of the People of Oklahoma traces

2263-510: The Keyes Meteorite, and 550 herbarium sheets containing modern plants from which a pollen reference collection has been made. The collection maintains exceptionally large holdings of specimens from Oklahoma, but also contains specimens from all 50 states and more than 50 countries. The collection documents the paleobotany, palynology and micropaleontology of sediments from the Proterozoic to

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2336-598: The Marine Corps contingent on meeting Marine Corps requirements. Graduates of Air Force ROTC also have the option to be commissioned in the Space Force as a Space Operations Officer. In 2020, ROTC graduates constituted 70 percent of newly commissioned active-duty U.S. Army officers, 83 percent of newly commissioned U.S. Marine Corps officers (through NROTC), 61 percent of newly commissioned U.S. Navy officers and 63 percent of newly commissioned U.S. Air Force officers, for

2409-646: The Marine Corps. Marine NROTC students may be formed in a separate company when the program includes sufficient numbers. All Naval ROTC students are referred to as midshipmen. Some of the summer training that is offered to cadets in the Army ROTC program are: Airborne, Air Assault, Mountain Warfare, WHINSEC and other related schools. In addition to their mandatory 20 day Field Training (FT) at Maxwell AFB , Alabama, typically between their sophomore and junior year. Air Force ROTC cadets are also eligible for Airborne training under

2482-474: The Oklahoma Collection of Genomic Resources in 2006. As an archive of biological tissue samples, this collection functions as a library of genetic biodiversity. The collection currently holds over 55,000 tissue samples representing over 1,300 species of mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and invertebrates. Most of the samples have voucher specimens that are also housed in the Sam Noble Museum. There

2555-557: The ROTC unit at or nearby the college. The students participate in regular drills during the school year and off-campus training opportunities during the summer. Army ROTC units are organized as brigades, battalions and companies. Air Force ROTC units are detachments with the students organized into wings, groups, squadrons and flights. Army and Air Force ROTC students are referred to as cadets. Naval ROTC units are organized as battalions and also include NROTC students under "Marine Option" who will eventually be commissioned as officers in

2628-427: The Sam Noble Museum ichthyology collection houses the largest and most comprehensive collection of fishes from Oklahoma. One of the collection’s greatest strengths is an extensive sample of species from the lower Great Plains , particularly from Oklahoma streams and reservoirs. Under the direction of A.I. Ortenburger, specimens were collected during expeditions in the 1920s. Other periods of extensive collecting include

2701-461: The Stovall Museum as the official Oklahoma Museum of Natural History.   In the early 1990s, a group of concerned citizens in Norman, Oklahoma , began to lobby for a new museum facility to better care for the state’s collection of natural and cultural artifacts. The group ultimately secured a special election in 1992, which concluded with the citizens of Norman pledging a $ 5 million bond commitment for

2774-770: The U.S. had a prepared corps of officers including one of the earliest Plattsburgh graduates, Theodore Roosevelt Jr. The National Defense Act of 1920 ramped up ROTC, and by 1928, units had been established at 225 colleges and universities, including all of the Morrill Act land-grant colleges. They were commissioning 6,000 reserve second lieutenants per year. During the 1930s, there were junior ROTC programs in some larger city high schools, such as in Memphis, Tennessee , Charlotte, North Carolina , Kansas City, Missouri , and New Orleans, Louisiana . The ROTC produced over 100,000 officers during World War II, and tens of thousands more after

2847-401: The United States military from disclosing their sexual orientation at the risk of expulsion. Some schools believed this legal mandate would require them to waive or amend their non-discrimination policies. In recent years, concerted efforts are being made at some Ivy League universities that have previously banned ROTC (including Columbia ) to return ROTC to campus. The Harvard ROTC program

2920-635: The United States. These projects include topics such as traditional arts, folklore, ethnobotany and music. Notable curators include Edward E. Dale, Sidney D. Brown, Arrell M. Gibson , and A. J. Heisserer. Founded in 2002, the Native American Languages collection at the Sam Noble Museum provides invaluable resources to researchers, educators and students. The collection includes more than 7,400 audio and video recordings, manuscripts, books, journals, ephemera and teaching curricula, including lesson plans, from more than 175 Native languages. The collection

2993-905: The White House by First Lady Michelle Obama ; the Best in Heritage International Projects of Influence Award from the European Heritage Association presented in Dubrovnik, Croatia in 2015; and the University Museums and Collections Award from the International Council of Museums presented in Helsinki, Finland, in 2017 in recognition of the museum’s Oklahoma Native American Youth Language Fair program. Nearly 10 years after

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3066-413: The award was given to the following six libraries and museums: In 2023, the award was given to the following eight libraries and museums: In 2024, the award was given to the following ten libraries and museums: Libraries : Museums : Reserve Officers%27 Training Corps The Reserve Officers' Training Corps ( ROTC ; / ˈ r ɒ t s iː / or / ˌ ɑːr oʊ t iː ˈ s iː / )

3139-427: The award was given to the following ten libraries and museums: In 2012, the award was given to the following ten libraries and museums: In 2013, the award was given to the following ten libraries and museums, and presented by First Lady Michelle Obama : In 2014, the award was given to the following ten libraries and museums: In 2015, the award was given to the following ten libraries and museums: In 2016,

3212-412: The award was given to the following ten libraries and museums: In 2017, the award was given to the following ten libraries and museums: In 2018, the award was given to the following ten libraries and museums: In 2019, the award was given to the following ten libraries and museums: No awards were made in 2020. In 2021, the award was given to the following six libraries and museums: In 2022,

3285-486: The collection of invertebrate paleontology , which is one of the most scientifically important collections in North America. Much of the collection comprises Paleozoic age specimens from Oklahoma and contiguous states, with significant material from Alaska. Holdings from other countries include specimens from Canada, Britain, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Russia and Poland. Trilobite collections have grown significantly in recent years with additions from Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri,

3358-635: The collection of mammalogy at the Sam Noble Museum has developed into a significant global resource for research, museum exhibits and science education programs. Containing roughly 66,000 cataloged specimens, it is the 13th largest collection in the Western Hemisphere. In 2011, the mammal collection from the University of Memphis was transferred to the Sam Noble Museum with funding from the National Science Foundation . The collection contains

3431-426: The collection of North American megafauna specimens (grizzly bears, caribou, mountain goats, etc.). It was hoped that these specimens would excite Oklahomans and their legislators to provide funds for a new museum facility. Although those specimens are still preserved and studied even to this day, a museum funding bill was ultimately vetoed at the time by the governor.   Museum collections continued to grow without

3504-401: The collections under a single administrative unit and securing limited storage space for a number of objects and specimens.   By 1980, the museum collections remained scattered across 10 separate buildings, often substandard for specimen preservation, including a horse stable, a wooden barn, two wooden barracks constructed during World War II, various attics and basements, and an armory for

3577-399: The community about the importance of Native American languages and cultures. Through outreach programs like the museum's annual Oklahoma Native American Youth Language Fair, the collection also fosters public education opportunities so that visitors can develop an awareness, appreciation and understanding of Native American languages. Notable curators include Mary S. Linn. Dating back to 1899,

3650-561: The construction of a new museum facility, contingent on the state of Oklahoma and private donors raising $ 30 million. A statewide bond election passed, securing the state of Oklahoma’s $ 15 million financial commitment. Shortly after, a $ 10 million donation from the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation and affiliates secured both the facility’s official name, the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, and most of

3723-588: The following requirements: The applicant must agree to accept a commission and serve in the Army on active duty or in a reserve component (U.S. Army Reserve or Army National Guard). The four-year scholarship is for students who receive it out of high school or before entering college. The four-year scholarship can be extended with the same conditions to a 5-year scholarship if the major is in Engineering. Campus-based three-year, two-and-a-half-year, and two-year scholarships are available for students already enrolled in

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3796-548: The founding of the University of Oklahoma in 1890, the Oklahoma Territorial Legislature became interested in establishing a museum at what was then the Territorial University. In 1899 the legislature passed a law (Chapter XVI) establishing the position of a territorial geologist and further addressed the collections that would be amassed from the geologist’s ongoing work. The law also established that

3869-433: The largest number of mammalian specimens from Oklahoma and Tennessee; specimens from all 50 U.S. states are represented. This collection covers a wide geographic range; it is one of the 10 largest collections of specimens from Mexico and it is the largest collection of specimens from Argentina outside of that country. Notable curators include J. Keever Greer and Michael A. Mares . The Sam Noble Museum ornithology collection

3942-567: The medal as "the nation’s highest honor conferred on museums and libraries for service to the community." The award is typically presented by the First Lady of the United States . From 1994 to 1999, the award was known as the National Award for Museum Service and given to museums only. From 2000 to 2006, it was awarded to three museums and three libraries annually, and was known as the "National Award for Museum and Library Service". From 2007 to

4015-462: The modern ROTC program comes from the "Plattsburg Idea". In 1915, Major General Leonard Wood instituted the Citizen's Military Training Camps (not to be confused with the later CMTC ), the first series of training camps to make officers out of civilians. For the first time in history, an attempt was made to provide a condensed course of training and commissioning competent reserve line officers after only

4088-601: The museum maintains an active collecting program. Spanning more than 300 million years geologic time, the collection is notably strong in Early Permian tetrapods , Jurassic dinosaurs, Miocene - Pliocene mammals of Oklahoma, as well as vertebrate faunas from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior . Noteworthy individual fossils or assemblages include diverse and well-represented fauna from Early Permian fissure fills ,

4161-459: The museum’s diverse ethnology collection. The gallery also includes a large section of mosaic found in Antioch (modern Turkey) and dating to around 100 CE. The Noble Drilling Corporation Hall of Natural Wonders highlights the biodiversity found across Oklahoma. Immersion-style dioramas aim to surround visitors with both the sights and sounds of unique biomes and environments native to the state. From

4234-409: The museum’s public exhibit hall. The gallery showcases the museum’s behind-the-scenes work and teaches visitors about how museum collections are preserved and studied. The gallery features objects and artifacts from nearly all of the museum’s 12 collections, including a representation of Sauroposeidon proteles , w hich is immediately visible upon entering the museum’s exhibit hall. Sauroposeidon holds

4307-450: The present, it has borne its present name, and been awarded to up to five museums and five libraries. The lists of awardees for 1994–2009 are drawn from the 2009 medals booklet, published by the IMLS. In 2000, the first year that the award was given to libraries, the following seven institutions received it: In 2010, the award was given to the following ten libraries and museums: In 2011,

4380-411: The remaining funds needed for the facility’s construction with help from other key donors and supporters.   Groundbreaking for the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History took place in 1996, and the new museum building was officially opened to the public in May 2000.   The Noble Corporation and Noble Energy Orientation Gallery is the first permanent gallery space visitors encounter in

4453-546: The southern plains. With over 80,500 catalogued specimens, all geological time periods in which vertebrates occur are represented. The nucleus of the collection was made under the Works Projects Administration in the late 1930s and early 1940s, led by the museum’s first director, J. Willis Stovall (1891–1953). The collection has roughly tripled in size since the late 1980s, and the numbers of type and figured specimens have increased accordingly. Growth continues as

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4526-539: The state of Oklahoma. Discovering a number of large, unique specimens of dinosaurs and mammals, the museum’s vertebrate fossil collection quickly grew in prominence, while also demanding additional storage space.   At the same time, university archaeologists supervised excavations throughout eastern Oklahoma with large teams of laborers supported by the WPA. Most notable were excavations at Spiro Mounds , an important center occupied primarily from AD 1000-1400. This intervention

4599-484: The substandard conditions in which these artifacts were being stored. Over several years, Mares and museum staff would also share this message with state representatives and state senators and work to develop a new state law which recognized the Stovall Museum as a state resource, not only a university organization. In 1987, the Oklahoma Legislature and governor approved a law (70 OK Stat §70-3309.1) that designated

4672-460: The summer of 1917, and training camps were held in the summer of 1918. Enrollment in the SATC was voluntary, and 525 universities enrolled 200,000 total students on October 1, 1918, the first day SATC units were authorized to formally organize on college campuses. Students who joined the SATC received the rank of private in the army, and some advanced to leadership roles including sergeant . When

4745-414: The time of enrollment in the program. Newly graduated seniors in high school can enter the program with a full four-year scholarship while college students can enroll later and earn a scholarship that would cover the remainder of their college career. The two-year scholarship is available for students with two academic years of college remaining. An applicant for a two-year or four-year scholarship must meet

4818-512: The tutelage of the Army at Fort Moore , Georgia. Naval ROTC midshipmen will participate in summer cruise programs every summer, either afloat or ashore, similar to their U.S. Naval Academy midshipmen counterparts. The concept of ROTC in the United States was created by the founder of Norwich University , Alden Partridge , who was a former United States Military Academy instructor. Partridge, who founded Norwich in Northfield, Vermont in 1819 as

4891-488: The war from students studying at qualifying universities under the G.I. Bill. Until the 1960s, many major universities required compulsory participation in ROTC for all of their male students. However, because of the protests that culminated in the opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , compulsory ROTC was dropped in favor of voluntary programs. In some places ROTC was expelled from campus altogether, although it

4964-577: Was always possible to participate in off-campus ROTC. By the early 1980s, there was noticeably less resentment of the military on campus, as students' feelings about Vietnam became less vivid. As of 2021, more than 1,700 high schools have Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) programs. In the 21st century, the debate often focused around the Congressional don't ask, don't tell law, signed into law by President Bill Clinton in 1993 and in force until 2011, which forbade homosexuals serving in

5037-518: Was director from 1943 to 1953. The Sam Noble Museum has received a number of national and international awards, including the national award for Collection Stewardship and Heritage Preservation in 2004; the National Medal for Museums from the Institute of Museums and Library Services in 2014, the highest award from the U.S. government for a museum for being an institution that makes a difference for individuals, families, and communities, presented at

5110-483: Was established with the museum’s original charter in 1899. The collection includes 30,000 specimens from Oklahoma, Mexico and Texas as well as other countries throughout the world. The collection of bird skeletons is one of the largest in the central United States. Other highlights include over 950 mounts, 630 spread wings, 490 nests, and 5,100 sets of eggs. Notable curators include George Miksch Sutton and Gary D. Schnell. The Sam Noble Museum herpetology collection

5183-460: Was founded in 1926 and the U.S. Marine Corps joined the program in 1932. The naval NROTC program is offered at over 150 colleges nationwide. The first Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (then Air ROTC) units were established between 1920 and 1923 at the University of California, Berkeley , the Georgia Institute of Technology , the University of Illinois , the University of Washington ,

5256-440: Was initially oriented towards salvaging Craig Mound, which had been subjected to extensive looting in the mid-1930s. These WPA excavations deepened the understanding of Native American pre-contact history in Oklahoma and yielded cultural material that formed the basis of the museum’s early archaeology collection.   J. Willis Stovall ultimately developed a plan to bring all of the university’s extensive collections together under

5329-540: Was reinstated effective March 4, 2011 following enactment of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 . Under current law, there are three types of ROTC programs administered, each with a different element. One difference between civilian colleges and the senior or junior military colleges is enrollment option in ROTC. ROTC is voluntary for students attending civilian colleges and universities. However, with few exceptions (as outlined in both Army regulations and federal law) it

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