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45-590: Salwa Judum (meaning "peace march" in the Gondi language ) was a militia that was mobilised and deployed as part of counterinsurgency operations in Chhattisgarh , India, aimed at countering Naxalite activities in the region. The militia, consisting of local tribal youth, received support and training from the Chhattisgarh state government. It was outlawed and banned by a Supreme Court court order but continues to exist in

90-506: A literacy rate of 42.27%. After the separation of Sukma district, the residual district has a population of 283,479, of which 68,031 (24.00%) live in urban areas. Dantewada has a sex ratio of 1023 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 42.12%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 3.61% and 71.07% of the district's population. The district is divided into five tehsils, Dantewada , Gidam , Kuwakonda Katekalyan , and Bade Bacheli. Languages of Dantewada district (2011) At

135-523: A combination of political mobilisation—around poor governance, land rights, livelihoods, and social inequity—and force. The first movement against the Naxalites was the Jan Jagran Abhiyan, launched in 1991 by local tribal leader Mahendra Karma . This movement was mostly led by local traders and businesspeople. When it collapsed, the leaders had to seek police protection. However, the second time around,

180-761: A free wi-fi zone of two and half square km area to kick-start digital payments in the village market that houses 14 shops. 1- Government Danteshwari PG College Dantewada http://www.pgcollegedantewada.com 2. College of Agriculture, Chitalanka, Dantewada 3. Kendriya Vidyalaya (KV), Dantewada http://www.kvdantewada.com/home.php 4.Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Barsoor, Dantewada http://www.jnvbarsoor.in 5. Govt Model Higher Secondary School, Dantewada 6. NMDC Polytechnic College Dantewada http://nmdcdavpoly.in Dantewada District has an area of 3,410.50 km². Encompassing with hilly tracks, dales and valleys, numerous brooks and rivers, and many forests, Dantewada

225-465: A group of researchers from the University of Hyderabad. It's usually named Gunjala Gondi Lipi , after the place where it was found. According to Maharashtra Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Centre of India, a dozen manuscripts were found in this script. Programs to create awareness and promotion of this script among the Gondi people are in development stage. The Gunjala Gondi Lipi has witnessed

270-510: A militia force used to combat Naxalism. In February 2011, the Supreme Court of India declared such arming of civilians illegal, but the Chhattisgarh government continued to arm them under another name. Former Union Minister of Home Affairs P. Chidambaram has praised the role of SPOs in fighting Naxalism and called for their appointment "wherever required", while former Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh Raman Singh has stated that "Salwa Judum

315-557: A public statement, the Naxalites claimed that they had specifically targeted Karma; he had been stabbed multiple times by a group of female Naxalites. Gondi language Gondi ( Gōṇḍī ), natively known as Koitur ( Kōī, Kōītōr ), is a South-Central Dravidian language, spoken by about three million Gondi people , chiefly in the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Chhattisgarh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana and by small minorities in neighbouring states. Although it

360-481: A surge in prominence, and well-supported efforts are being undertaken in villages of northern Andhra Pradesh to widen its usage. Dantewada district As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Chhattisgarh (out of 18 ), after Narayanpur and Bijapur . The present collector of Dantewada is Shri Deepak Soni. Before Indian Independence, the district was part of the princely state of Bastar . After Independence in 1947, Bastar's ruler acceded to

405-511: A widespread native script, Gondi is often written in Devanagari and Telugu scripts . In 1928, Munshi Mangal Singh Masaram designed a native script based on Brahmi characters and in the same format of an Indian alphasyllabary. This script did not become widely used, although it is being encoded in Unicode . Most Gonds remain illiterate. A native script that dates up to 1750 has been discovered by

450-561: Is a question of law and order. You cannot give arms to somebody (a civilian) and allow him to kill. You will be an abettor of the offence under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code ." The state government had earlier denied Salwa Judum being a state-sponsored movement. The Supreme Court later directed the state government to take up remedial measures suggested in the earlier NHRC report. The Human Rights Commission alleged that security forces collaborated with Salwa Judum in their fight against

495-543: Is home to many species of wildlife such as the tiger, leopard, deer, bison, etc. Two species characteristic to the area are the pahadi maina and the Wild Asian Water buffalo . Dantewada District's culture represents a unique blend of influences of Tribal, Chhattisgarhi, Oriya, Telugu & Marathi culture. Dantewada district is divided into five tehsils, and four "development blocks". It is further divided into 143 gram panchayats . The five tehsils are: According to

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540-761: Is that the name was given to them by the Mughal dynasty of the 16th–18th centuries. It was the Mughals who first used the term "Gond", meaning "hill people", to refer to the group. The Gonds call themselves Koitur (Kōītōr) or Koi (Kōī), which also has no definitive origin. Gondi has a two-gender system, substantives being either masculine or nonmasculine. Gondi has developed aspirated stops, distancing itself from its ancestor Proto-Dravidian . Gondi has derivative suffixes to denote gender for certain special words: -a:l and -o:r for masculine, and -a:r for feminine. Plural suffixes are also divided into masculine and feminine, -r

585-668: Is the answer to get rid of the Naxal menace in the state." On 5 July 2011, the Supreme Court of India ordered the state of Chhattisgarh to disband any militia force founded to combat Maoist guerrillas. As reported in The Hindu , the Supreme Court directed the Chhattisgarh Police to "immediately cease and desist from using SPOs in any manner or form in any activities, directly or indirectly, aimed at controlling, countering, mitigating or otherwise eliminating Maoist/Naxalite activities" and directed

630-508: Is the language of the Gond people, it is highly endangered, with only one fifth of Gonds speaking the language. Gondi has a rich folk literature, examples of which are wedding songs and narrations. Gondi people are ethnically related to the Telugus . Although almost 13 million people returned themselves as Gonds on the 2011 census , however only 2.98 million recorded themselves as speakers of Gondi. In

675-505: Is the result of a language shift from Gondi to regional languages in the majority of the Gondi population, especially those in the northern portion of their range. By the 1920s, half of Gonds had stopped speaking the language entirely. The language is under severe stress from dominant languages such as Hindi , Chhattisgarhi , Marathi and Odia due to their use in education and employment. In order to improve their situation, Gond households adopt

720-534: Is used for most masculine nouns, -ir ends masculine nouns ending in -e , and -ur ends nouns ending in -o or -or . For instance: kānḍī - boy kānḍ īr - boys kallē - thief kall īr - thieves tottōr - ancestor tott ūr - ancestors are all masculine. For non-masculine nouns, there are more suffixes: -n , -ik , -k , and a null suffix -ɸ Before case markers are added, all nouns have an oblique marker. The oblique markers are -d- , -t- , -n- , -ṭ- , and - ɸ . For instance: kay- d -e : "in

765-482: The 2011 census the undivided Dantewada district had a population of 533,638, roughly equal to the nation of Cape Verde. This gives it a ranking of 540th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 45 inhabitants per square kilometre (120/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 15.56%. Dantewada has a sex ratio of 1016 females for every 1000 males, and

810-524: The Supreme Court of India , reported that Salwa Judum was a "spontaneous reaction by the tribals to defend themselves against the reign of terror unleashed by the Naxalites." The report was submitted to the Supreme Court of India which, on the contrary, declared Salwa Judum to be illegal and unconstitutional, and ordered its disbanding. In April 2008, a Supreme Court bench directed the state government to refrain from supporting and encouraging Salwa Judum: "It

855-547: The Bijapur-based movement to Dantewada , Katreli, and other parts of the region. Salwa Judum herded villagers and tribal people into makeshift camps, where human rights abuses were rife, and the movement became increasingly violent and out of control. Salwa Judum has also been accused of burning more than 600 villages, forcing 300,000 people to flee their homes. As the situation further escalated, Human Rights Watch reported atrocities on both sides and large-scale displacement of

900-482: The Gondi dialects are still inadequately recorded and described. The more important dialects are Dorla, Koya , Madiya , Muria , and Raj Gond. Some basic phonologic features separate the northwestern dialects from the southeastern. One is the treatment of the original initial s , which is preserved in northern and western Gondi, while farther to the south and east it has been changed to h ; in some other dialects it has been lost completely. Other dialectal variations in

945-469: The Gondi language are the alteration of initial r with initial l and a change of e and o to a . In 2015, the ISO 639 code for the "Southern Gondi language", "ggo", was deprecated and split into two codes, Aheri Gondi (esg) and Adilabad Gondi (wsg). Gondi writing can be split into two categories: that using its own writing systems and that using writing systems also used for other languages. For lack of

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990-469: The Maoist rebels had altered their tactics. Operating in smaller groups, they now targeted Salwa Judum leaders and security personnel, ambushing them and stealing their weapons. Posters threatening Salwa Judum leaders continued to appear in villages across Dantewada and Bijapur districts . By mid-2008, however, Mahendra Karma announced that the movement would soon cease to exist. By the end of 2008, Salwa Judum

1035-646: The Maoist terrorists killed at least 75 Indian soldiers in a series of attacks on security convoys in Dantewada. In May 2010, the Naxals targeted the Special Police Officers traveling in a civilian bus, killing around 31, to 44, including several Special Police Officers and civilians. Dantewada is the worst affected Maoist region, but the students still managed to perform well in their high-school board examinations. In 2017, their pass percentage crossed 80 for

1080-678: The Maoists. In December 2008, replying to a petition filed with the Supreme Court, the state government acknowledged that Salwa Judum and security forces had burned houses and looted property. In an order, the Supreme Court mentioned that people take arms for survival and against inhuman implementation of law depriving the weak, and not senselessly. The court pointed out the importance of formalised state police actions, in ways that do not ignore constitutional values: "Given humanity's collective experience with unchecked power, which becomes its own principle and its practice its own raison d'etre, resulting in

1125-507: The civilian population. By early 2008, at least 100,000 civilians caught in the conflict between the Naxalites and Salwa Judum militia had fled to camps in southern Chhattisgarh or to neighbouring Andhra Pradesh. By mid-2008, that figure had grown to 150,000. Since the inception of the movement in 2005, over 800 people have been killed by the Naxalites and security forces. This includes 300 security personnel, of which SPO deaths total 98—one in 2005; 29 in 2006; 66 in 2007; and 20 in 2008. By 2008,

1170-461: The country. Chhattisgarh had trained a number of 'Special Police Officers' or SPOs (also commonly referred to as Koya Commandos), from amongst the tribespeople who were part of Salwa Judum. Bastar and Dantewada districts of Chhattisgarh have traditionally been sparsely populated and rich in natural resources, but also include some of the poorest tribal regions. The Naxalites progressively achieved influence and control over local tribespeople through

1215-440: The eventual dehumanisation of all people, the scouring of the earth by the unquenchable thirst for natural resources by imperialist powers, and the horrors of two World Wars, modern Constitutionalism posits that no wielder of power should be allowed to claim the right to perpetrate the state's violence against any one, much less its own citizens, unchecked by law, and notions of innate human dignity of every individual." Encouraged by

1260-589: The first time, making Dantewada the best performing district on the board exam. The average literacy rate of Dantewada (Dantewara) district is 42.12 percent. Dantewada received the Prime Minister's award for converting Palnar into a cashless village. After the November 8 demonetization of high-value notes, The then district collector Saurabh Kumar and his team managed to procure fiber and bandwidth from Essar Steel under its corporate social responsibility to create

1305-459: The form of armed auxiliary forces, District Reserve Groups, and other vigilante groups. On 5 July 2011, the Supreme Court of India , in a case filed by Nandini Sundar and others, declared the militia to be illegal and unconstitutional and ordered its disbanding. The court directed the Government of Chhattisgarh to recover all of its firearms, ammunition, and accessories. The use of Salwa Judum by

1350-605: The government for anti-Naxal operations was criticised for its violations of human rights and poorly trained youth acting in counter-insurgency roles. The court also ordered the government to investigate all instances of alleged criminal activities by Salwa Judum. On 25 May 2013, the group's founder, Mahendra Karma , who had become a senior Congress party leader, was killed in a Naxalite attack , along with other party members, in Darbha Valley of Chhattisgarh, 400 km south of Raipur and 50 km from Jagdalpur . Salwa Judum

1395-472: The government of India, and the erstwhile state became part of Bastar District of Madhya Pradesh state. Bastar District was divided into the districts of Bastar, Dantewada, and Kanker in 1998. In 2000, Dantewada was one of the 16 Madhya Pradesh districts that constituted the new state of Chhattisgarh . Dantewada was bifurcated in 2007, resulting in a new district Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh with four tehsils: Bijapur, Bhairamgarh, Usoor and Bhopalpatnam. It

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1440-741: The hand" Gondi has several case markers. Genitive case markers are -na , -va , -a . The given sample text is Article 1 from the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. सब् माने कुन् गौरव् अरु अधिकार् ना मांला ते जनंजात् सुतन्तर्ता अरु बराबर् ता हक् पुट्ताल। अवेन् भायि लेह्का माने मासि बेव्हार् कियाना आन्द। Sab māne kun gaurav aru adhikār nā māmlā tē janamjāt sutantartā aru barābar tā hak puṭtāla. Aven bhāyi lehkā māne māsi bevhār kiyānā ānda. Most of

1485-535: The highly positive results of the movement in the region, the government was planning to launch a people's movement in the insurgency-hit state of Manipur along similar lines. In 2006, Karnataka raised a similar force employing tribal youths to fight Naxalism in the state, as did Andhra Pradesh prior to it. Jharkhand is another state that has been successfully using SPOs to counter left-wing terrorists. However, Salwa Judum appears to have been abandoned in Chhattisgarh state, with Chief Minister Raman Singh describing

1530-521: The more prestigious dominant language and their children become monolingual in that language. Already in the 1970s, Gondi youth in places with increased contact with wider society had stopped speaking the language, seeing it as a relic of old times. The constant contact between speakers of Gondi and Indo-Aryan languages has resulted in massive Indo-Aryan borrowing in Gondi, found in vocabulary, grammar and syntax. In one survey in Anuppur district for instance, it

1575-687: The movement as "over", because it was counterproductive and "innocent people were being killed" Singh, however, said that a "peaceful campaign" to wean locals away from supporting Maoists would continue. On 25 May 2013, members of the Congress party running the Parivartan Yatra, projected as preparatory campaigning for the forthcoming state elections, travelling in a convoy of vehicles after addressing rallies in Sukma , were ambushed and killed by Naxalites. The deceased included Mahendra Karma , founder and leader of

1620-494: The outlawed and disbanded Salwa Judum; Vidya Charan Shukla , a prominent Congress state and ex-central minister; Nand Kumar Patel , president of the Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee; his son Dinesh Patel; and ex-MLA Uday Mudaliyar, while several others were injured, including ex-MLA Phulo Devi Netam. Shukla survived the attack and was airlifted to several hospitals before dying on 11 June 2013. In

1665-575: The police to recall all firearms issued to these men. There have been numerous reports that Salwa Judum recruited underage boys for its armed forces. A primary survey evaluated by the Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy determined that over 12,000 minors were being used by Salwa Judum in the southern district of Dantewada and that the Chhattisgarh government had recruited 4,200 SPOs, many of them easily identifiable as minors. The Asian Centre for Human Rights also found that Salwa Judum had engaged in

1710-464: The present-day, large communities of Gondi speakers can be found in southeastern Madhya Pradesh ( Betul , Chhindwara , Seoni , Balaghat , Mandla , Dindori and Jabalpur districts), eastern Maharashtra ( Amravati , Nagpur , Yavatmal , Chandrapur , Gadchiroli and Gondia districts), northern Telangana ( Adilabad , Komaram Bheem , and Bhadradi Kothagudem districts ), Bastar division of Chhattisgarh and Nabarangpur district of Odisha . This

1755-626: The recruitment of child soldiers . Similar recruitment findings were also reported in the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers 's "Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – India". Some human rights organisations, such as the People's Union for Civil Liberties , have made allegations against Salwa Judum. A fact-finding mission of the National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC), appointed by

1800-588: The state had signed mining agreements with the Tata and Essar groups and was eager to cleanse the region of Naxalites to permit mining operations to run smoothly. This was the beginning of police and military support for the movement. Mahendra Karma, a Congress Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) and the leader of the opposition in the State Legislative Assembly, became the public front and took

1845-519: Was formed in 2005 as a state-sponsored vigilante movement against the Naxalites , a far-left movement with Maoist ideology in some states in rural India that is designated by the government as a terrorist organisation on account of its violent activities. Salwa Judum later received bipartisan support from both the ruling and opposition parties. In 2008, Chhattisgarh state, along with neighbouring Jharkhand , accounted for over 65% of total Naxal violence in

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1890-401: Was found the dialect of Gondi spoken there, known as dehati bhasha ('rural language'), was actually a mixture of Hindi and Chhattisgarhi rather than Gondi. However, the survey also found younger Gonds had a positive attitude towards speaking Gondi and saving the language from extinction. Another survey from areas throughout the Gond region found younger Gonds felt developing their mother tongue

1935-464: Was further bifurcated in 2012, resulting in another new district, Sukma , with three tehsils: Chhindgarh , Sukma and Konta . In Ramayana this region considered as Dandakaranya . The district is currently a part of the Red Corridor . Over the last year, more than 350 people have been killed and 50,000 moved into camps in the Dantewada district, as a result of a Maoist uprising. In April 2010,

1980-614: Was less important, but there were still large numbers willing to help in its development. Some attempts at revitalization have included children's books and online videos. The origin of the name Gond, used by outsiders, is still uncertain. Some believe the word to derive from the Dravidian kond , meaning hill, similar to the Khonds of Odisha. Another theory, according to Vol. 3 of the Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life ,

2025-475: Was losing its hold in the region. The number of people living in camps dropped from 50,000 to 13,000, and public support dwindled. An NHRC report published in October 2008 stated that Salwa Judum had lost its earlier momentum and was now restricted to its 23 camps in the Dantewada and Bijapur districts of Chhattisgarh. The Chhattisgarh state police employed tribal youths as Special Police Officers (SPOs), essentially

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