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50-516: Giovanni (Ivan) Biagio Luppis Freiherr von Rammer (27 August 1813 – 11 January 1875), sometimes also known by the Croatian name of Vukić , was an officer of the Austro-Hungarian Navy who headed a commission to develop the first prototypes of the self-propelled torpedo . Giovanni Luppis (or Ivan Lupis) was born in the city of Rijeka (then Fiume) in 1813, which was at the time part of

100-548: A Freiherr is titled Freifrau (literally "free lady"), and the daughter of a Freiherr is called Freiin (short for Freiherrin ). Both titles are translated in English as "Baroness". In Prussia and some other countries in northern Europe, the title of Freiherr was, as long as the monarchy existed, usually used preceding a person's given name (e.g. Freiherr Hans von Schwarz ). In Austria-Hungary and Bavaria , however, it would be inserted between

150-406: A bicolor 100 forint coin was minted to replace the 1992 version, since the latter was considered too big and ugly, and could easily be mistaken for the 20 forint coin. Silver 200 forint coins were withdrawn in 1998 (as their nominal value was too low compared to their precious metal content); the 1 and 2 forint coins remained legal tender until 29 February 2008. For cash purchases, the total price

200-725: A German carrying an aristocratic title as part of his name is not allowed to carry this title in her name. The Federal Administrative Court ( Verwaltungsgerichtshof ) in a similar case asked the European Court of Justice whether this Austrian regulation would violate the right of the European Union ; the European Court of Justice did not object to the Austrian decision not to accept the words Fürstin von as part of an Austrian woman's name. The German republic, under Article 109 of

250-548: A barony (with some rights of taxation and jurisprudence), but such fiefs were only granted in the 16th and 17th centuries. Thereafter the "barony" was titular, usually in chief of some already-owned property, and sometimes that property was established as a fideicommiss . Their property tax exemption continued into the 20th century, being, however, diminished substantially by reforms of the 19th century. Hungarian forint The forint ( Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈforint] , sign Ft ; code HUF )

300-506: A clock mechanism as the engine for the propeller . The explosives were in the stern and were ignited through a pistol-like control, which in turn was activated through the bow, the sides or the mast. It had two rudders : one turned to the right, the other to the left, that were moved by ropes/wires from land. After numerous experiments, this design, marked '6 m', finally performed but not well enough. He nicknamed it 'Salvacoste', Italian for "Coastsaver". In 1860, after Luppis had retired from

350-505: A decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, their titles were nonetheless officially recognised. From 1806 the then independent German monarchies, such as Bavaria, Württemberg and Lippe could create their own nobility , including Freiherren (although the Elector of Brandenburg had, as king of the originally exclusively extraterritorial Prussia even before that date, arrogated to himself

400-449: A lord. A Freiherr sometimes exercised hereditary administrative and judicial prerogatives over those resident in his barony instead of the liege lord , who might be the duke ( Herzog ) or count ( Graf ). The German-language title of Freiherr is rendered in English as "Baron", although the title was derived separately in the two languages. Even in German, a Freiherr

450-552: A matter of courtesy to use them. The late Otto von Habsburg , in his childhood Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, was styled Otto Habsburg-Lothringen in his post-1919 Austrian passport, and Otto von Habsburg in his German passport (he was a Member of the European Parliament for Germany). In 2003, the Constitutional Court ( Verfassungsgerichtshof ) ruled that an Austrian woman having been adopted by

500-650: A mixture of the high demand for reparations from the USSR , Soviet plundering of Hungarian industries, and the holding of Hungary's gold reserves in the United States . The different parties in the government had different plans to solve this problem. To the Independent Smallholders' Party –which had won a large majority in the 1945 Hungarian parliamentary election –as well as the Social Democrats , outside support

550-423: A promising one, but in the first years of production there were not enough orders, so "Stabilimento" went through a crisis and went bankrupt in 1873. Whitehead then took it over and at the beginning of 1875 transformed it into a private company called 'Torpedo-Fabrik von Robert Whitehead'. Giovanni Luppis was given the noble title of Baron von Rammer ('the sinker') by Kaiser Franz Josef on 1 August 1869. He died in

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600-485: Is a corresponding salutation for a Freiherr . The title Freiherr derives from the historical situation in which an owner held free ( allodial ) title to his land, as opposed "unmittelbar" ("unintermediated"), or held without any intermediate feudal tenure; or unlike the ordinary baron, who was originally a knight ( Ritter ) in vassalage to a higher lord or sovereign, and unlike medieval German ministerials , who were bound to provide administrative services for

650-476: Is a possible nobiliary particle , such as von , and might or might not be used by those bearing them. Female forms of titles have been legally accepted as a variation in the surname after 1919 by a still valid decision of the former German High Court ( Reichsgericht ). The distinguishing main surname is the name, following the Freiherr, Freifrau or Freiin and, where applicable, the nobiliary particle – in

700-722: Is now rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 forint (to 0 or to 5). A new 200 forint coin made of base metal alloy was introduced in place of the 200 forint banknote on 15 June 2009. In 1946, 10 and 100 forint notes were introduced by the Hungarian National Bank . A new series of higher quality banknotes (in denominations of 10, 20 and 100 forints) were introduced in 1947 and 1948. 50 forint notes were added in 1953, 500 forint notes were introduced in 1970, followed by 1,000 forints in 1983, and 5,000 forints in 1991. A completely redesigned new series of banknotes in denominations of 200, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 5,000, 10,000 and 20,000 forints

750-607: Is often styled as and addressed by the more elegant, Latin equivalent "Baron" in social circumstances, although not the official title. Separately, in the 19th century some families of the Baltic German nobility who had historically carried the title of Freiherr were recognized by the Tsardom of Russia as noble in the form of ukases additionally awarding the equivalent Russian title of Baron . When in 1919 privileges to members of dynastic and noble families were abolished by

800-451: Is the currency of Hungary . It was formerly divided into 100 fillér , but fillér coins are no longer in circulation. The introduction of the forint on 1 August 1946 was a crucial step in the post- World War II stabilisation of the Hungarian economy , and the currency remained relatively stable until the 1980s. Transition to a market economy in the early 1990s adversely affected the value of

850-523: Is titled Friherreinde , and the daughters are formally addressed as Baronesse . With the first free Constitution of Denmark of 1849 came a complete abolition of the privileges of the nobility. Today titles are only of ceremonial interest in the circles around the monarchy of Denmark . In 1561, the Swedish king Eric XIV conferred the hereditary titles of count and vapaaherra ("baron") on some persons, not all of them nobles. This prerogative

900-403: The 1956 revolution (in 2006). The 200-forint banknote was withdrawn from circulation in 2009, as its value inflated over time. Also due to the embarrassment caused by the fact that the model of the portrait on the banknote, purported to be of King Charles Robert (of whom no authentic contemporary depictions survived), turned out to be of an acquaintance of the designer, the managing director of

950-513: The Illyrian Provinces , but soon passed back to Austria. His parents were Ferdinando Carlo, nobleman of Poreč and Vis , and Giovanna Parich ( Parić , Perić ), noble of Republic of Dubrovnik . Because of his mixed Italian-Croatian ancestry, his family was at different times also known as Vukić, a Croatianized variant of the name Lupis (both meaning "wolf"), and he himself is occasionally referred to as Ivan Vukić, especially by Croatians. In

1000-526: The Weimar Constitution of 1919, legally transformed all hereditary noble titles into dependent parts of the legal surname . The former title thus became a part of the family name, and moved in front of the family name. Freiherr Hans von Schwarz , as a German citizen, therefore became Hans Freiherr von Schwarz . As dependent parts of the surnames ( " nichtselbständige Namensbestandteile " ) they are ignored in alphabetical sorting of names, as

1050-535: The nobiliary particle of von or zu (sometimes both: von und zu ) before a family name. The inheritance of titles of nobility in most German-speaking areas was not restricted by primogeniture as is the baronial title in Britain. Hence, the titles applied equally to all male-line descendants of the original grantee in perpetuity: All legitimate sons of a Freiherr shared his title and rank, and could be referred to as Freiherr . The wife of

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1100-496: The 'salvacoste' further. After looking at Luppis's previous efforts Whitehead built a model but decided that the idea was not viable. Whitehead then significantly altered the previous designs and started to think about the problem of setting off explosive charges remotely below a ship's waterline, this being far more effective than above-water bombardment. Whitehead then made a device running under water and installed an engine running on compressed air, as well as automatic guidances for

1150-548: The 500 Ft banknote in 2019. In 2022 after Russia's invasion of Ukraine , the EUR-HUF exchange rate breached the 400 forints per 1 euro line for the first time, but rates at that level or higher lasted until the end of 2022. Some time later, the forint also depreciated against the US dollar, breaching the same line. The forint is still more than 400 forints per 1 euro in November 2024. Against

1200-569: The Navy, he managed to demonstrate the '6 m' design to the Emperor Franz Joseph , but the naval commission refused to accept it without better propulsion and control systems. In Fiume in 1864, the future mayor Giovanni de Ciotta introduced Luppis to the British machine engineer Robert Whitehead , manager of the local factory "Stabilimento Tecnico Fiumano", with whom he signed a contract to develop

1250-513: The Realm's Herredag , later Riddarhuset . In 1561, King Eric XIV began to grant some noblemen the titles of count ( greve ) or baron ( friherre ). The family members of a friherre were entitled to the same title, which in time became Baron or Baronessa colloquially: thus a person who formally is a friherre now might use the title of "Baron" before his name, and he might also be spoken of as "a baron". However, after

1300-541: The borough ( frazione ) of Torriggia , in the municipality of Laglio , near Como on 11 January 1875. Freiherr It corresponds approximately to the English baron in rank. The Duden orthography of the German language references the French nobility title of Baron , deriving from the Latin-Germanic combination liber baro (which also means "free lord"), as corresponding to the German "Freiherr"; and that Baron

1350-406: The change of constitution in 1809, newly created baronships in principle conferred the dignity only in primogeniture. In the now valid Swedish Instrument of Government (1974) , the possibility to create nobility is eliminated; and since the beginning of the twenty-first century, noble dignities have passed from the official sphere to the private. In Denmark and Norway , the title of Friherre

1400-726: The city of Fiume, Giovanni Luppis's family has been powerful shipowners. Luppis attended a gymnasium in Fiume and the Collegio di marina , the Austrian naval academy in Venice . Then he married a noblewoman, the Baroness Elisa de Zotti. He served in the Venezianisch-Österreichische Kriegsmarine (after 1849 K.u.K Kriegsmarine ) and rose up the ranks to the position of Frigate Captain ( Fregattenkapitan ). In 1848/1849 he

1450-638: The common size of 154 mm × 70 mm (6.1 in × 2.8 in). The banknotes are printed by the Hungarian Banknote Printing Corp. in Budapest on paper manufactured by the Diósgyőr Papermill in Miskolc . Commemorative banknotes have also been issued: 1,000 and 2,000 forint notes to commemorate the millennium (in 2000) and a 500-forint note to commemorate the 50th anniversary of

1500-482: The constitution of the Weimar Republic and hence titles became part of the last name some members of the affected families chose to be officially named Freiherr while others preferred Baron to emphasize their Baltic-German heritage. This is why members of the same family can have different official last names. The original distinction from other barons was that a Freiherr ' s landed property

1550-475: The corresponding decree of the state government. The public use of such titles was and still is prohibited, and violations could be fined. Hans Freiherr von Schwarz , as an Austrian citizen, therefore lost his title of Freiherr von and would simply be named as Hans Schwarz in his Austrian passport. In practice, however, former noble titles are still used socially in Austria; some people consider it

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1600-404: The current government there is no target date for adopting the euro. The forint's name comes from the city of Florence , where gold coins called fiorino d'oro were minted from 1252. In Hungary, the florentinus (later forint ), also a gold-based currency, was used from 1325 under Charles Robert , with several other countries following Hungary's example. Between 1868 and 1892, the forint

1650-488: The depth and direction. On 21 December 1866 the first automobile torpedo, now named Minenschiff , was officially demonstrated in front of the Austro-Hungarian State Naval Commission for evaluation. This model was 355 mm in diameter and 3.35 m in length, weighing 136 kg with 8 kg of explosives. The naval commission accepted it, and subsequently on 6 March 1867 the government contracted

1700-504: The forint; inflation peaked at 35% in 1991. Between 2001 and 2022, inflation was in single digits, and the forint has been declared fully convertible . In May 2022, inflation reached 10.7% amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine and economic uncertainty. As a member of the European Union , the long-term aim of the Hungarian government may be to replace the forint with the euro , although under

1750-540: The given name and the family name (e.g. Hans Freiherr von Schwarz ). After the First World War , the monarchies were abolished in most German-speaking areas of Europe, and the nobility lost recognition as a legal class in the newly created republics of Germany and Austria . The Republic of Austria abolished hereditary noble titles for its citizens by the Adelsaufhebungsgesetz of 3 April 1919 and

1800-452: The inventors for a test production and agreed to pay all the production costs. Whitehead retained the copyrights and even negotiated a new contract with Luppis. This however gave Whitehead full control of all future sales. On 27 May 1867, the navy paid 200,000 forints in royalties to the inventor (Fiume being located in the Hungarian part of the Empire). The invention was generally regarded as

1850-471: The next year; later it was withdrawn from circulation. Five and 50 fillérs coins were issued in 1948. In 1967, a 5 forint coin was reintroduced, followed by a 10 forint in 1971 and 20 forint in 1982. In 1992, a new series of coins was introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and (a somewhat different, 500 ‰ silver) 200 forint. Production of the 2 and 5 fillér coins ceased in 1992, with all fillér coins withdrawn from circulation by 1999. From 1996,

1900-404: The possession of Capt. Giovanni Luppis. He envisioned a floating device for destroying ships that would be unmanned and controlled from land, while the explosive charges would detonate at the moment of impact. His first prototype was one metre long, had glass wings, and was controlled via long ropes from the coast. It didn't succeed due to it being too cumbersome. The second model was built with

1950-617: The preceding example, the main surname is Schwarz and so alphabetically is listed under "S" . Similar titles have been seen in parts of Europe that have historically been dominated by Germany (in the cultural sense): the Baltic States, Austria–Hungary, Sweden, Finland and to some extent in Denmark–Norway. From the Middle Ages onward, each head of a Swedish noble house was entitled to vote in any provincial council when held, as in

2000-582: The prerogative of ennoblement ). Some of the older baronial families began to use Reichsfreiherr in formal contexts to distinguish themselves from the new classes of barons created by monarchs of lesser stature than the Holy Roman Emperors, and this usage is far from obsolete. As with most titles and designations within the nobility in the German-speaking areas of Europe, the rank was normally hereditary and would generally be used together with

2050-477: The security company that supplied the banknote printing company. The banknote was replaced by a bimetallic 200-forint coin featuring the iconic Széchenyi Chain Bridge . Forgery of forint banknotes is not significant. However, forged 20,000 forint notes printed on the paper of 2,000 forint notes after dissolving the original ink might come up and are not easy to recognize. Another denomination preferred by counterfeiters

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2100-546: Was allodial instead of a fief . Barons who received their title from the Holy Roman Emperor are sometimes known as "Barons of the Holy Roman Empire" ( Reichsfreiherren ), in order to distinguish them from other barons, although the title as such was simply Freiherr . After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Reichsfreiherren did not belong to the noble hierarchy of any realm, but by

2150-506: Was an officer on the ships that blockaded Venice . About the middle in the 18th century, an officer of the Austrian Marine Artillery conceived the idea of employing a small boat carrying a large charge of explosives, powered by a steam or an air engine and remotely steered by cable to be used against enemy ships. Upon his death, before he had perfected his invention or made it public, the papers of this anonymous officer came into

2200-640: Was confirmed in the constitutional arrangements of 1625. All family members of vapaaherra (baronial) families were entitled to that same title, which in practice, came to mean that they were addressed as Paroni or Paronitar . The Finnish nobility shares most of its origins with Swedish nobility . In the beginning, they were all without honorific titulature, and known just as "lords". In subsequent centuries, while Finland remained an autonomous grand duchy , many families were raised in rank as counts, vapaaherra s, or as untitled nobles. Theoretically, all created vapaaherra families were given

2250-406: Was defined on the basis of 1 kilogram of fine gold being 13,210 Ft (or 1 Ft = 75.7 mg fine gold). Therefore, given that gold was fixed at £8 8s (£8.40 in modern decimal notation) sterling per troy ounce, one pound sterling was at that time worth about 49 forint. In 1946, coins were introduced in denominations of 2, 10, 20 fillérs and 1, 2, 5 forints. The silver 5 forint coin was reissued only in

2300-639: Was essential. However, the Soviet Union and its local supporters in the Hungarian Communist Party were opposed to raising loans in the West, and thus the Communist Party masterminded the procedure using exclusively domestic resources. The Communist plan called for tight limits on personal spending, as well as the concentration of existing stocks in state hands. When the forint was introduced, its value

2350-454: Was introduced gradually between 1997 and 2001. Each banknote depicts a famous Hungarian leader or politician on the obverse and a place or event related to him on the reverse. All of the banknotes are watermarked , contain an embedded vertical security strip, an invisible ink design and are suitable for visually impaired people. The 1,000 forints and higher denominations are protected by an interwoven holographic security strip. The notes share

2400-480: Was of equal rank to that of Baron, which has gradually replaced it. It was instituted on 25 May 1671 with Christian V 's Friherre privileges. Today only a few Danish noble families use the title of Friherre and most of those are based in Sweden, where that version of the title is still more commonly used; a Danish Friherre generally is addressed as "Baron". The wife of a Danish or Norwegian Friherre

2450-432: Was the 1,000 forint note until improved security features were added in 2006. Worn banknotes no longer fit for circulation are withdrawn, destroyed and turned into briquettes which are donated to public benefit (charitable) organizations to be used as heating fuel. In 2014, a new revised version of the 1997 banknote series was gradually put into circulation beginning with the 10,000 Ft banknote in 2014 and completed with

2500-517: Was the name used in Hungarian for the currency of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , known in German as the Gulden . It was subdivided into 100 krajczár ( krajcár in modern Hungarian orthography; cf German Kreuzer ). The forint was reintroduced on 1 August 1946, after the pengő was rendered worthless by massive hyperinflation in 1945–46, the highest ever recorded. This was brought about by

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