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69-578: Salo or Salò may refer to: Places [ edit ] Finland [ edit ] Salo, Finland , a town in Western Finland Salo sub-region , a subdivision of Finland Proper and one of the Sub-regions of Finland since 2009 An old name of Saloinen , a former municipality in Ostrobothnia Other places [ edit ] Salò ,

138-428: A "type area" illustrating the effects of post-glacial rebound and the holocene glacial retreat . In several other Nordic ports, like Tornio and Pori (formerly at Ulvila ), the harbour has had to be relocated several times. Place names in the coastal regions also illustrate the rising land: there are inland places named 'island', 'skerry', 'rock', 'point' and 'sound'. For example, Oulunsalo "island of Oulujoki "

207-684: A Thai musical instrument Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom , a 1975 film by Pier Paolo Pasolini Salo, a character in The Sirens of Titan by Kurt Vonnegut Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Salo . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salo&oldid=1175760398 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

276-426: A long enough time. Thus, the observations of postglacial rebound provide a natural experiment to measure mantle rheology. Modelling of glacial isostatic adjustment addresses the question of how viscosity changes in the radial and lateral directions and whether the flow law is linear, nonlinear, or composite rheology. Mantle viscosity may additionally be estimated using seismic tomography , where seismic velocity

345-472: A manufacturing plant in the town. However, the plant was closed in 2015, resulting in high unemployment rates. Salo is the birthplace of the former president of Finland Sauli Niinistö . Salo has existed as a centre of rural commerce since at least the 16th century, emerging in the location where the Great Coastal Road, the important East-West road, crossed River Salo; the river provided the fairway to

414-469: A migrant background living in Salo, or 8.6% of the population. The number of residents who were born abroad was 4,107, or 8.0% of the population. The number of persons with foreign citizenship living in Salo was 3,055. Most foreign-born citizens came from the former Soviet Union , Estonia , Sweden and Iraq . The relative share of immigrants in Salo's population is slightly below the national average. However,

483-484: A negative impact on the town with unemployment rising. In 2010 Nokia accounted for 95% of the town's corporate tax income, amounting to €60 million, but this dropped to just €14 million by 2012. By the end of the year Salo no longer produced hardware and became a research and development centre. After the centre was in the hands of Microsoft Mobile , layoffs continued and eventually in June 2015 Microsoft announced

552-920: A town in Lombardy, Italy Salò Republic , a puppet state of Nazi Germany Salo Township, Aitkin County, Minnesota , a township in Minnesota, U.S. Salo, the Latin name for the modern Jalón river in Spain Salo, Central African Republic , a village in Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture People [ edit ] Salo (surname) Salo (given name) Salo (footballer) (born 1998), Portuguese footballer Other [ edit ] Salo (food) , salted unrendered pork fat, popular in Eastern Europe Salo (instrument) ,

621-407: Is colatitude and λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is longitude , t {\displaystyle t} is time, ρ i {\displaystyle \rho _{i}} and ρ w {\displaystyle \rho _{w}} are the densities of ice and water, respectively, γ {\displaystyle \gamma }

690-447: Is a peninsula, with inland names such as Koivukari "Birch Rock", Santaniemi "Sandy Cape", and Salmioja "the brook of the Sound". (Compare [1] and [2] .) In Great Britain , glaciation affected Scotland but not southern England , and the post-glacial rebound of northern Great Britain (up to 10 cm per century) is causing a corresponding downward movement of the southern half of

759-659: Is a reference surface for altitude measurement and plays vital roles in many human activities, including land surveying and construction of buildings and bridges. Since postglacial rebound continuously deforms the crustal surface and the gravitational field, the vertical datum needs to be redefined repeatedly through time. According to the theory of plate tectonics , plate-plate interaction results in earthquakes near plate boundaries. However, large earthquakes are found in intraplate environments like eastern Canada (up to M7) and northern Europe (up to M5) which are far away from present-day plate boundaries. An important intraplate earthquake

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828-580: Is also monitored by a GPS network called BIFROST. Results of GPS data show a peak rate of about 11 mm/year in the north part of the Gulf of Bothnia , but this uplift rate decreases away and becomes negative outside the former ice margin. In the near field outside the former ice margin, the land sinks relative to the sea. This is the case along the east coast of the United States, where ancient beaches are found submerged below present day sea level and Florida

897-434: Is believed that Salo originally referred to an island located south of the current town over a thousand years ago, which is now a hill due to post-glacial rebound , and not even close to the sea today. Salo is a small city located between the capital Helsinki (114 kilometres (71 mi) away) and the provincial capital Turku (52 kilometres (32 mi) away). The city's proximity to these larger cities has contributed to

966-528: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Salo, Finland Salo ( Finnish pronunciation: [ˈsɑlo] ) is a town in Finland , located in the southwestern interior of the country. The population of Salo is approximately 51,000, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 59,000. It is the 20th most populous municipality in Finland, and

1035-408: Is due to the gravitational attraction between the mass of the melted water and the other masses, such as remaining ice sheets, glaciers, water masses and mantle rocks and the changes in centrifugal potential due to Earth's variable rotation. Accompanying vertical motion is the horizontal motion of the crust. The BIFROST GPS network shows that the motion diverges from the centre of rebound. However,

1104-539: Is due to the tendency towards the restoration of isostatic equilibrium (as in the case of isostasy of mountains). Unfortunately, that term gives the wrong impression that isostatic equilibrium is somehow reached, so by appending "adjustment" at the end, the motion of restoration is emphasized. Post-glacial rebound produces measurable effects on vertical crustal motion, global sea levels, horizontal crustal motion, gravity field, Earth's rotation, crustal stress, and earthquakes. Studies of glacial rebound give us information about

1173-583: Is expected to be submerged in the future. GPS data in North America also confirms that land uplift becomes subsidence outside the former ice margin. To form the ice sheets of the last Ice Age, water from the oceans evaporated, condensed as snow and was deposited as ice in high latitudes. Thus global sea level fell during glaciation. The ice sheets at the last glacial maximum were so massive that global sea level fell by about 120 metres. Thus continental shelves were exposed and many islands became connected with

1242-410: Is important in monitoring recent global warming. One of the possible impacts of global warming-triggered rebound may be more volcanic activity in previously ice-capped areas such as Iceland and Greenland. It may also trigger intraplate earthquakes near the ice margins of Greenland and Antarctica. Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in

1311-461: Is in recognition that the response of the Earth to glacial loading and unloading is not limited to the upward rebound movement, but also involves downward land movement, horizontal crustal motion, changes in global sea levels and the Earth's gravity field, induced earthquakes, and changes in the Earth's rotation. Another alternate term is "glacial isostasy", because the uplift near the centre of rebound

1380-458: Is one of the leading factors. Mass changes of ice sheets can be monitored by measuring changes in the ice surface height, the deformation of the ground below and the changes in the gravity field over the ice sheet. Thus ICESat , GPS and GRACE satellite mission are useful for such purpose. However, glacial isostatic adjustment of the ice sheets affect ground deformation and the gravity field today. Thus understanding glacial isostatic adjustment

1449-457: Is the ice thickness variation, S E = S E ( t ) {\displaystyle S^{E}=S^{E}(t)} represents the eustatic term (i.e. the ocean–averaged value of S {\displaystyle S} ), ⊗ i {\displaystyle \otimes _{i}} and ⊗ o {\displaystyle \otimes _{o}} denote spatio-temporal convolutions over

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1518-480: Is the reference surface gravity, G s = G s ( h , k ) {\displaystyle G_{s}=G_{s}(h,k)} is the sea–level Green's function (dependent upon the h {\displaystyle h} and k {\displaystyle k} viscoelastic load–deformation coefficients - LDCs), I = I ( θ , λ , t ) {\displaystyle I=I(\theta ,\lambda ,t)}

1587-442: Is used as a proxy observable. Ice thickness histories are useful in the study of paleoclimatology , glaciology and paleo-oceanography. Ice thickness histories are traditionally deduced from the three types of information: First, the sea level data at stable sites far away from the centers of deglaciation give an estimate of how much water entered the oceans or equivalently how much ice was locked up at glacial maximum. Secondly,

1656-413: The gravity field , which is sensitive to all mass on the surface and within the Earth, is affected by the redistribution of ice/melted water on the surface of the Earth and the flow of mantle rocks within. Today, more than 6000 years after the last deglaciation terminated, the flow of mantle material back to the glaciated area causes the overall shape of the Earth to become less oblate . This change in

1725-530: The viscoelastic mantle material to flow away from the loaded region. At the end of each glacial period when the glaciers retreated, the removal of this weight led to slow (and still ongoing) uplift or rebound of the land and the return flow of mantle material back under the deglaciated area. Due to the extreme viscosity of the mantle, it will take many thousands of years for the land to reach an equilibrium level. The uplift has taken place in two distinct stages. The initial uplift following deglaciation

1794-529: The "average height" over a thousand years or so. Glacial isostatic adjustment also plays an important role in understanding recent global warming and climate change. Before the eighteenth century, it was thought, in Sweden , that sea levels were falling. On the initiative of Anders Celsius a number of marks were made in rock on different locations along the Swedish coast. In 1765 it was possible to conclude that it

1863-400: The "new land" is legally the property of the owner of the water area, not any land owners on the shore. Therefore, if the owner of the land wishes to build a pier over the "new land", they need the permission of the owner of the (former) water area. The landowner of the shore may redeem the new land at market price. Usually the owner of the water area is the partition unit of the landowners of

1932-527: The 24th most populous urban area in the country. Salo is located in the Southwest Finland . Salo covers an area of 2,168.30 square kilometres (837.19 sq mi) of which 181.78 km (70.19 sq mi) is water. The population density is 25.61/km (66.3/sq mi). The municipality is unilingually Finnish . The name Salo means woodland, backwoods, but also a wooded island in Finnish. It

2001-550: The Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it. The speed and amount of postglacial rebound is determined by two factors: the viscosity or rheology (i.e., the flow) of the mantle, and the ice loading and unloading histories on

2070-614: The Finish 1st Division Korisliiga . It plays its home games in the Salohalli . The most important orienteering club is Angelniemen Ankkuri , which organizes the Halikko relay every autumn. European route E18 runs through Salo, passing the city center a few kilometers North, but the national road 52 between Raseborg and Somero goes through the city center. The " Coastal Railway " from Helsinki to Turku and further to Turku Harbour crosses

2139-447: The SLE reads where S {\displaystyle S} is the sea–level change, N {\displaystyle N} is the sea surface variation as seen from Earth's center of mass, and U {\displaystyle U} is vertical displacement. In a more explicit form the SLE can be written as follow: where θ {\displaystyle \theta }

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2208-466: The addition of melted ice water from glaciers and ice sheets, recent sea level changes are affected by the thermal expansion of sea water due to global warming, sea level change due to deglaciation of the last glacial maximum (postglacial sea level change), deformation of the land and ocean floor and other factors. Thus, to understand global warming from sea level change, one must be able to separate all these factors, especially postglacial rebound, since it

2277-432: The beginning of 2009. Salo is also a popular last name in Finland. The city of Salo has 50,890 inhabitants, making it the 20th most populous municipality in Finland . The Salo region has a population of 59,329. In Salo, 8.6% of the population has a foreign background, which is slightly below the national average. Population by mother tongue (2023) Salo is a monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality. The majority of

2346-480: The city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years. In 2023, the Evangelical Lutheran Church was the largest religious group with 70.4% of the population of Salo. Other religious groups accounted for 1.8% of the population. 27.8% of the population had no religious affiliation. Salo was well known in Finland and around

2415-401: The closure of the plant, putting the jobs of the 1,100 employees at risk. By this time Salo's unemployment rate was 15%, and the layoffs could push that further to 20%. Solidarity was expressed by some Finnish politicians after Salo's decline, which also came amid Finland's slow post-2008 crisis economy. The city is home to the professional basketball team Salon Vilpas Vikings , which plays in

2484-505: The common signatures of the Ice Age . In addition, post-glacial rebound has caused numerous significant changes to coastlines and landscapes over the last several thousand years, and the effects continue to be significant. In Sweden , Lake Mälaren was formerly an arm of the Baltic Sea , but uplift eventually cut it off and led to its becoming a freshwater lake in about the 12th century, at

2553-536: The continents through dry land. This was the case between the British Isles and Europe ( Doggerland ), or between Taiwan, the Indonesian islands and Asia ( Sundaland ). A land bridge also existed between Siberia and Alaska that allowed the migration of people and animals during the last glacial maximum. The fall in sea level also affects the circulation of ocean currents and thus has important impact on climate during

2622-407: The country is growing by about seven square kilometers per year. Studies suggest that rebound will continue for at least another 10,000 years. The total uplift from the end of deglaciation depends on the local ice load and could be several hundred metres near the centre of rebound. Recently, the term "post-glacial rebound" is gradually being replaced by the term "glacial isostatic adjustment". This

2691-553: The direction of seafloor spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . This shows that the stress due to postglacial rebound had played an important role at deglacial time, but has gradually relaxed so that tectonic stress has become more dominant today. According to the Mohr–Coulomb theory of rock failure, large glacial loads generally suppress earthquakes, but rapid deglaciation promotes earthquakes. According to Wu & Hasagawa,

2760-491: The flow law of mantle rocks, which is important to the study of mantle convection, plate tectonics and the thermal evolution of the Earth. It also gives insight into past ice sheet history, which is important to glaciology , paleoclimate , and changes in global sea level. Understanding postglacial rebound is also important to our ability to monitor recent global change. Erratic boulders , U-shaped valleys , drumlins , eskers , kettle lakes , bedrock striations are among

2829-429: The future, and thus is important for water resource management planning. In Sweden Lake Sommen 's outlet in the northwest has a rebound of 2.36 mm/a while in the eastern Svanaviken it is 2.05 mm/a. This means the lake is being slowly tilted and the southeastern shores drowned. Ice, water, and mantle rocks have mass , and as they move around, they exert a gravitational pull on other masses towards them. Thus,

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2898-407: The glacial maximum. During deglaciation, the melted ice water returns to the oceans, thus sea level in the ocean increases again. However, geological records of sea level changes show that the redistribution of the melted ice water is not the same everywhere in the oceans. In other words, depending upon the location, the rise in sea level at a certain site may be more than that at another site. This

2967-479: The growth of Salo's business sector. Additionally, farming plays a significant role in the area. Salo shares borders with Koski Tl , Lohja , Kimitoön , Marttila , Paimio , Raseborg , Sauvo and Somero . Salo is also twinned with Saint Anthony Village in Minnesota . Salo was previously recognised for its significant consumer electronics and mobile phone industry. Nokia , and briefly Microsoft Mobile , operated

3036-449: The heights of ancient beaches in the sea level data and observed land uplift rates (e.g. from GPS or VLBI ) can be used to constrain local ice thickness. A popular ice model deduced this way is the ICE5G model. Because the response of the Earth to changes in ice height is slow, it cannot record rapid fluctuation or surges of ice sheets, thus the ice sheet profiles deduced this way only gives

3105-514: The intraplate earthquakes in eastern Canada and may have played some role in triggering earthquakes in the eastern US including the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811 . The situation in northern Europe today is complicated by the current tectonic activities nearby and by coastal loading and weakening. Increasing pressure due to the weight of the ice during glaciation may have suppressed melt generation and volcanic activities below Iceland and Greenland. On

3174-402: The island (up to 5 cm per century). This will eventually lead to an increased risk of floods in southern England and south-western Ireland. Since the glacial isostatic adjustment process causes the land to move relative to the sea, ancient shorelines are found to lie above present day sea level in areas that were once glaciated. On the other hand, places in the peripheral bulge area which

3243-413: The lakes gradually tilt away from the direction of the former ice maximum, such that lake shores on the side of the maximum (typically north) recede and the opposite (southern) shores sink. This causes the formation of new rapids and rivers. For example, Lake Pielinen in Finland, which is large (90 x 30 km) and oriented perpendicularly to the former ice margin, originally drained through an outlet in

3312-412: The largest horizontal velocity is found near the former ice margin. The situation in North America is less certain; this is due to the sparse distribution of GPS stations in northern Canada, which is rather inaccessible. The combination of horizontal and vertical motion changes the tilt of the surface. That is, locations farther north rise faster, an effect that becomes apparent in lakes. The bottoms of

3381-416: The location and dates of terminal moraines tell us the areal extent and retreat of past ice sheets. Physics of glaciers gives us the theoretical profile of ice sheets at equilibrium, it also says that the thickness and horizontal extent of equilibrium ice sheets are closely related to the basal condition of the ice sheets. Thus the volume of ice locked up is proportional to their instantaneous area. Finally,

3450-476: The middle of the lake near Nunnanlahti to Lake Höytiäinen . The change of tilt caused Pielinen to burst through the Uimaharju esker at the southwestern end of the lake, creating a new river ( Pielisjoki ) that runs to the sea via Lake Pyhäselkä to Lake Saimaa . The effects are similar to that concerning seashores, but occur above sea level. Tilting of land will also affect the flow of water in lakes and rivers in

3519-442: The ocean tides. In the words of Wu and Peltier, the solution of the SLE yields the space– and time–dependent change of ocean bathymetry which is required to keep the gravitational potential of the sea surface constant for a specific deglaciation chronology and viscoelastic earth model. The SLE theory was then developed by other authors as Mitrovica & Peltier, Mitrovica et al. and Spada & Stocchi. In its simplest form,

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3588-587: The other hand, decreasing pressure due to deglaciation can increase the melt production and volcanic activities by 20-30 times. Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise. Therefore, monitoring sea level rise and the mass balance of ice sheets and glaciers allows people to understand more about global warming. Recent rise in sea levels has been monitored by tide gauges and satellite altimetry (e.g. TOPEX/Poseidon ). As well as

3657-600: The population – 46,239 people or 90.5% – speak Finnish as their first language. In Salo, 588 people, or 1.2% of the population, speak Swedish . 8.4% of the population of Salo have a mother tongue other than Finnish or Swedish. As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional Bilingualism or Trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon. At least 30 different languages are spoken in Salo. The most common foreign languages are Russian (1.8%), Estonian (1.4%), Ukrainian (1.2%) and Kurdish (0.6%). As of 2023 , there were 4,401 persons with

3726-502: The present day villages on the west coast set back unexpectedly far from the shore. These effects are quite dramatic at the village of Alby , for example, where the Iron Age inhabitants were known to subsist on substantial coastal fishing. As a result of post-glacial rebound, the Gulf of Bothnia is predicted to eventually close up at Kvarken in more than 2,000 years. The Kvarken is a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site , selected as

3795-435: The rebound stress that is available to trigger earthquakes today is of the order of 1 MPa. This stress level is not large enough to rupture intact rocks but is large enough to reactivate pre-existing faults that are close to failure. Thus, both postglacial rebound and past tectonics play important roles in today's intraplate earthquakes in eastern Canada and southeast US. Generally postglacial rebound stress could have triggered

3864-553: The sea. In 1887 Salo officially became a market town and, in the beginning of 1891, an independent Municipality. The area of the municipality was initially very small, only 0.65 km . In 1932 it grew to 18 km when areas from neighbouring Uskela and Halikko were annexed to Salo. Eventually Salo became a town in 1960. The municipality of Uskela was consolidated with Salo 1967. The municipalities of Halikko , Kiikala , Kisko , Kuusjoki , Muurla , Perniö , Pertteli , Suomusjärvi and Särkisalo were consolidated with Salo in

3933-454: The shores, a collective holding corporation. The sea-level equation ( SLE ) is a linear integral equation that describes the sea-level variations associated with the PGR. The basic idea of the SLE dates back to 1888, when Woodward published his pioneering work on the form and position of mean sea level , and only later has been refined by Platzman and Farrell in the context of the study of

4002-420: The state of stress at any location continuously changes in time. The changes in the orientation of the state of stress is recorded in the postglacial faults in southeastern Canada. When the postglacial faults formed at the end of deglaciation 9000 years ago, the horizontal principal stress orientation was almost perpendicular to the former ice margin, but today the orientation is in the northeast–southwest, along

4071-441: The surface of Earth. The viscosity of the mantle is important in understanding mantle convection , plate tectonics , the dynamical processes in Earth, and the thermal state and thermal evolution of Earth. However viscosity is difficult to observe because creep experiments of mantle rocks at natural strain rates would take thousands of years to observe and the ambient temperature and pressure conditions are not easy to attain for

4140-464: The time when Stockholm was founded at its outlet . Marine seashells found in Lake Ontario sediments imply a similar event in prehistoric times. Other pronounced effects can be seen on the island of Öland , Sweden, which has little topographic relief due to the presence of the very level Stora Alvaret . The rising land has caused the Iron Age settlement area to recede from the Baltic Sea , making

4209-481: The topography of Earth's surface affects the long-wavelength components of the gravity field. The changing gravity field can be detected by repeated land measurements with absolute gravimeters and recently by the GRACE satellite mission. The change in long-wavelength components of Earth's gravity field also perturbs the orbital motion of satellites and has been detected by LAGEOS satellite motion. The vertical datum

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4278-505: The town center; all InterCity trains and most of the high-speed Pendolino trains stop at Salo railway station. The closest airports are Turku Airport (limited number of domestic and international flights) and Helsinki-Vantaa Airport . In 2016, the city of Salo signed a letter of intent with Los Angeles-based company Virgin Hyperloop One to launch a project to build a 50 km long Hyperloop tube between Salo and Turku. In recent years,

4347-544: The town of Salo has become known for the popular Kurpitsaviikot ("Pumpkin Weeks"), which are organized in Halikko in every autumn. At the local field, thousands of different sizes pumpkins and carved jack-o'-lanterns are presented to Tourists. The event celebrating Halloween culture has gathered audiences from all over Finland , from Hanko to Ivalo , and for example, the event organized in 2020 had as many as 100,000 visitors. The event has also been noticed abroad, all

4416-495: The way to North America. Salo has eight Sister cities : Post-glacial rebound During the last glacial period , much of northern Europe , Asia , North America , Greenland and Antarctica were covered by ice sheets , which reached up to three kilometres thick during the glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago. The enormous weight of this ice caused the surface of the Earth 's crust to deform and warp downward, forcing

4485-477: The world for its large mobile phone factory operated by Nokia . Nokia first started producing mobile phones in Salo in 1981. A new plant, 15,000 square metres, opened in June 1995. By this time 1,200 people were employed there, and it exported products to 70 countries as of 1995. As of 2008, 5,000 people were employed at the plant. In 2012 amid heavy financial losses, Nokia laid off a third of Salo's 3,500 workforce and gradually shifted manufacturing to Asia. It had

4554-511: Was almost immediate due to the elastic response of the crust as the ice load was removed. After this elastic phase, uplift proceeded by slow viscous flow at an exponentially decreasing rate. Today, typical uplift rates are of the order of 1 cm/year or less. In northern Europe, this is clearly shown by the GPS data obtained by the BIFROST GPS network; for example in Finland , the total area of

4623-490: Was not a lowering of sea levels but an uneven rise of land. In 1865 Thomas Jamieson came up with a theory that the rise of land was connected with the ice age that had been first discovered in 1837. The theory was accepted after investigations by Gerard De Geer of old shorelines in Scandinavia published in 1890. In areas where the rising of land is seen, it is necessary to define the exact limits of property. In Finland,

4692-422: Was the magnitude 8 New Madrid earthquake that occurred in mid-continental US in the year 1811. Glacial loads provided more than 30 MPa of vertical stress in northern Canada and more than 20 MPa in northern Europe during glacial maximum. This vertical stress is supported by the mantle and the flexure of the lithosphere . Since the mantle and the lithosphere continuously respond to the changing ice and water loads,

4761-418: Was uplifted during glaciation now begins to subside. Therefore, ancient beaches are found below present day sea level in the bulge area. The "relative sea level data", which consists of height and age measurements of the ancient beaches around the world, tells us that glacial isostatic adjustment proceeded at a higher rate near the end of deglaciation than today. The present-day uplift motion in northern Europe

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