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54-571: Salem Tavern is a historic museum property at 800 South Main Street in the Old Salem Historic District in Winston-Salem , Forsyth County, North Carolina . It was a tavern in the 18th-century town of Salem, which is now part of Winston-Salem . The tavern is owned by Old Salem Museums & Gardens and open as an Old Salem tour building to visitors. Built in 1784 and enlarged in 1815, it was

108-608: A different relationship with the Savior. Zinzendorf was consecrated a bishop at Berlin on 20 May 1737 by Bishops David Nitschmann der Bischof and Daniel Ernst Jablonski . In 1732, the community began sending out missionaries among slaves in the Danish -governed West Indies and the Inuit of Greenland . Zinzendorf's personal and familial relation to the court of Denmark and to King Christian VI facilitated such endeavors. He saw with delight

162-505: A host of restored homes and shops and several stores including Traugott Bagge Merchant and the Moravian Book and Gift Shop. Of note is the St. Philip's Moravian Church complex. The site of God's Acre , an 18th-century graveyard, the (now reconstructed) 1823 'Negro Church' was built following a congregational vote to segregate worship in accordance with North Carolina state law in 1816. Before that

216-442: A marriage are sinless. The doctrines of this were especially given out to the married couples of the congregation in the count's speeches, notably in his 1747 edited: "Oeffentliche Gemeinreden", 2. Vols., and in the 1755 at Frankfurt and Leipzig published (by a local Saxon clergyman who had got hold of the manuscript): "Haupt-Schlüssel zum herrnhutischen Ehe-Sacrament". From 1735 on, in public writings, Z. expressly declared himself for

270-569: A new era of spiritual growth in Herrnhut. It also began a period of radical experimentation with communal Christian living as expressed in Zinzendorf's theology. As the renewed community of Herrnhut grew, Zinzendorf obtained a copy of Ratio Disciplinae , the church order of the early Bohemian Unity. As he began to study the history of the Bohemians, he was astonished to find powerful similarities between

324-531: A regular schedule. Still owned by the Salem Congregation, Salem Square, in the center of the district, hosts many special events throughout the year. In Salem, the "Easter City," the traditional Moravian Easter sunrise service has been held annually since 1772 by the Salem Congregation, and draws several thousand people to the Salem Square and Moravian graveyard. The first two weeks of December play host to

378-539: A serpentine glass wall with interpretive panels about the history of Wachovia and Salem. The preliminary design was developed by Venturi Scott Brown and Associates, with local firm Calloway, Johnson, Moore and West completing the project. The building also houses a food service, gift shops and the James A. Gray Jr. Auditorium. The Gray Auditorium is home to the 1800 Tannenberg Organ. The former 1964 visitor center and parking lot were demolished to allow partial reconstruction of

432-403: A view of Moravian life in the 18th and 19th centuries. The features include skilled interpreters such as tinsmiths , blacksmiths , cobblers , gunsmiths , bakers and carpenters , practicing their trades while interacting with visitors. Approximately 70% of the buildings in the historic district are original. The village is centered around Salem Square , which is bounded by Academy Street to

486-412: A wooden building to the north in 1815, then a building connected the two was constructed in 1832. A two-story porch was run across the three buildings in 1838, but has since been removed. The Tavern was the lodgings for George Washington for two nights during his Southern Tour in 1791. The Tavern and adjacent 1815 building have been restored to their original appearances. Old Salem Old Salem

540-552: Is a historic district of Winston-Salem, North Carolina , United States, which was originally settled by the Moravian community in 1766. It features a living-history museum which interprets the restored Moravian community. The non-profit organization began its work in 1950, although some private residents had restored buildings earlier. As the Old Salem Historic District , it was declared a National Historic Landmark (NHL) in 1966, and expanded fifty years later. The district showcases

594-440: Is set on a raised foundation, with a single-story shed-roof porch extending across the front, supported by square posts and accessed from the sidewalk by side-facing stairs. The front portion of the building houses public rooms on the ground floor, and sleeping quarters for guests above, with the kitchen and landlord's quarters in an ell to the rear. The adjacent wood-frame building housed additional sleeping quarters. Constructed on

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648-654: Is still evident nearly three centuries later. He is commemorated as a hymnwriter and a renewer of the church by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on its Calendar of Saints on 9 May. Born into one of the most prominent noble families of the region, House of Zinzendorf , Nicolaus (also Nikolaus) was the only son of Count Georg Ludwig von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf (1662–1700) by his second wife, Baroness Charlotte Justina von Gersdorff (1675–1763), daughter of Nicolaus, Baron von Gersdorff (1629–1702), Governor of

702-703: The African-Americans who joined the Moravian church attended Home Moravian Church. In 1861, St. Philip's Church was constructed. Now restored, the church was originally built by the Salem congregation for the enslaved and free African-Americans of the community. Completed just before the Civil War in 1861, it is the oldest surviving African-American church built for that purpose in North Carolina. The Emancipation Proclamation

756-530: The Brüderlicher Vertrag , the Brotherly Agreement, a voluntary discipline of Christian community. This document, and a set of rules laid down by Zinzendorf known as The Manorial Injunctions, were signed by the members of the community on 12 May 1727. This document, which has been revised over many years, is today known as "The Moravian Covenant for Christian Living." The Moravian Church is one of

810-593: The Danish West India Company , by planters in Saint Thomas, by the risk of getting malaria , and by the slaves themselves. His projects were often misunderstood. In 1736 he was banished from Saxony , but in 1749 the government rescinded its decree and begged him to establish within its jurisdiction more settlements like that at Herrnhut . Zinzendorf's effect on the Moravian Church was significant, and

864-499: The Gemeinde . Decisions on interpretation of Scripture were to be made communally, not individually. He believed it was the Gemeinde , not the ecclesiastical and political institution, that was truly the Church of Jesus Christ. His famous preaching of the redemption through the blood of Christ, followed a change of opinion around 1734/35, the years before it was suspected he had adhered to

918-786: The National Register of Historic Places . Partially in the Old Salem historic district is the campus of Salem College and Academy, with Main Hall, the Single Sisters' House, the Inspectors House (with the president's office and the college book store) on the Square and Gramley Library just down Church Street. Home Moravian Church, while not a part of the official Old Salem tour per se, this functioning congregation opens its sanctuary to visitors on

972-540: The Saxon Upper Lusatia and Henrietta Catharina von Friesen-Roetha . From his father's first marriage to Baroness Maria Elisabeth Teuffel von Gundersdorf (1661–1698), Nicolaus had one half-sister, Countess Susanne Louise von Ortenburg (1690–1709), and one half-brother Count Friedrich Christian (1696–1756), who was the father of Count Karl von Zinzendorf , Governor of Trieste . At age six, young Ludwig would often write love letters to Jesus . He would then climb to

1026-544: The Schwenkfelders . The concentration of differing beliefs in the village produced intense conflict. Personal and religious differences between the estate manager Heitz and Johann Andreas Rothe, the Lutheran pastor of Berthelsdorf, were made more tense by the apocalyptic preaching of Johann Sigismund Krüger. Zinzendorf began to visit each home for prayer, and finally called the men of the village together for an intense study of

1080-537: The "Records of the Moravians in North Carolina" by the North Carolina State Archives, now comprising thirteen volumes. This detailed information is part of the documentation used for the accurate restoration and interpretation of Old Salem and many original documents are still housed in the Moravian archives. A local architectural review district was created in 1948 (the first in North Carolina and probably

1134-597: The 18th-century Single Brothers' Garden. A part of Old Salem Museums & Gardens and located in a modern building in the historic district, the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts (MESDA) is dedicated to exhibiting and researching the regional decorative arts of the early South. MESDA opened to the public on January 5, 1965. MESDA was founded by Frank L. Horton and his mother Theodosia “Theo” L. Taliaferro, antiques dealers and collectors who spent most of their lives raising awareness of and appreciating domestic objects made in

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1188-711: The British Lords Proprietor , in the Piedmont of the Province of North Carolina in 1753, they sent groups from Bethlehem to begin construction. They founded the transitional settlement of Bethabara (translated as "House of Passage," the first planned Moravian community in North Carolina in 1753, in Bethania ), in 1759. Salem was to be the central town of a tract of land named Wachovia . Construction began in 1766 to build

1242-642: The Candle Tea, an annual fundraiser for local charities held by the Home Moravian Church Women's Fellowship in the Single Brothers' House. The Market–Fire Engine House was constructed in 1803 (reconstructed in 1955). Half of it was used as a marketplace for fresh meat, and the other half was used to store fire fighting equipment. The town had been using this equipment since 1785, when the Salem Tavern

1296-455: The Holy Spirit upon viewing Ecce Homo by Domencia Feti. Young Zinzendorf was convicted, noting: "I have loved Him for a long time, but I have never actually done anything for Him. From now on I will do whatever He leads me to do." In 1722, Zinzendorf offered asylum to a number of persecuted wanderers from Moravia and Bohemia (parts of Czech Republic today), and permitted them to build

1350-942: The Kingdom of Bohemia and Moravia , now part of the Czech Republic . In 1722, the German-speaking exiles finally found protection on the estate of Count Zinzendorf , a Saxon nobleman, where he allowed them to create the village of Herrnhut as their home. First settling in North America in Savannah , Province of Georgia , in 1735, they moved in 1740 to the Province of Pennsylvania , where they founded several communities ( Bethlehem , Nazareth and Lititz ). Because of development pressures, they looked for more space to create their church communities. Purchasing just over 98,985 acres (400.58 km ) from John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville , one of

1404-486: The Principles of the Moravians", London 1743. By 1741 his daughter, Maria Theresa, had died and he decided to adopt a replacement. He chose an heiress, Mary Stonehouse , whom he renamed Maria Theresa. She had been married for two years to an estranged Anglican vicar. She joined the Moravian church in 1742 and served as a worker as a patron and deaconess within his household. Her husband had a more difficult relationship with

1458-468: The Scriptures. The question they came to focus on was how the Scriptures described Christian life in community. These studies, combined with intense prayer, convinced many of the community that they were called to live together in love, and that the disunity and conflict they had experienced was contrary to the clear calling of Scripture. Out of this study and prayer, the community formed a document known as

1512-522: The West Indies had been hugely controversial in Europe, with many accusing Zinzendorf of simply sending young missionaries off to die. He decided to place himself on the line, and in 1739 left Europe to visit the mission work on St. Thomas . Convinced that he himself might not come back, he preached his "last sermon" and left his will with his wife. In 1741, Zinzendorf visited Pennsylvania, thus becoming one of

1566-567: The buildings and land is divided among Old Salem, Inc., Wachovia Historical Society, private owners, Salem College , Salem Academy and Salem Congregation (the successor to the Salem Congregational Council, to whom all ownership of Church properties was transferred). Salem was originally settled by members of the Moravian Church , a Protestant denomination that first began in 1457, out of the followers of Jan Hus (1369–1415) in

1620-477: The castle tower and toss them out the window, where they scattered around the courtyard like innocent prayers. During the Great Northern War , Swedish soldiers overran Saxony in 1706. They entered the room where young Ludwig just happened to be conducting his customary devotions. The soldiers were incredibly moved by the boy's prayer. His school days were spent at Franke Foundations at Halle where Pietism

1674-400: The central economic, religious and administrative center of the tract. The outlying communities, eventually five in all (Bethabara, Bethania , Friedberg, Friedland and Hope), were more rural and agriculture focused. Salem and most of the other communities were controlled by the church, which owned all property and only leased land for construction. The worldwide Moravian Church initially owned

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1728-656: The culture of the Moravian settlement in the Province of North Carolina during the colonial 18th century and post-statehood 19th century via its communal buildings, churches, houses and shops. Two buildings are individually designated as NHLs: the Salem Tavern and the Single Brothers' House . Additional buildings and properties have been added to the National Register to expand the historic area (see St. Philips Moravian Church below, Single Brothers Industrial Complex Site and West Salem Historic District ). Ownership of

1782-639: The few 18th century European nobles to have actually set foot in the Americas. In addition to visiting leaders in Philadelphia such as Benjamin Franklin , he met with the leaders of the Iroquois and, with the assistance of Conrad Weiser reached agreements for the free movement of Moravian missionaries in the area. He taught that the Savior had a relationship with each believer, but a different level of relationship with

1836-474: The few denominations that emphasizes a code of Christian behavior over specific creeds. Continued study and prayer in small groups known as banden resulted in a sense of reconciliation in the community, leading to a powerful spiritual renewal on 13 August 1727 during a special communion service at the Berthelsdorf Church. This experience, referred to as the "Moravian Pentecost," marked the beginning of

1890-405: The fifth in the country) to protect the historic remains of what had become a depressed area from encroaching development. In 1950, Old Salem Inc. (a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit corporation) was formed to protect threatened buildings, restore the town and operate portions of it as a museum. The town's restored and reconstructed buildings, staffed by living-history interpreters, present visitors with

1944-518: The first entirely brick building in what is now Old Salem, and is one of the oldest surviving brick tavern buildings in the United States. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. The Salem Tavern is located on the west side of South Main Street, between Blum and East Walnut Streets. It consists of two separate buildings, one brick and one wood frame. Both are 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 stories in height, and have gabled roofs. The brick building

1998-448: The foundations of an earlier 1771 Tavern which burnt to the ground in 1784, the Salem Tavern was quickly rebuilt, because it formed an important function in the Moravian Church community which was a trade town. Constructed by mason Johann Gottlob Krause using bricks already on hand for another building, the Tavern reopened quickly. The Tavern complex was later expanded by the construction of

2052-487: The historical interpretation presented at Old Salem. These additions include newly identified slave dwellings and the updated number of slaves who lived in Salem from 1790-1860. The goals of this project are to: 36°05′14″N 80°14′32″W  /  36.0872°N 80.2422°W  / 36.0872; -80.2422 Zinzendorf Born in Dresden , Zinzendorf was often influenced by strong and vehement feelings, and he

2106-802: The lutheran confession of Augsburg, but in private letters he declared indifference to any confession; that is, the Catholic, Reformed and Lutheran churches as "sects" called, that is an adherence to Jesus Christ without any doctrine, and finally his own church as the center of this, and including threats to those who would oppose him. In a letter to some separatists outside Frankfurt M, of 16. June 1736 he states: "Wir haben Lust, Seelen zu JEsu zu bereden, in allen Secten und Verfassungen. Denn wir machen keine neue, sondern leben in JESU gemein, die allenthalben nur eine ist. Will man uns dieses in Liebe lassen, so so lassen wir wieder stehen,

2160-402: The north, Church Street to the east, West Street to the south and Main Street to the west. Salem College overlooks the square from Church Street. Highlights of the town include the Salem Tavern, where George Washington spent two nights (May 31 and June 1, 1791), while passing through North Carolina during his "Southern Tour"; the Single Brothers' House; Boys' School; C. Winkler Bakery; and

2214-418: The opposite doctrines of Johann Conrad Dippel. More scandalously, he had his secret or half-public doctrines, most notably of the "Holy marriage" or "Marriage-Sacrament". In his first big song-book, "Sammlung Geist- und lieblicher Lieder", Herrnhut 1731, in the preface p. 16, he states a holy marriage as a sacrament together with the baptism and Lord's Supper. This means that man and wife who live in such

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2268-488: The property, but Salem Congregation purchased the 5 square miles (13 km ) town lot outright in 1826. All people in the communities had to be members of the church and could be expelled from the town if they acted contrary to the community's regulations. The several governing bodies all kept meticulous records; copies were sent to the Bethlehem and Herrnhut archives. Most of this information has been translated and published in

2322-951: The south. In its galleries, MESDA showcases the architecture, needlework, furniture , paintings , textiles , ceramics , silver and other metalwares made and used in Maryland , Virginia , the Carolinas, Georgia, Kentucky and Tennessee through the early 19th century. The majority of the MESDA collection is accessible online. Starting in December 2016, substantial historical and archaeological research has focused on Salem's historical African-American population. Moravians educated enslaved members of their community, teaching literacy skills and some professional trades. Holistic studies directed toward understanding ethnicity and cultural identity of African-Americans in Salem have resulted in significant additions to

2376-522: The spread of this Protestant family order in Germany, Denmark , Russia and England. In 1736, accusations from neighboring nobles and questions of theological unorthodoxy caused Zinzendorf to be exiled from his home in Saxony. He and a number of his followers moved to Marienborn (near Büdingen ) and began a period of exile and travel, during which he became known as the "Pilgrim Count." The missionary work in

2430-487: The sword of spirit.)" Such utterances carried the double appearance of theological toleration and dictatorship. Which Jesus he is referring to, is also unclear, because it is a Jesus without certain content. The theology that emerged from all the controversies, was a ceremonial, liturgical one. An original English account (from Z. visit in North America) of Count Z. opinions can be found in: Gilbert Tennent: "Some account of

2484-469: The theology and practice of the early Unitas Fratrum and the newly established order of Herrnhut. Zinzendorf and the Herrnhuters felt a strong identification with the writings of Moravian Bishop John Amos Comenius and incorporated many of the ideas of the early Unity. However, Zinzendorf saw the new group as a spark for renewal of all denominations, not a new and separate denomination. This theological bent

2538-545: The village of Herrnhut on a corner of his estate of Berthelsdorf . Most of the initial refugees who came to this asylum were recruited by Christian David and came from areas where the early Protestant groups such as the Unitas Fratrum had been dominant prior to the Thirty Years' War . As the village grew it became known as a place of religious freedom, and attracted individuals from a variety of persecuted groups, including

2592-633: Was critical of slavery , and played a role in starting the Protestant mission movement by supporting two determined Moravian missionaries Johann Leonhard Dober and David Nitschmann to go (via Copenhagen ) to the Danish colony of Saint Thomas to minister to the enslaved population there (see Moravian slaves ). In spite of having Danish royal support from Charlotte Amalie of Denmark , these missionaries faced discouragement in several forms, including by some Moravians at Herrnhut (including Christian David ), by

2646-413: Was destroyed by fire. The fire company is thought to be the first of its kind in North Carolina. At the north end of the historic district is a large Coffee Pot which is a former tin-shop sign, moved when Interstate 40 was built just to the north. Old Salem's Visitor Center was built in 2003 and is the main location where museum visitors purchase tickets. The building features a large concourse along

2700-462: Was easily moved both by sorrow and joy. Called Ludwig or Brother Ludwig by his intimates, he was a natural orator, and though his dress was simple his personal appearance gave an impression of distinction and force. He was notable for providing shelter for German-speaking Moravian exiles at Herrnhut, an effort that was influenced by Pietist ideas from the Lutheran faith he was brought up in. Zinzendorf

2754-404: Was read there to the congregation in 1865 by the chaplain of the 10th Ohio Regiment. The church continued to grow and was expanded in the 1890s. The congregation moved to a new location in 1952 then a third location on Bon Aire Avenue, before returning to hold services in the brick Church in 2019. The building stood vacant from 1952 until its restoration. St. Philip's Church is individually listed on

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2808-677: Was reinforced by the legal structure of the Lutheran state church. In this renewed community, Zinzendorf was able to organize the people into something similar to a militia Christi , based not on monastic but on family life . However his ideas of family were centered not on a traditional nuclear family of parents and children. Indeed, he wanted to break traditional family bonds by organizing communal families based on age, marital status and gender. The banden , or small groups, continued but were organized into "choirs" based on age, marital status, and gender. Zinzendorf's theology recognized that at each stage of life, we had different spiritual needs and

2862-573: Was strong, and in 1716, he went to the University of Wittenberg , to study law so as to be ready for a diplomatic career. Three years later, he traveled in the Netherlands , in France, and in various parts of Germany, where he made the personal acquaintance of men distinguished for practical goodness and belonging to a variety of churches. During a visit to an art museum, Zinzendorf was said to have experienced

2916-466: Was wir nicht gebauet. Wil man uns aber darinnen stören; so werden wir uns mit dem Schwerdt des Geistes zur Rechten und zur Lincken Platz machen. (We have desire, to prepare souls to Jesus, in all sects and constitutions. Then we make no new ones, but live in the congregation of Jesus, which everywhere only one is. Would one let this in love, so will we leave standing, what we did not build. But if one will disturb this; so will we right and left make place with

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