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30-466: Salcantay's proximity to Machu Picchu makes trekking around it an alternative to the oversubscribed Inca Trail ; this is known as the Salkantay trek . The name Salkantay is from sallqa , a Quechua word meaning wild, uncivilized, savage, or invincible, and was recorded as early as 1583. The name is thus often translated as "Savage Mountain". Directly to the north of Salkantay lies Machu Picchu , which

60-486: A camp site. As with other sites that were being degraded due to overuse, camping is no longer allowed. The trail reaches the pass at an elevation of 3950 m. The trail continues through high cloud forest, undulating, sometimes steeply while affording increasingly dramatic viewpoints of mountains and dropoffs. Next, the Sayaqmarka ("steep-place town") is reached followed by the tampu Qunchamarka . A long Inca tunnel and

90-567: A high population and extensive irrigation works. A number of ruins of the Inca Empire lie in the Sacred Valley , including the Incan city of Machu Picchu , Patallaqta , Pikillaqta and Raqch'i . The Salcca-Pucara hydroelectric project is associated with the river as well. The Lower Urubamba ( Bajo Urubamba ) is relatively undeveloped and features a significant indigenous population consisting of

120-437: A lower and upper, are set among multiple agricultural terraces at this concave mountainside site. A long flight of fountains or ritual baths utilizing as many as 19 springs runs between the two groups of buildings. From Wiñay Wayna the trail undulates along below the crest of the east slope of the mountain named Machu Picchu. The steep stairs leading to Inti Punku ("sun gate") are reached after approximately 3 km. Reaching

150-497: A viewpoint overlooking two valleys: the Urubamba and Aobamba (a broken word), are passed. Another high point at elevation of 3650 m is crossed, followed by a campground, and then after a short descent, a site with extensive ruins. The name Phuyupatamarka ("cloud-level town") is applied to both the campground, and the ruins. Hiram Bingham III discovered the site, but left most of it covered with vegetation. The Fejos team named

180-508: Is a large, steep peak with great vertical relief, particularly above the low valleys to the north, which are tributaries of the Amazon River . The standard route on the mountain is the Northeast ridge. Accessing the route typically involves three days of travel from Cusco . The climb involves about 1,800 m (5,900 ft) of vertical gain, on glaciers, snow, ice, and some rock. Salcantay

210-609: Is a river in Peru . Upstream it is called Vilcanota River (possibly from Aymara Willkanuta , for "house of the sun"). Within the La Convención Province , the name changes to Urubamba. A partially navigable headwater of the Amazon River , the Urubamba rises in the Andes to the southeast of Cusco . It originates on the slopes of Cunurana in the Puno Region , Melgar Province , near

240-539: Is along this section of trail. Even before passing through the tunnel there are views down to the Willkanuta River, the first since leaving the river at Patallaqta . The number of these views increases. After the tunnel the town of Machupicchu (Aguas Calientes) can be seen, and trains running along the river can be heard. As the trail nears Intipata, it affords views of the "Two Day" Inca Trail (aka "Camino Real de los Inkas" or "One Day Inca Trail"). A small spur of

270-480: Is at the end of a ridge that extends down from this mountain. Viewed from Machu Picchu's main sundial, the Southern Cross is above Salkantay's summit when at its highest point in the sky during the rainy season. The Incas associated this alignment with concepts of rain and fertility, and considered Salkantay to be one of the principal deities controlling weather and fertility in the region west of Cuzco. Salcantay

300-452: Is located on this stretch of trail at 3,800 metres (12,500 ft). The pass itself is located at 4,215 m (13,829 ft) above sea level, and is the highest point on this, the "Classic" trail. After crossing the pass the trail drops steeply into the Pakaymayu drainage. At a distance of 2.1 km and 600 m below the pass is the campground Pakaymayu. After passing Pakaymayu

330-400: Is spent at this elevation and the trail descends again to 3,600 metres. From here, the trail only descends until arriving at Machu Picchu at 2,430 metres. 13°15′29″S 72°15′48″W  /  13.25806°S 72.26333°W  / -13.25806; -72.26333 Urubamba River The Urubamba River or Vilcamayo River (possibly from Quechua Willkamayu , for "sacred river")

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360-729: Is the longest of the three routes with the highest mountain pass and intersects with the Classic route before crossing Warmiwañusqa ("dead woman"). Located in the Andes mountain range, the trail passes through several types of Andean environments including cloud forest and alpine tundra . Settlements, tunnels, and many Incan ruins are located along the trail before ending the terminus at the Sun Gate on Machu Picchu mountain. The two longer routes require an ascent to beyond 4,200 metres (13,800 ft) above sea level, which can result in altitude sickness . Concern about overuse leading to erosion has led

390-738: The La Raya pass. It flows north-north-west for 724 km (450 mi) before coalescing with the Tambo River to form the Ucayali River . The Urubamba is divided into the Upper Urubamba and the Lower Urubamba, the dividing feature being the Pongo de Mainique , an infamous whitewater canyon , where the river narrows to a width of 45 metres (148 ft). The Upper Urubamba ( Alto Urubamba ) valley features

420-514: The Campa tribes, principally the Machiguenga (Matsigenka) and Asháninka . The economy is based on forestry and the nearby Camisea Gas Project . The main settlement in the region is the town of Sepahua . (Sepahua River coordinates are 11°08′58″S 73°02′55″W  /  11.14944°S 73.04861°W  / -11.14944; -73.04861  ( Sepahua River ) .) The lower Urubamba River

450-506: The Cusichaka. Because of previous damage caused by hooves, pack animals are not allowed on the remainder of the trail. For the same reason, metal-tipped trekking poles are not allowed on the trail. As the trail ascends toward Warmi Wañusqa , or "Dead Woman's Pass", which resembles a supine woman, it passes through differing habitats , one of which is a cloud forest containing Polylepis trees. The campsite at Llulluch'apampa (Llulluchapampa)

480-506: The Inca ruins of Patallaqta (sometimes called Llaqtapata ), a site used for religious and ceremonial functions, crop production, and housing for soldiers from the nearby hilltop site of Willkaraqay , an ancient pre-Inca site first inhabited around 500 BC. The trail undulates, but overall ascends along the Cusichaka River . At the small village Wayllapampa ("grassy plain", Wayllabamba )

510-490: The Peruvian government to place a limit on the number of people who may hike this trail per season, and to sharply limit the companies that can provide guides. As a result, advance booking is mandatory. A maximum of 500 people are allowed on the trail each day, of which only 200 are trekkers, the rest being guides and porters. As a result, the high season books out very quickly. The trail is closed every February for cleaning. This

540-521: The crest of this ridge reveals the grandeur of the ruins of Machu Picchu, which lie below. A short downhill walk is the final section of the trail. Because of its popularity, the Peruvian Government instituted controls to reduce human impact on the Inca Trail and the ancient city. Since 2001, quotas limit the number of people (hikers, porters and guides) on the trail each day. Anyone wishing to hike

570-460: The only person to have summited the mountain twice. Due to glacial retreat, the route is now calculated to be graded D on the French adjectival scale . Inca Trail The Inca Trail to Machu Picchu (also known as Camino Inca or Camino Inka ) is a hiking trail in Peru that terminates at Machu Picchu . It consists of three overlapping trails: Mollepata , Classic , and One Day . Mollepata

600-482: The site, and uncovered the remainder. Design of the site closely follows the natural contours, and includes five fountains and an altar, which was probably used for llama sacrifice . The trail then descends approximately 1000 metres including an irregular staircase of approximately 1500 steps, some of which were carved into solid granite. Vegetation becomes more dense, lush, and jungle-like with an accompanying increase in butterflies and birds. A second Inca tunnel

630-525: The summit at 10:30 am after nine hours of climbing from a high camp at 5,500 m. on the NE ridge. This made Crispin the first Peruvian climber to summit the mountain. The team took a reading of 6,279 m, S 13° 20.027’, W 72° 32.596’, on a GPS device. On July 31, 2013 a second team led by Nathan Heald (USA), consisting of James Lissy (USA) and Edwin Espinoza Sotelo (Peru) made the summit by the NE ridge. This makes Heald

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660-426: The trail begins steeply ascending the other side of the valley. One kilometre along the trail, at an elevation of 3,750 metres (12,300 ft) is the Inca tampu Runkuraqay , ruins which overlook the valley. The site was heavily restored in the late 1990s. The trail continues to ascend, passing a small lake named Quchapata (Cochapata) in an area that is recognized as deer habitat. This site had been used as

690-412: The trail intersects with the "Mollepata Trail" at 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). Small, permanent settlements are located adjacent to the trail, and Wayllapampa has approximately 400 inhabitants (130 families) spread along this portion of the trail. Pack animals—horses, mules, donkeys, and llamas —are allowed. At Wayllapampa the trail to Machu Picchu turns west and begins ascending along a tributary of

720-459: The trail leads directly to Wiñay Wayna , while the main route continues to Intipata. Intipata (aka Yunkapata) is a recently uncovered extensive set of agricultural terraces which follow the convex shape of the terrain. Potatoes , maize , fruit, and sweet potato were grown here. The name Wiñay Wayna (forever young) is used to refer to both a hostel–restaurant–camp site and a set of Inca ruins. Two groups of major architectural structures,

750-518: The trail must be accompanied by a guide. Because of this rule, permits can only be bought through a government registered tour operator. All permits are paired with an individual passport and are not transferable. The government monitors the trail closely; there are several control points along the trail. The Inca Trail elevation varies greatly and people often struggle with altitude sickness , especially if they have not spent much time in Cusco before trekking

780-535: The trail must get a permit beforehand. As of 2016 , 500 permits are issued per day. All of the year's permits are released in October and are sold on a first-come, first-served basis. Until 2017, they were released in January. Permits sell out quickly, particularly those for the high season. Most operators advise hikers to buy permits as soon as possible after they are released. The government also mandates that every trekker on

810-409: The trail. Cusco stands at 3,200 metres and is already significantly higher than Machu Picchu itself, though many sections of the Inca Trail are much higher. Starting at 2,600 metres, the trail ascends to 3,300 metres on the first day. The second day ascends over Dead Woman's pass- the highest point on the trail at 4,200 metres. This is the most dangerous point for altitude sickness, though little time

840-477: Was first climbed in 1952 by a French-American expedition comprising Fred D. Ayres, David Michael Jr., John C. Oberlin, W. V. Graham Matthews, Austen F. Riggs, George Irving Bell , Claude Kogan , M. Bernard Pierre , and Jean Guillemin. All except Oberlin, Riggs, and Guillemin reached the summit. Two years later Fritz Kasparek fell through a cornice near the summit on the NE ridge. On June 17, 2013, Nathan Heald (USA), Thomas Ryan (USA), and Luis Crispin (Peru) made

870-461: Was mapped for the first time in 1934 by Edward Kellog Strong III. He and two friends from Palo Alto, California, Art Post and Gain Allan John, navigated the river with its ferocious rapids by canoe and balsa rafts provided by the indigenous people. The mapping was done at the request of the Peruvian military when they heard of the expedition planned by the three 18-year-olds. The map was turned over to

900-566: Was originally done informally by organizations such as South American Explorers , but is now managed officially. Trekkers normally take four or five days to complete the "Classic Inca Trail" but a two-day trek from Km 104 is also possible. It starts from one of two points: 88 km (55 miles) or 82 km (51 miles) from Cusco on the Urubamba River at approximately 2,800 metres (9,200 ft) or 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) elevation, respectively. Both of these trail segments meet above

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