Misplaced Pages

#394605

35-645: The St. Imier Congress was a meeting of the Jura Federation and anti-authoritarian apostates of the First International in September 1872. Among the ideological debates within the socialist First International , Karl Marx and Mikhail Bakunin disagreed on the revolutionary role of the working class and political struggle. Following the demise of the 1871 Paris Commune , the International debated whether

70-461: A small Protestant minority (13%). The population of the canton (as of 31 December 2020) was 73,709. As of 2007 , the population included 8,195 foreigners, or about 11.8% of the total population. The historical population is given in the following chart: Agriculture is important in canton Jura. Cattle breeding is significant, but there is also horse breeding (the Franches-Montagnes

105-540: A solidarity pact to ensure the member federations' independent autonomy and their common union against the General Council. The Bakuninists rebuked the General Council for its centralization of political power and advocation for uniform action towards social emancipation. The coalition would become the Anti-authoritarian International , as formalized at the 1873 Congress of Geneva, and it held that only

140-478: A week's stay with the watchmakers," he wrote, "my views on socialism were settled. I was an anarchist." He then returned to Russia and did not re-involve himself until 1877, the year after he escaped from Russia. Major figures at Jura included James Guillaume , Adhémar Schwitzguébel , Severino Albarracín , Carlo Cafiero , Errico Malatesta , and Élisée Reclus . They discussed the practical and theoretical tenets of anarchist socialism, particularly " propaganda of

175-515: Is hilly and almost entirely limestone . The districts of Ajoie and Franches-Montagnes lie in this region. The term " Jurassic " is derived from the Jura Alps, strata of which give the era its name. To the north and the west of the canton lies France . The canton of Solothurn and Basel-Landschaft are to east of the canton, while the canton of Bern bounds the Jura to the south. The rivers Doubs and

210-441: Is the last Swiss horse race). The main industries are watches , textiles and tobacco . There is a growing number of small and medium-sized businesses. In 2001, there were 3,578 people who worked in the primary economic sector . 14,109 people were employed in the secondary sector and 16,513 people were employed in the tertiary sector . In 2001, the canton produced 0.9% of the entire Swiss national income while it had 0.9% of

245-643: The Birs drain the lands. The Doubs joins the Saône and then the Rhône , whereas the Birs is a tributary to the Rhine . Jura is divided into 3 districts: There are 50 municipalities in the canton (As of 2024 ). The population is almost entirely French -speaking. Just one municipality is German -speaking: Ederswiler . The majority of the population is Roman Catholic (75% as of 2000 ) with

280-630: The bishop of Basel in 999. The area was a sovereign state within the Holy Roman Empire for more than 800 years. After the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the Jura had close ties with the Swiss Confederation . At the Congress of Vienna (1815), the Jura region became part of the canton of Bern . This act caused dissension. The Jura was French -speaking and Roman Catholic , whereas the canton of Bern

315-585: The General Council. The Jura Federation organized a group of the First International's apostate factions at the September 1872 St. Imier Congress . The Bakuninists from Jura, France, Italy, Spain, and the United States reaffirmed their Sonvilier Circular position and charged the General Council with violating the premises of their partnership: the autonomy of the federations and their ultimate cause: workers' emancipation. The St. Imier coalition agreed to

350-469: The Hague Congress's Minority Declaration, likely on account of Bakunin's presence. The St. Imier Congress delegates included: Italian Federation Jura Federation Spanish Federation French sections American sections Jura Federation The Jura Federation represented the anarchist, Bakuninist faction of the First International during the anti-statist split from

385-546: The International in lieu of splitting it. Following the Hague Congress, anti-authoritarian minority delegates traveled to Brussels and issued a statement that they would not recognize the Congress's proceedings. They considered the circumstances around Bakunin's expulsion as unjust and encouraged anti-authoritarian federations to protest. The group continued on to Switzerland, where some met with Bakunin in Zurich. Earlier, in late August,

SECTION 10

#1732856011395

420-472: The International, but few took the effort seriously. The international alternative congress met in St. Imier on September 14 and 15, 1872. The group of 16 included Bakunin, the Zurich group, and a Russian group from Zurich. Prior to the international congress, Schwitzguébel read a report. The group then resolved to reject as unjust the Hague Congress and its General Council's authoritarianism. A second resolution upheld

455-516: The Italian Federation and Jura Federation began to plan an international alternative congress in Switzerland. The Italians and Errico Malatesta arrived in Zurich during the Hague Congress. They were joined by Andrea Costa and The Hague delegates Adhémar Schwitzguébel , Carlo Cafiero , and those from Spain. Bakunin presented his drafts for an Alliance organization to serve allied delegates in

490-648: The Jura Federation for its relation to Bakunin. The group was formally inaugurated at the 1871 Congress of Sonvilier. Their founding treatise, the Sonvilier Circular , held positions against the state and against the General Council, which the Jura charged with turning free and autonomous parts of the International into an authoritarian hierarchy. The Federation started its journal, Bulletin de la Fédération jurassienne , in February 1872 to explicate its stance against

525-504: The Jura Federation remained the home of Bakuninists whose figures engaged on a two-decade debate on the merits of propaganda of the deed . The egalitarian relations of the Jura Federation had played an important role in Peter Kropotkin 's adoption of anarchism, who became the anarchist standard-bearer after Bakunin. The Jura became the geographic center of the First International 's anarchist coalition under luminary Mikhail Bakunin in

560-468: The Jura Federation, in La Chaux-de-Fonds , adopted " anarchist communism " as its doctrine, as did many anarchists outside Spain, since the latter's anarchism was more dependent on trade unions. Schwitzguébel and his adherents in Jura were reticent at the adoption of communism over collectivism. Canton of Jura The king of Burgundy donated much of the land that today makes up canton Jura to

595-497: The Swiss Confederation as a full member. The canton celebrated its independence from the canton of Bern on 23 June 1979. However, the southern part of the region, which is also predominantly French-speaking but has a Protestant majority, opted not to join the newly formed canton, instead remaining part of the canton of Bern. The area is now known as Bernese Jura . The word Jura, therefore, may refer either to canton Jura, or to

630-492: The alliance between the statists and anti-statists had mostly dissolved and the Jura Federation was in decline. The Jura watchmakers cooperative in La Chaux-de-Fonds had a work shortage and the group's isolation from the general population had worn them. Bakunin retired from the Jura Federation in 1873 and died three years later. Jura remained a continuation of Bakunin's International alliance and Peter Kropotkin became

665-680: The authority of its new General Council. The second resolution, the St. Imier pact , was a "pact of friendship, solidarity, and mutual defense" joining all interested federations against the General Council's authoritarian interests. The third resolution condemned the Hague Congress's advocacy for a singular path to proletariat social emancipation. It declared that the proletariat's first duty is to destroy all political power, rejected political organization (even temporary) towards this end as even more dangerous than contemporary governments, and advocated for uncompromising solidarity between proletarians internationally. The resolutions were bolder in language than

700-497: The autonomy of the canton and its nominal sovereignty within the Swiss Confederation. Since 1994, the question of the Jura region has again been controversial. In 2004, a federal commission proposed that the French-speaking southern Jura be united with the canton of Jura, as the language question now seems to be more important than the denominational one. A possible solution would be to create two half-cantons, as reunification with

735-496: The canton of Bern. The vote in Moutier was later declared invalid. On 28 March 2021, Moutier voted to secede from Bern and join Jura again in an officially sanctioned referendum. The changeover is expected to be implemented by 2026. Canton Jura lies in the northwest of Switzerland . It consists of parts of the Jura mountains in the south and the Jura plateau in the north. The Jura plateau

SECTION 20

#1732856011395

770-570: The combined territory of canton Jura and the Bernese Jura. Switzerland as a whole often presents the latter from a touristic standpoint with documentation easily available in French or German . On creation, the canton adopted the title Republic and Canton of Jura. Other cantons in Switzerland using the title "Republic and Canton" are Ticino , Geneva , and Neuchâtel . In each case, the title refers to

805-419: The creation of only a single canton would mean a complete restructuring of the Jura's current political system, with the cantonal capital being transferred from Delémont to Moutier . On 18 June 2017, the town of Moutier voted to secede from the canton of Bern and join the canton of Jura in a referendum. On 17 September 2017, the nearby municipalities of Belprahon and Sorvilier conversely voted to remain in

840-636: The deed ", whose question became associated with the group in 1876 and was debated for two decades. Adherents such as Malatesta and the Italian anarchists quickly adopted the tactic, while Guillaume was hesitant. Up until this time, the anarchist philosophy had flourished in small artisan communities, such as the watchmakers in Jura, and propaganda of the deed was intended to bond anarchist and workers' groups, as had been done in Spain and Italy. Upset by Kropotkin's advances, Guillaume left Jura in 1878. An 1880 congress of

875-450: The disaffected federations at the 1872 St. Imier Congress . The congress disavowed the General Council's authoritarian consolidation of power and planning as an affront to the International's loose, federalist founding to support workers' emancipation. Members of the First International agreed and even statists joined the anti-statists' resulting Anti-authoritarian International, but by 1876, the alliance had mostly dissolved. While in decline,

910-562: The fold, along with the First International's statist and anti-statist factionalism. The English Federation, for example, explicitly disagreed with the Jurassian position on action, but as long as the federations were free to pursue their own methods, affirmed the higher purpose of restoring a federalist International. The Jura argued for abstention from political action, citing their fruitless experiences with parliamentary politics and their subsequent organization outside political parties. By 1876,

945-535: The honor of the expelled Bakunin and Guillaume, and recognized the two within the Jura International. The alternative congress followed these proceedings. In four groups, the delegates wrote resolutions on September 15 and 16. All four of the resolutions were passed unanimously on the 16th. Its first resolution held that the Hague Congress majority's sole intent was to make the International more authoritarian, and resolved to reject that Congress's resolutions and

980-514: The international anarchist standard-bearer. Jura was particularly influential in Kropotkin's adoption of anarchism. Skeptical of the First International's leadership in Geneva, had visited the organization's other stronghold, in Jura in 1872, where he was impressed by their egalitarian ethics, independence of thought, devotion to the cause, and opposition to the International's authoritarian elements. "After

1015-583: The late 1860s and early 1870s, assisted by the Swiss government's laxity toward political agitators. The Jura Federation formed during infighting in the International between Bakunin and Karl Marx 's factions. The Jura Federation split during the Fédération Romande congress of the International, in January 1869. Though Bakunin's faction was larger, the International's General Council was Marxist, and did not recognize

1050-542: The organization. International delegates of the minority opposed to Bakunin's expulsion met early in the September 1872 Hague Congress, in which 16 delegates (Spanish, Belgian, Dutch, Jurassic, and some American and French) privately decided to band together as anti-authoritarians. Before the vote, they presented a signed Minority Declaration, in which they expressed that the Congress's business ran counter to their represented countries' principles. They wished to remain administrative contact and maintain federative autonomy within

1085-462: The organization. Jura , a Swiss area, was known for its watchmaker artisans in La Chaux-de-Fonds , who shared anti-state, egalitarian views on work and social emancipation. The Jura Federation formed between international socialist congresses in 1869 and 1871. When the First International's General Council, led by Marxists, suppressed the Bakuninists, the Jura Federation organized an international of

St. Imier Congress - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-641: The proletariat masses could seek social emancipation for themselves through free, spontaneous action and egalitarian economic federation: It could not be imposed from hierarchy. Members of the First International largely supported the St. Imier congress, and opposed the General Council's suppression of the Bakuninists at the 1871 London Conference and 1872 Hague Congress . As a result, the Anti-authoritarian International congresses in 1873 and 1874 attracted Belgian, English, Dutch, and German federations into

1155-586: The proletariat should create its own state (Marx's position) or continue making commune attempts (Bakunin's position). Marx arranged the International's 1872 Congress in The Hague , the Netherlands, where Bakunin could not attend without arrest in Germany or France. The Hague Congress sided with Marx and expelled Bakunin from the International over aspects of his dissent and person, causing a split that would ultimately end

1190-413: The total population. In 2005, the average share of the national income per resident of the canton was 38,070 CHF, while the national average was 54,031 CHF, or about 70% of the national income per person. Between 2003 and 2005, the average income grew at a rate of 6.4%, which was larger than the national rate of 5.3%. The average taxes in the canton are higher than in most cantons, in 2006, the tax index in

1225-410: Was mostly German -speaking and Protestant . After World War II, a separatist movement campaigned for a secession of Jura from the canton of Bern. After a long and partly militant struggle, which included some arson attacks by a youth organisation Les Béliers , a constitution was accepted in 1977. In 1978, the split was made official when the Swiss people voted in favour, and in 1979, the Jura joined

#394605