Misplaced Pages

#555444

39-483: The madrasa was commissioned in 1321 by Abu al-Hassan , who was at that time a prince and heir apparent to his father, Sultan Abu Sa'id Uthman II . A foundation inscription carved onto an onyx plaque in the prayer hall records that construction was completed in Rabi' I 1323 and that teaching began at this time. Abu al-Hasan reportedly built the madrasa in honour of his father. He went on to become to become sultan in 1331 and

78-452: A habous or waqf (a trust under Islamic law ). In addition to its function as an educational institution, Marinid madrasas like this one could also serve as centers of community life, functioning as a mosque, guesthouse, and venue for local ceremonies. The madrasa was restored multiple times, including during the Saadian period (16th-early 17th century) and again between 1917 and 1924 by

117-721: A base to recover his sultanate. But Abu Inan's armies descended on the area, forcing Abu al-Hasan to flee with what remained of his supporters to Marrakesh . In May 1350, Abu Inan defeated Abu al-Hasan on the banks of the Oum er-Rebia . With Abu Inan on his heels, Abu al-Hasan fled into the high Atlas Mountains , taking refuge among the Hintata tribes. Broken, ill and without resources, the once-mighty Abu al-Hasan, finally agreed to abdicate in favour of Abu Inan in late 1350 or early 1351. Abu al-Hasan died in May 1351, still in his Atlas mountain hideout. His body

156-624: A campaign in early 1347, Abu al-Hasan's Moroccan army swept through Ifriqiya and entered Tunis in September, 1347. By uniting Morocco, Tlemcen and Ifriqiya, the Marinid ruler Abu al-Hasan effectively accomplished the conquest of dominions as great as the Almohad empire of the Maghreb , and the comparison was not lost on contemporaries. However, Abu al-Hasan went too far in attempting to impose his authority over

195-637: A mark of respect for their courage in defending the town for so long. The fall of Gibraltar was rapturously received back in Morocco; the Moorish chronicler Ibn Marzuq recorded that while he was studying in Tlemcen , his teacher announced to his class: "Rejoice, community of the faithful, because God has had the goodness to restore Gibraltar to us!" According to Ibn Marzuq, the jubilant students burst out into cries of praise, gave thanks and shed tears of joy. The success of

234-524: A pit is typically buried. Other types of pit latrines may include the Reed Odourless Earth Closet , the arborloo or treebog (very simple types of composting toilet ), or the twin pit pour-flush pit latrine, popularized by Sulabh International . The shelter that covers such a pit latrine is known in some varieties of English as an outhouse . In a location without longer term sanitation infrastructure, such as for emergency sanitation,

273-402: A trench latrine is a workable solution. It typically consists of a pit or a trench in the ground, 4 to 5 feet (1.2 to 1.5 m) deep and 4 to 20 feet (1.2 to 6.1 m) long. A slit-trench latrine consists of a relatively shallow trench which is narrow enough to stand with one leg on either side (see defecation postures ). This type is used either by squatting, with the users' legs straddling

312-416: A veritable adjoining city. In 1336 or 1337, Abu al-Hasan suspended the siege of Tlemcen to campaign in southern Morocco, where his troublesome brother, Abu Ali, who ruled an appanage at Sijilmassa , was threatening to divide the Marinid dominions. In May 1337, after a two-year siege, Tlemcen finally fell to a Marinid assault. Ibn Tashufin died during the fighting. His brothers were captured and killed and

351-440: Is a toilet or an even simpler facility that is used as a toilet within a sanitation system. For example, it can be a communal trench in the earth in a camp to be used as emergency sanitation , a hole in the ground ( pit latrine ), or more advanced designs, including pour-flush systems. The term "latrine" is still commonly used military parlance, less so in civilian usage except in emergency sanitation situations. Nowadays,

390-559: Is richly ornamented by zellij tiles, carved wood, and carved stucco, in a style shared with Nasrid architecture of the same era such as that of the Alhambra palaces. A passage between the sahn and the street entrance gives access to the stairs to the upper level and then to another, slightly smaller, courtyard to the west which contains the latrines . Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman Abu Al-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Othman ( c.  1297 – 24 May 1351), ( Arabic : أبو الحسن علي بن عثمان )

429-640: Is unknown whether she was a wife or a concubine. He had a dark complexion inherited from his Abyssinian mother, and was known as the 'Black Sultan'. He succeeded his father Abu Sa'id Uthman II in 1331. Abu al-Hasan married Fatima, daughter of the Hafsid ruler Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II of Ifriqiya , sealing an alliance between the Marinids and Hafsids against the Zayyanid dynasty of Tlemcen . In 1309, Castillian troops under Ferdinand IV captured Gibraltar, then known as

SECTION 10

#1732852142556

468-696: The Battle of Río Salado in October 1340, and Abu al-Hasan was forced to retreat back to Algeciras. After this defeat, Al-Hasan ended his campaigns in the Iberian Peninsula . A few years later, Alfonso XI of Castile had little difficulty taking Algeciras in March 1344. In 1346 the Hafsid Sultan, Abu Bakr, died and a dispute over the succession ensued. Several Ifriqiyan parties appealed to the Marinid ruler for assistance. In

507-520: The Castilians . The assembly of a large Marinid invasion force in Morocco prompted the Castilian king Alfonso XI to bring to an end his quarrel with Afonso IV of Portugal . In April 1340, a Castilian fleet of some 32 galleys under admiral Alonso Jofré Tenorio set out against the Marinid invasion fleet being outfitted at Ceuta . The Marinid fleet, under the command of Muhammad ibn Ali al-Azafi, destroyed

546-673: The Madrasa as-Sba'iyyin (roughly: "Madrasa of those who teach the Seven Recitations of the Qur'an "), the name it still has today, presumably due to the madrasa's specialization in this subject. Together, these two madrasas provided both lodging and teaching for students studying at the nearby Andalus Mosque, much as the Seffarine and al-Attarine Madrasas served students at the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque across

585-678: The Medinat al-Fath (City of Victory), from the Muslim-ruled Emirate of Granada . In 1333, responding to the appeal of Nasrid ruler Muhammad IV of Granada , Abu al-Hasan sent a Moroccan army to Algeciras under the command of his son Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid . A force of 7,000 men was transported across the Strait of Gibraltar to rendezvous with the forces of Muhammad IV of Granada at Algeciras in February 1333. The Castilians were distracted by

624-628: The Service des Beaux-Arts under the French Protectorate . The madrasa complex eventually fell into neglect. There were initial efforts to repair and protect it in the 2000s, including from the World Monuments Fund , but the madrasa suffered from further vandalism, including serious damage done to the adjoining Sba'iyyin Madrasa in 2009 due to looting. The two madrasas were more recently restored by

663-564: The Sultanate of Tlemcen (covering roughly modern western half of Algeria) was annexed by the Marinids. Abu al-Hasan received delegates from Egypt, Granada, Tunis and Mali congratulating him on his victory, by which he had gained complete control of the trans-Saharan trade. Flush from these victories, in 1339, Abu al-Hasan received an appeal from the Nasrid ruler Yusuf I of Granada to help drive back

702-502: The Arab tribes. They revolted and in April 1348 defeated his army near Kairouan . His son, Abu Inan Faris , who had been serving as governor of Tlemcen, returned to Fez and declared that he was the sultan. Tlemcen and the central Maghreb revolted. The Zayyanid Abu Sa'id Uthman II was proclaimed king of Tlemcen. Abu al-Hasan's fleet was wrecked on its homeward journey by a tempest off Bougie , and

741-673: The Castilian fleet in the naval battle of Gibraltar on 5 April 1340. The Castilian admiral Tenorio was killed during the engagement and only five Castilian galleys managed to make it safely out. With the sea now clear for an invasion, Abu al-Hasan spent the rest of the summer calmly ferrying his troops and supplies across the straits to Algeciras . Abu al-Hasan crossed with the bulk of the Marinid forces in August 1340. The Marinid invasion force joined up with Granadan forces under Yusuf I in September, and together proceeded to lay siege to Tarifa . A desperate Alfonso XI appealed to his father-in-law,

780-566: The Gibraltar campaign stoked fears in the Granadan court that the Marinids would become too influential, and provoked the assassination of Muhammad IV by resentful Granadan nobles only a few months later. However, Abu al-Hasan was not ready to invade the Iberian peninsula since he was engaged in hostilities with Tlemcen. Muhammad IV's brother and successor, Yusuf I of Granada maintained the alliance with

819-515: The Marinid ruler. A peace treaty was signed at Fez on 26 February 1334 between Castile, Granada and Morocco with a four-year duration. The ruler of Tlemcen, Ibn Tashufin (r. 1318–1337), initiated hostilities against Ifriqiya, besieged Béjaïa , and sent an army into Tunisia that defeated the Hafsid king Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II , who fled to Constantine while the Zayyanids occupied Tunis . Abu al-Hasan

SECTION 20

#1732852142556

858-486: The Marinid-era madrasas, with a rectangular sahn (courtyard) surrounded by galleries which led to accommodations for the students on either side. Sleeping quarters for the students also existed on the second floor and numbered 26 in total. On the south side of the courtyard, across from the main entrance, was a prayer hall with a mihrab . The foundation plaque and inscription of the building is located in this room. The sahn

897-555: The Portuguese king Afonso IV for assistance. In October 1340, a Portuguese fleet under Manuel Pessanha , supplemented by a leased Genoese fleet, managed to move into position off Tarifa and cut off the besiegers' supply line to Morocco. In the meantime, Afonso IV of Portugal led an army overland to join Alfonso XI of Castile near Seville , and together they moved against the besiegers at Tarifa. The Marinid-Nasrid forces were defeated at

936-565: The coronation of King Alfonso XI and were slow to respond to the invasion force, which was able to lay siege to Gibraltar before much of a response could be organised. The situation in Gibraltar was desperate by mid-June. The food had run out and the townspeople and garrison had been reduced to eating their own shields, belts and shoes in an attempt to gain sustenance from the leather from which they were made. On 17 June 1333, Vasco Perez surrendered Gibraltar after agreeing terms with Abd al-Malik. The defenders were allowed to leave with honour as

975-536: The global population). Eradication of this public health threat is one of the United Nations' 17 goals for sustainable development. The word "latrine" is derived from the Latin lavatrina , meaning bath. Today it is commonly used in the term " pit latrine ". It has the connotation of something being less advanced and less hygienic than a standard toilet . It is typically used to describe communal facilities, such as

1014-404: The ground. More sophisticated pit latrines may include a floor plate, or ventilation to reduce odor and fly and mosquito breeding (called ventilated improved pit latrine or "VIP latrine"). Many military units, if intended for extended use, place basic shelters and seating over the pits. A pit is typically sited well away from any water sources to minimize possible contamination. After prolonged use,

1053-511: The latter. It is also shallow, with a depth of about 15 cm (5.9 in). This type of latrine is often used in the initial phases of emergencies and is a simple improvement on open defecation fields. A rule of thumb in emergency sanitation provision is to allow 0.25 m (2.7 sq ft) of land per person per day. This means 2,500 m (27,000 sq ft) per 10,000 people per day, or nearly two hectares per week. Men's and women's areas should always be separated. An aqua privy

1092-527: The local heritage agency ADER-Fès and reopened in 2017, as part of a wider program of rehabilitation for Fes el-Bali which started in 2013. Upon the restoration's completion, the Sahrij Madrasa was earmarked to house students of the Qarawiyyin University and to serve the university's courses on Arabic calligraphy . The madrasa covers 478 square meters. The structure follows the prevalent pattern of

1131-555: The once mighty sultan was left stranded in the heart of enemy territory. Abu al-Hasan escaped capture and made his way to join his partisans in Algiers . He managed to gather enough forces to attempt a march to recover Tlemcen, but was defeated by the resurgent Abdalwadid princes near the Chelif River . As many of his former supporters defected, Abu al-Hasan was forced to proceed to Sijilmassa , in southern Morocco, which he hoped to use as

1170-445: The pit, or by various arrangements for sitting or leaning against a support structure. Such support may be simply a log, plank, branch or similar arrangement placed at right angles to the long axis of the pit. This type of latrine is not commonly found in developing countries but can be used for emergency sanitation. The shallow-trench latrine is similar to the slit-trench latrine but is wider (20–30 cm or 7.9–11.8 in wide) than

1209-497: The preceding Almohad Caliphate . However, he was forced to retreat due to a revolt of the Arab tribes, was shipwrecked, and lost many of his supporters. His son Abu Inan Faris seized power in Fez . Abu Al-Hasan died in exile in the High Atlas mountains. Abu al-Hasan was the son of Marinid ruler Abu Sa'id Uthman II . Al-Baydhaq says that his mother was a woman from Fez called Fatima. It

Sahrij Madrasa - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-479: The river. The madrasas were also accompanied by another funduq or hospice, but it has since disappeared. The madrasa was assigned a fqih (judge and expert in Islamic jurisprudence ) and a number of other positions such as lecturers and Qur'an reciters, all of whom were provided with accommodations and salaries. The madrasa's upkeep and operations were funded in large part by charitable endowments designated under

1287-411: The shallow-trench latrines used in emergency sanitation situations, e.g. after an earthquake, flood or other natural disaster . Many forms of latrine technology have been used, from very simple to more complex. The more sophisticated the system, the more likely that the term "toilet" is used instead of "latrine". A pit latrine is a simple and inexpensive toilet, minimally defined as a hole (pit) in

1326-459: The word "toilet" is more commonly used than "latrine", except for simple systems like "pit latrine" or "trench latrine". The use of latrines was a major advancement in sanitation over more basic practices such as open defecation , and helped control the spread of many waterborne diseases . However, unsafe defecation in unimproved latrines still remained a widespread problem by the end of 2020, with more than 3 billion people affected (46 % of

1365-468: Was a prolific patron of mosques and madrasas in Fes. According to its foundation inscription, the madrasa was originally known as al-Madrasa al-Kubra (the "Greater Madrasa") because it was larger than the other madrasas of the same era. It also marked a significant evolution in the richness of its decoration, and features some of the earliest zellij ( mosaic tilework ) to be found in any Moroccan madrasa. It

1404-598: Was a sultan of the Marinid dynasty who reigned in Morocco between 1331 and 1348. In 1333 he captured Gibraltar from the Castilians, although a later attempt to take Tarifa in 1339 ended in fiasco. In North Africa he extended his rule over Tlemcen and Hafsid Ifriqiya , which together covered the north of what is now Algeria and Tunisia . Under him the Marinid realms in the Maghreb briefly covered an area that rivalled that of

1443-494: Was married to a Hafsid princess, and in 1334 the Hafsids appealed to him for help, giving him a welcome excuse for invading his neighbour. In early 1335, Marinid forces under Abu al-Hasan invaded Tlemcen from the west and dispatched a naval force to assist the Hafsids from the east. The Zayyanids were rolled back into the city of Tlemcen . The Marinid sultan Abu al-Hasan started a lengthy siege of Tlemcen, turning his siege camp into

1482-413: Was reported that the madrasa's construction had cost 100,000 gold pieces. Later it came to be known as the Madrasa as-Sahrij for the iconic s ahrij (water basin) in the center of its courtyard ( sahn ). Abu al-Hassan also built another smaller madrasa adjoining it, commissioned in 1323 and initially known as the al-Madrasa es-Sughra (the "Lesser/Smaller Madrasa"). That madrasa later came to be known as

1521-413: Was transferred by Abu Inan , allegedly with great public mourning, to the Marinid necropolis at Chellah . In 1352 Abu Inan Faris recaptured Tlemcen. He also reconquered the central Maghreb. He took Béjaïa in 1353 and Tunis in 1357, becoming master of Ifriqiya. In 1358 he was forced to return to Fez due to Arab opposition, where he was strangled to death by his vizier. Latrine A latrine

#555444