Quebec French ( French : français québécois [fʁɑ̃sɛ kebekwa] ), also known as Québécois French , is the predominant variety of the French language spoken in Canada . It is the dominant language of the province of Quebec , used in everyday communication, in education, the media, and government.
75-814: [REDACTED] Look up saguenay in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Saguenay may refer to: Places in Canada [ edit ] Saguenay, Quebec , a city Saguenay River , a major river in Quebec Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean , the region of the Saguenay Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality (The Saguenay Fjord), Regional County Municipality in Quebec Le Saguenay-et-son-Fjord ,
150-828: A Canadian steamship Saguenay (train) , a passenger train in Quebec, Canada Saguenay flood , a series of flash floods that hit the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada in July 1996 Saguenay French , a dialect of Quebec French Saguenay Herald , an officer of arms at the Canadian Heraldic Authority HMCS Saguenay , two ships that served the Royal Canadian Navy Kingdom of Saguenay , an Iroquoian legend See also [ edit ] Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park ,
225-571: A National Marine Conservation Area Zec de la Rivière-Petit-Saguenay , a zone d'exploitation contrôlée (controlled harvesting zone) in Quebec Zec de la Rivière-Saint-Jean-du-Saguenay , a zone d'exploitation contrôlée (controlled harvesting zone) in Québec Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Saguenay . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
300-423: A change of 0.0% from its 2016 population of 161,520. With a land area of 3,133.53 km (1,209.86 sq mi), it had a population density of 51.6/km (134/sq mi) in 2021. The ville of Saguenay had a 2021 population of 144,723. The median age is 46.0, as opposed to 41.6 for all of Canada. The area is home to 420 recent immigrants (i.e. those arriving between 2016 and 2021), who comprise about 0.3% of
375-493: A city councillor. Each borough has a borough president from among their city councilors. Federally, Saguenay is part of two electoral districts. The riding of Chicoutimi—Le Fjord , which includes the boroughs of Chicoutimi and La Baie as well as most of the Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality , and the riding of Jonquière , which includes the borough of Jonquière as well as
450-516: A combination of factors, such as the cold waters of the Labrador Current and Hudson Bay to the north and east of the city. The highest temperature ever recorded in Saguenay was 39.4 °C (103 °F) on August 18, 1935. The coldest temperature ever recorded was −45.0 °C (−49 °F) on February 5, 1916. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Saguenay had
525-622: A comparison can be made, the differences between both varieties are analogous to those between American and British English even if differences in phonology and prosody for the latter are greater. Quebec's culture has only recently gained exposure in Europe, especially since the Quiet Revolution ( Révolution tranquille ). The difference in dialects and culture is large enough that speakers of Quebec French overwhelmingly prefer their own local television dramas or sitcoms to shows from Europe or
600-462: A few isolated Cree and Inuit villages. Few roads connect with the area from the south and east. However, the remote, paved Route 167 /113 heads northwest to the interior town of Chibougamau , providing access to Western Quebec and Hudson Bay . No services are available for the 230 km (140 mi) to Chibougamau from the Lac St-Jean area. Two notable natural disasters have occurred within
675-604: A former Quebec provincial electoral district Chicoutimi—Saguenay (federal electoral district) , a defunct federal electoral district in Quebec Charlevoix—Saguenay (federal electoral district) , a defunct federal electoral district in Quebec Geology [ edit ] Saguenay Graben , a geologic structure in Quebec enclosing the Saguenay River. Other uses [ edit ] Saguenay (ship) ,
750-522: A full non-breaking space is not used before the semicolon , exclamation mark , or question mark . Instead, a thin space (which according to Le Ramat de la typographie normally measures a quarter of an em ) is used; this thin space can be omitted in word-processing situations where the thin space is assumed to be unavailable, or when careful typography is not required. A notable difference in grammar which received considerable attention in France during
825-534: A horse or a carriage), the Québécois variety in its informal register tends to use embarquer and débarquer , a result of Quebec's navigational heritage. With the onset of British rule in 1760 , the French of Canada became isolated from that of Europe. This led to a retention of older pronunciations, such as moé for moi ( audio comparison ) and expressions that later died out in France. In 1774,
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#1732851744871900-502: A population of 144,723 living in 67,522 of its 71,017 total private dwellings, a change of -0.8% from its 2016 population of 145,949 . With a land area of 1,124.63 km (434.22 sq mi), it had a population density of 128.7/km (333.3/sq mi) in 2021. At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Saguenay CMA had a population of 161,567 living in 74,809 of its 79,976 total private dwellings,
975-555: A statistical area Petit-Saguenay, Quebec , a municipality in Quebec Saguenay County, Quebec , a historical county in Quebec Electoral districts [ edit ] Saguenay (provincial electoral district) , a former Quebec provincial electoral district Chicoutimi-Saguenay (provincial electoral district) , a former Quebec provincial electoral district Charlevoix—Saguenay (provincial electoral district) ,
1050-662: A strong influence on Quebec French. The phonological features traditionally distinguishing informal Quebec French and formal European French have gradually acquired varying sociolinguistic status, so that certain traits of Quebec French are perceived neutrally or positively by Quebecers, while others are perceived negatively. Sociolinguistic studies conducted in the 1960s and 1970s showed that Quebecers generally rated speakers of European French heard in recordings higher than speakers of Quebec French in many positive traits, including expected intelligence, education, ambition, friendliness and physical strength. The researchers were surprised by
1125-661: A variation of 1.1%. On the other hand, the GDP of the Saguenay CMA in 2009 totaled $ 6 billion compared to the $ 9.1 billion GDP of Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean. Cobalt Aircraft operates a manufacturing plant in the city. On January 17, 2011, the company chose Saguenay for the assembly plant of the aircraft Co50, an advanced, high-end propeller plane. Cultural events in the Saguenay region include the Saguenay International Short Film Festival ( French : Regard sur le court métrage au Saguenay ). The city has been home to
1200-454: Is Julie Dufour . Prior to its use as the name of the city, the term "the Saguenay" or (less commonly) "Saguenay Valley" had already been used for the whole Saguenay River region (see Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean ). Saguenay is the seat of the judicial district of Chicoutimi. The city is divided into three boroughs: Chicoutimi (which includes the former city of Chicoutimi, as well as Laterrière and Tremblay township), Jonquière (which includes
1275-586: Is a city in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec , Canada, on the Saguenay River , about 200 kilometres (120 mi) north of Quebec City by overland route. It is about 126 kilometres (78 mi) upriver and northwest of Tadoussac , located at the confluence with the St. Lawrence River . It was formed in 2002 by merging the cities of Chicoutimi and Jonquière and the town of La Baie . Chicoutimi
1350-665: Is also served by Quebec Route 172 and Quebec Route 170 , which run east–west to the north and south of the Saguenay River , respectively. The city is also served by the Bagotville Airport , which shares the Canadian Forces Base Bagotville aerodrome. It operates daily flights to Montreal-Trudeau International Airport as well as flights to Quebec City and Sept-Îles . It operates seasonal flights to Cancún , Mexico, and vacation destinations in Cuba. Another airfield,
1425-576: Is found generally across the Prairie provinces . The term joual is commonly used to refer to Quebec working class French (when considered a basilect ), characterized by certain features often perceived as phased out, "old world" or "incorrect" in standard French . Joual , in particular, exhibits strong Norman influences largely owing to Norman immigration during the Ancien Régime (they were perceived as true Catholics and allowed to immigrate to
1500-727: Is found to be distinct from those of other varieties of French: Some recent Quebec French lexical innovations have spread, at least partially, to other varieties of French, for example: On Twitter, supporters of the Quebec separatist party Bloc Québécois used hashtags that align with the syntactic pattern found in hashtags used in French political discourse , rather than adopting the hashtags commonly used by other Canadian parties with similar political positions. For phonological comparisons of Quebec French, Belgian French , Meridional French , and Metropolitan French , see French phonology . These examples are intended not exhaustive but illustrate
1575-656: Is located in Saguenay; this francophone campus of the province's network has 6,500 students. It provides education at university level. As the only university in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, this campus attracts students from across Quebec and la Francophonie. Located near downtown, the Chicoutimi campus includes a sports pavilion and the pavilion of the Humanities. The university has a flagship research centre in Arctic ice and other conditions; departments of Forestry, Medicine, and Arts; and
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#17328517448711650-723: Is the responsibility of the Central Québec School Board. At the college level, Saguenay has two colleges, located in Jonquière and in Chicoutimi, with a combined 5,500 students. In addition to offering pre-university programs, and similar curricula, each of the schools has unique programs. For example, the Cégep de Jonquière offers technical training in Art and Media Technology, while that of Chicoutimi offers technical training in piloting aircraft. The University of Quebec at Chicoutimi (UQAC)
1725-644: The Académie française , but are commonly used in Canada and Switzerland. There are other, sporadic spelling differences. For example, the Office québécois de la langue française formerly recommended the spelling tofou for what is in France tofu "tofu". This recommendation was repealed in 2013. In grammar, the adjective inuit "Inuit" is invariable in France but, according to official recommendations in Quebec, has regular feminine and plural forms. Grammatical differences between informal spoken Quebec French and
1800-677: The Coalition Avenir Québec . The electoral district of Jonquière , which covers most of the borough of Jonquière, is represented by Sylvain Gaudreault of the Parti Québécois. Thrice weekly passenger railway service is provided by Via Rail on the Montreal–Jonquière train , which runs from Montreal Central Station to Jonquière station . The city is connected by highway to Quebec City by Quebec Route 175 to its south, and
1875-602: The Innu . The name Chicoutimi means 'the end of the deepwater' in the Montagnais. Chicoutimi trading post was in operation until 1782. The city of Chicoutimi was officially incorporated as a municipality in 1845 by Peter McLeod, a Métis timber contractor, who had built a sawmill there in 1842. It was designated in 1855 as the seat of Chicoutimi County and in 1878 as the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chicoutimi . With
1950-590: The New England textile mills and the northern lumber camps. As a result, Quebec French began to borrow from both Canadian and American English to fill accidental gaps in the lexical fields of government, law, manufacturing, business and trade. From the Quiet Revolution to the passing of the Charter of the French Language , the French language in Quebec saw a period of validation in its varieties associated with
2025-617: The QMJHL 's Chicoutimi Saguenéens since 1973. They play at the Centre Georges-Vézina in the borough of Chicoutimi. In 2008, the LNAH professional team Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Summun-Chiefs moved to Saguenay and became the Saguenay 98.3. The team is now called Jonquière Marquis . Julie Dufour has been mayor of Saguenay since 2021. Josée Néron served as mayor from 2017 to 2021. Jean Tremblay had previously served as mayor of Saguenay from
2100-849: The Quebec Act guaranteed French settlers as British subjects rights to French law , the Roman Catholic faith and the French language to appease them at a moment when the English-speaking colonies to the south were on the verge of revolting in the American Revolution . In the period between the Act of Union of 1840 and 1960, roughly 900,000 French Canadians left Canada to emigrate to the United States to seek employment. The ones that returned, brought with them new words taken from their experiences in
2175-514: The syntax used in spoken Quebec French and that of other regional dialects of French . However, the characteristic differences of Quebec French syntax are not considered standard despite their high-frequency in everyday, relaxed speech. One far-reaching difference is the weakening of the syntactic role of the specifiers (both verbal and nominal), which results in many syntactic changes: Other notable syntactic changes in Quebec French include
2250-665: The 1970s, the official position on Québécois language has shifted dramatically. An oft-cited turning point was the 1977 declaration of the Association québécoise des professeurs de français defining thus the language to be taught in classrooms: "Standard Quebec French [ le français standard d'ici , literally, "the Standard French of here"] is the socially favoured variety of French which the majority of Francophone Québécois tend to use in situations of formal communication." Ostiguy and Tousignant doubt whether Quebecers today would still have
2325-430: The 1990s is the feminine form of many professions that traditionally did not have a feminine form. In Quebec, one writes nearly universally une chercheuse or une chercheure "a researcher", whereas in France, un chercheur and, more recently, un chercheur and une chercheuse are used. Feminine forms in -eur e as in ingénieu re are still strongly criticized in France by institutions like
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2400-530: The Price family, who ran a pulp and paper factory in Kénogami. Today that factory is owned by Produits Forestiers Résolu. Arvida is the home of an aluminium plant owned by Rio Tinto Alcan . Jonquière is probably best known in the United States as a result of the local Wal-Mart store which attempted to unionize and was closed down shortly thereafter. The official reason for this shutdown was "financial problems." When
2475-450: The Rivière aux Sables. It was named after Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière , governor of New France from 1749 to 1752. Growth came from the construction of pulp and paper mills at the beginning of the 20th century. Between 1925 and 1928, the world's largest aluminum plant was built along with the city Arvida (then a separate town). In 1942, to supply power to
2550-688: The US of a number of British programmes being shown with subtitles (notably from Scotland). Historically speaking, the closest relative of Quebec French is the 17th and 18th-century koiné of Paris . Formal Quebec French uses essentially the same orthography and grammar as the French of France, with few exceptions, and exhibits moderate lexical differences. Differences in grammar and lexicon become more marked as language becomes more informal. While phonetic differences also decrease with greater formality, Quebec and European accents are readily distinguishable in all registers . Over time, European French has exerted
2625-401: The United States. Conversely, certain singers from Quebec have become very famous even in France, notably Félix Leclerc , Gilles Vigneault , Kate and Anna McGarrigle , Céline Dion , and Garou . Some television series from Quebec such as Têtes à claques and L'Été indien are also known in France. The number of such shows from France shown on Quebec television is about the same as
2700-680: The arrival of the Canadian National Railway in 1893, the local pulp and paper industries expanded, particularly in mechanical pulp production. The Chicoutimi Pulp Co. was founded in 1896 and backed by French-Canadian investors. By 1910 the Chicoutimi Pulp Mill became the biggest producer of mechanical pulp in Canada. The economic decline of the Great Depression led the city's economy to shift administration and commerce and commercial. The Conservatoire de musique de Saguenay
2775-402: The borough of Jonquière and two others, Pont-Arnaud and Chute-Garneau, in operation since spring 2011. Saguenay is one of several "megacities" where the pre-merger telephone rate centres have never been amalgamated. It is still split between four rate centres–Chicoutimi, Jonquière, La Baie and Laterrière. As a result, North American telephone customers placing calls to Saguenay may not recognize
2850-623: The borough of La Baie, opened a pier in 2006 followed by the Bagotville wharf cruise terminal in 2009, in order to accommodate some of the larger cruise ships such as Eurodam and Queen Mary 2 . At least 200 cruise ships have visited La Baie, including 54 ships and over 50,000 passengers in 2017. In addition, Rio Tinto Alcan confirmed in December 2010 investment of 750 million dollars to upgrade its pilot plant in Jonquière AP-60. The plant
2925-516: The centre of Jonquière. Significant damage to the city's buildings was caused by the 1996 Saguenay flood . Saguenay is located in a depression in the Canadian shield called the Saguenay Graben , which has a somewhat more temperate climate than the surrounding region. This has encouraged agriculture and human settlement to take place. The relatively small and concentrated Lac St-Jean area where
3000-548: The centre of aluminium technology. Quebec French Canadian French is a common umbrella term to describe all varieties of French used in Canada, including Quebec French. Formerly it was used to refer solely to Quebec French and the closely related dialects spoken in Ontario and Western Canada , in contrast with Acadian French , which is spoken in some areas of eastern Quebec ( Gaspé Peninsula ), New Brunswick , and in other parts of Atlantic Canada , and Métis French , which
3075-785: The charge details on their bills. The francophone primary and secondary public schools of Saguenay are managed by two boards, the School Board of Jonquière, which has 11,015 students and the school board of Rives-du-Saguenay, with 11,048 students. These figures include 38 primary schools, seven secondary schools and five vocational training centres in the city, and institutions of neighboring municipalities of Upper and Lower Saguenay. The private elementary Apostolic School of Chicoutimi has 160 students. The Seminary of Chicoutimi has 1,100 high school students. Saguenay also has primary and secondary schools in English, with 200 students; Riverside Regional School
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3150-465: The city is located can be described as an isolated " oasis " in the middle of the vast remote wilderness of Northern Quebec. No paved roads go north from the area into the wilderness; the last paved roads to the north end just a short distance from the city, and still within the Lac St-Jean area. There are no human settlements due north of Saguenay all the way to the Canadian Arctic islands , except for
3225-478: The city of Saguenay was constituted on February 18, 2002, by municipal amalgamation, the borough of Jonquière was created from the former city of Jonquière, the former municipality of Shipshaw, and the former municipality of Lac-Kénogami. The former city of Jonquière had a population of 54,842 in the Canada 2001 Census , the last census in which Jonquière was counted as a separate city. The Rivière aux Sables runs through
3300-527: The complex influence that European French has had on Quebec French pronunciation and the range of sociolinguistic statuses that individual phonetic variables can possess. Like other varieties, Quebec French is characterized by increasingly wide gaps between its formal and informal forms. Notable differences include the generalized use of on (informal for nous ), the use of single negations as opposed to double negations: J'ai pas (informal) vs Je n'ai pas (formal) etc. There are increasing differences between
3375-888: The current municipal boundaries of Saguenay: the Saint-Jean-Vianney landslide of May 4, 1971, and the Saguenay flood of 1996. The 1988 Saguenay earthquake , a magnitude 5.9 earthquake on November 25, 1988, had its epicentre 35 km south of Chicoutimi and was felt within the city. Saguenay has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Climate Classification Dfb) with large variation between summer and winter. The city features two brief transition seasons (spring and autumn), while summers are warm and occasionally hot, and winters are long and very cold. Temperatures drop below −20.0 °C (−4 °F) on average 43 times per year and below −30.0 °C (−22 °F) 6 times per year. The low winter temperatures characteristic of Saguenay are caused by
3450-481: The extraordinarily negative discourse about it between 1940 and 1960. It is instead in the loss of social position suffered by a large proportion of Francophones since the end of the 19th century that one must seek the principal source of this degrading perception." Ouaouaron , the Canadian French word for bullfrog , a frog species native to North America, originates from an Iroquois word. Maringouin ,
3525-425: The flora and fauna such as atoca ( cranberry ) and achigan ( largemouth bass ), from First Nations languages . The importance of the rivers and ocean as the main routes of transportation also left its imprint on Quebec French. Whereas European varieties of French use the verbs monter and descendre for "to get in" and "to get out" of a vehicle (lit. "to mount" and "to dismount", as one does with
3600-639: The following five categories. The influences on Quebec French from English and Native American can be reflected in any of these five: The following tables give examples of each of the first four categories, along with the Metropolitan French equivalent and an English gloss. Contextual differences, along with individual explanations, are then discussed. Examples of lexically specific items: Examples of semantic differences: Examples of grammatical differences: Examples multi-word or fixed expressions unique to Quebec: Some Quebec French lexical items have
3675-623: The formal language abound. Some of these, such as omission of the negative particle ne , are also present in the informal language of speakers of standard European French, while other features, such as use of the interrogative particle -tu , are either peculiar to Quebec or Canadian French or restricted to nonstandard varieties of European French. While the overwhelming majority of lexical items in Quebec French exist in other dialects of French, many words and expressions are unique to Quebec, much like some are specific to American and British varieties of English. The differences can be classified into
3750-535: The former Chicoutimi/Saint-Honoré Aerodrome air force base, is located to the north of the city. A pier in La Baie has been in operation since 2008 to accommodate cruise ships and tourists. The project required investment of about $ 33.75 million for the construction of a 370-metre (1,210 ft) wharf, a visitor centre ($ 5 million) and a port village. Saguenay derives power from its water resources. The city owns three hydroelectric power stations, one operating in
3825-436: The former city of Jonquière, Lac-Kénogami, and Shipshaw) and La Baie (which corresponds to the former city of La Baie). The name Saguenay is possibly derived from the Innu word "Saki-nip", which means "where water flows out". Saguenay was formed on February 18, 2002, by amalgamating the cities of Chicoutimi , Jonquière , La Baie and Laterrière , along with the municipalities of Lac-Kénogami and Shipshaw and part of
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#17328517448713900-455: The greater friendliness rating for Europeans, since one of the primary reasons usually advanced to explain the retention of low-status language varieties is social solidarity with members of one's linguistic group. François Labelle cites the efforts at that time by the Office québécois de la langue française "to impose a French as standard as possible" as one of the reasons for the negative view Quebecers had of their language variety. Since
3975-636: The informal spoken language, but that notion is often exaggerated. The Québécois have been found to show a stronger aversion to the use of anglicisms in formal contexts than do European francophones, largely because of what the influence of English on their language is held to reveal about the historically superior position of anglophones in Canadian society. According to Cajolet-Laganière and Martel, out of 4,216 "criticized borrowings from English" in Quebec French that they were able to identify, some 93% have "extremely low frequency" and 60% are obsolete. Despite this,
4050-546: The integrity of Quebec French, while Metropolitan French on the other hand does not have that same protective attitude and in recent decades has been more influenced by English, causing Quebec French not to borrow recent English loanwords that are now used in Metropolitan French. There is a continuum of intelligibility between Quebec and European French; the two are most intelligible in their more standardized forms and pose more difficulties in their dialectal forms. If
4125-573: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saguenay&oldid=1235931961 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Saguenay, Quebec Saguenay ( / ˈ s æ ɡ ə n eɪ , ˌ s æ ɡ ə ˈ n eɪ / SAG -ə-nay, - NAY , French: [saɡnɛ] , locally [-ne] )
4200-405: The most commonly identified ethnocultural ancestries were: French was the mother tongue of 97.4% of residents in 2021. The next most common mother tongues were English at 0.8%, followed by Spanish at 0.4%. 0.4% reported both English and French as their first language. Additionally there were 0.2% who reported both French and a non-official language as their mother tongue. In 2021, 71.5% of
4275-455: The municipal merger of 2002 until 2017. He was also mayor of the now defunct city of Chicoutimi from 1997 until 2001. The governing body of Saguenay is Saguenay City Council , which consists of the mayor and 15 city councillors. The councillors are elected from single-member districts. The city's three boroughs are Jonquière , Chicoutimi , and La Baie . Each borough is subdivided into electoral districts, with each district being represented by
4350-407: The new city of Saguenay. Chicoutimi became a borough of Saguenay. During the summer of 1996 a record rainfall in the region caused major flooding in the downtown, as well as outlying areas. The total cost of the disaster was recorded to be C$ 1.5 billion. It claimed seven lives and destroyed many bridges. Jonquière was founded in 1847 by Marguerite Belley , who came from La Malbaie to settle on
4425-741: The new world as an example of ideal French settlers). For example the word placoter can mean both to splash around or to chatter which comes from the Norman French word clapoter which means the same thing. Its equivalent in Acadian French is called Chiac . The origins of Quebec French lie in the 17th- and 18th-century regional varieties (dialects) of early modern French, also known as Classical French , and of other langues d'oïl (especially Poitevin dialect , Saintongeais dialect and Norman ) that French colonists brought to New France . Quebec French either evolved from this language base and
4500-459: The number of British shows on American television even though French news channels like France 24 and a francophone channel based in France, TV5 Québec Canada , are broadcast in Quebec. Nevertheless, Metropolitan French series such as The Adventures of Tintin and Les Gens de Mogador are broadcast and known in Quebec. In certain cases, on French TV, subtitles can be added when barbarisms, rural speech and slang are used, not unlike cases in
4575-493: The perception of exaggerated anglicism use in Quebec French could be attributed, in part, simply to the fact that the anglicisms used are different, and thus more noticeable by European speakers. French spoken with a large number of anglicisms may be disparagingly termed franglais . According to Chantal Bouchard, "While the language spoken in Quebec did indeed gradually accumulate borrowings from English [between 1850 and 1960], it did not change to such an extent as to justify
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#17328517448714650-537: The plant, Alcan built a hydroelectric station at Shipshaw that was the largest in the world at that time. Jonquière, Arvida, and Kénogami were amalgamated into a single city, Jonquière, in 1975. Jonquière was the host city for the Quebec Games in the winter of 1976, and for the Canoe/Kayak World Championships in slalom and whitewater racing, in 1979. Much of Jonquière's development owed its strength to
4725-669: The population identified as Catholic , a 20.0% decrease from 2011, while 21.1% said they had no religious affiliation. Muslims were the largest religious minority, making up 0.5% of the population. Saguenay's economy is in transition. It is increasingly based on developing research and teaching in applied technologies for energy, aluminum , boreal forest , genomics and biomedical sciences . Saguenay has three large industrial parks totaling 8,496,138 square metres (91,451,670 sq ft) of commercial facilities: five city centres and shopping centres, six shopping centres, power centres, and five major commercial arteries. Saguenay, in
4800-534: The prevalence of anglicisms in Quebec French has often been exaggerated. Various anglicisms commonly used in European French informal language are mostly not used by Quebec French speakers. While words such as shopping, parking, escalator, ticket, email and week-end are commonly spoken in Europe, Quebec tends to favour French equivalents, namely: magasinage, stationnement, escalier roulant, billet, courriel and fin de semaine , respectively. As such,
4875-422: The same general meaning in Metropolitan French but are used in different contexts. English translations are given in parentheses. In addition, Quebec French has its own set of swear words, or sacres , distinct from other varieties of French. One characteristic of major sociological importance distinguishing Quebec from European French is the relatively greater number of borrowings from English, especially in
4950-491: The same negative attitudes towards their own variety of French that they did in the 1970s. They argue that negative social attitudes have focused instead on a subset of the characteristics of Quebec French relative to European French, and particularly some traits of informal Quebec French. Some characteristics of European French are even judged negatively when imitated by Quebecers. Quebec French has some typographical differences from European French. For example, in Quebec French
5025-500: The southern part and parts of the Le Fjord-du-Saguenay RCM. Provincially, Saguenay is represented in four electoral districts. The electoral district of Chicoutimi includes the former city of Chicoutimi, and is represented by Andrée Laforest of the Coalition Avenir Québec . The electoral district of Dubuc , which covers the part of Saguenay as well as the Le Fjord-du-Saguenay RCM, is represented by François Tremblay of
5100-458: The total population. 145 of them come from France, and 140 come from various African countries, with Cameroon leading at 40 recent immigrants. As of 2021, Indigenous peoples comprised 5.4% of the population and visible minorities contributed 2.0%. The largest visible minority groups in Saguenay are Black (0.9%), Arab (0.3%), and Latin American (0.3%). Counting both single and multiple responses,
5175-401: The township of Tremblay . First Nations people , including Innus have inhabited the Saguenay Fjord area for thousands of years prior to the first Europeans arriving. What was ultimately to become the centre of the borough of Chicoutimi was first settled in 1676 as a French trading post in the fur trade . At that time, the Saguenay and Chicoutimi rivers had been used for centuries by
5250-417: The word for mosquito, also originates from an aboriginal language, Tupi-guarani , spoken by aboriginals on the northern coasts of Brazil. It is thought that early French colonists adopted this word in the late 1600s after exchanges with explorers returning from South America. Atoca , a synonym for Cranberry , also originates from Iroquois. The following are areas in which the lexicon of Quebec French
5325-403: The working class while the percentage of literate and university-educated francophones grew. Laws concerning the status of French were passed both on the federal and provincial levels. The Office québécois de la langue française was established to play an essential role of support in language planning . Protective laws also arose in response to the distaste towards anglicisms for preserving
5400-470: Was estimated to be 40% more productive than the existing aluminum plant. The first phase included 38 tanks equipped with new technology, with an estimated production of 60,000 tons of aluminum per year. The first ingots were cast in the first quarter of 2013. According to 2010 data from the Institute of Statistics of Québec (ISQ), the per capita personal income in 2009 amounted to $ 31,677 versus $ 31,344 in 2008,
5475-461: Was founded by French colonists in 1676. As of July 2021, the city had a population of 145,000 and the metropolitan area had a population of 165,000. The city of Saguenay constitutes a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE); its geographical code is 941. Together with the regional county municipality of Le Fjord-du-Saguenay , it forms the census division (CD) of Le Saguenay-et-son-Fjord (94). The mayor of Saguenay since 2021
5550-565: Was founded in Chicoutimi in 1967, and the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi was founded in 1969. The city played host to the Quebec Summer Games in 1972. In the municipal amalgamations of 1976, Chicoutimi annexed the neighbouring towns of Chicoutimi-Nord and Rivière-du-Moulin. In a later round of amalgamations in 2002 , the cities of Chicoutimi, Jonquière , La Baie , Lac-Kénogami, Laterrière , Shipshaw and part of Tremblay merged to form
5625-541: Was shaped by the following influences (arranged according to historical period) or was imported from Paris and other urban centres of France as a koiné , or common language shared by the people speaking it. Unlike the language of France in the 17th and 18th centuries, French in New France was fairly well unified. It also began to borrow words and gather importations (see loan word ), especially place names such as Québec , Canada and Hochelaga , and words to describe
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