65-399: " Saft " is a word for juice or diluting juice in Germanic languages . Saft may refer to: Juice Juice is a drink made from the extraction or pressing of the natural liquid contained in fruit and vegetables . It can also refer to liquids that are flavored with concentrate or other biological food sources, such as meat or seafood , such as clam juice . Juice
130-615: A 10% greater fructose content, the relative sweetness of HFCS 55, used most commonly in soft drinks, is comparable to that of sucrose. HFCS provides advantages in food and beverage manufacturing, such as simplicity of formulation, stability, and enabling processing efficiencies. HFCS (or standard corn syrup ) is the primary ingredient in most brands of commercial "pancake syrup," as a less expensive substitute for maple syrup . Assays to detect adulteration of sweetened products with HFCS, such as liquid honey, use differential scanning calorimetry and other advanced testing methods. In
195-565: A 2009 release, The Corn Refiners Association stated that all factories in the American industry for manufacturing HFCS had used mercury-free processing over several previous years, making the prior report outdated. Most countries, including Mexico, use sucrose, or table sugar, in soft drinks. In the U.S., soft drinks, such as Coca-Cola, are typically made with HFCS 55. HFCS has a sweeter taste than sucrose. Some Americans seek out drinks such as Mexican Coca-Cola in ethnic groceries because they prefer
260-558: A U.S. Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service report. On 1 January 2002, Mexico imposed a 20% beverage tax on soft drinks and syrups not sweetened with cane sugar. The United States challenged the tax, appealing to the World Trade Organization (WTO). On 3 March 2006, the WTO ruled in favor of the U.S. citing the tax as discriminatory against U.S. imports of HFCS without being justified under WTO rules. The Philippines
325-850: A consequence, several companies reverted to manufacturing with sucrose (table sugar) from products that had previously been made with HFCS. In 2010, the Corn Refiners Association applied to allow HFCS to be renamed "corn sugar," but that petition was rejected by the FDA in 2012. In August 2016, in a move to please consumers with health concerns, McDonald's announced that it would be replacing all HFCS in their buns with sucrose (table sugar) and would remove preservatives and other artificial additives from its menu items. Marion Gross, senior vice president of McDonald's stated, "We know that they [consumers] don't feel good about high-fructose corn syrup so we're giving them what they're looking for instead." Over
390-655: A cup each day). Fruit juice consumption on average increases with a country's income level. The word "juice" comes from Old French in about 1300; it developed from the Old French words " jus, juis, jouis ", which mean "liquid obtained by boiling herbs". The Old French jus "juice, sap, liquid" (13c.)...[came] from Latin ius [which means] "broth, sauce, juice, soup," from PIE root * yeue - "to blend, mix food" (cognates: Sanskrit yus - "broth," Greek zyme "a leaven", Old Church Slavonic jucha "broth, soup," Russian : уха " ukha ", Lithuanian : juse "fish soup"). The use of
455-643: A cup, or 8 ounces, each day) and Colombia (more than three quarters of a cup each day). Fruit juice consumption, on average, increased with country income level. In 2007, a report stated that fruit juice consumption overall in Europe , Australia , New Zealand , and the US had increased in recent years. In 2015, people in the United States consumed approximately 6.6 US gallons of juice per capita, with more than half of preschool-age children being regular drinkers. Juice
520-413: A more substantial Cochrane review concludes that there is some evidence that cranberry products reduce the risk of symptomatic urinary tract infections for women, children, and people following intervention, but not for the elderly, people with bladder emptying problems, or pregnant women. Long-term tolerance is also an issue, with gastrointestinal upset occurring in more than 30% of people. As of 2017,
585-505: A quality, microbiologically stable product. However, it was found that processing with high-intensity pulsed electric fields (PEF) can be applied to fruit juices to provide a shelf-stable and safe product. In addition, it was found that pulsed electric fields provide a fresh-like product with high nutritional value. Pulsed electric field processing is a type of nonthermal method for food preservation . Pulsed electric fields use short pulses of electricity to inactivate microbes. In addition,
650-484: A sugar production quota, which was abolished on 1 October 2017, removing the previous production cap of 720,000 tonnes, and allowing production and export without restriction. Use of GFS in soft drinks is limited in the EU because manufacturers do not have a sufficient supply of GFS containing at least 42% fructose content. As a result, soft drinks are primarily sweetened by sucrose which has a 50% fructose content. In Japan, HFCS
715-616: A variety of hand or electric juicers . Many commercial juices are filtered to remove fiber or pulp , but high-pulp fresh orange juice is a popular beverage. Additives are put in some juices, such as sugar and artificial flavours (in some fruit juice-based beverages) or savoury seasonings (e.g., in Clamato or Caesar tomato juice drinks). Common methods for the preservation and processing of fruit juices include canning , pasteurization , concentrating , freezing , evaporation , and spray drying . Although processing methods vary between juices,
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#1733114161114780-532: Is cheaper. "HFCS 42" and "HFCS 55" refer to dry weight fructose compositions of 42% and 55% respectively, the rest being glucose. HFCS 42 is mainly used for processed foods and breakfast cereals , whereas HFCS 55 is used mostly for production of soft drinks . The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) states that it is not aware of evidence showing that HFCS is less safe than traditional sweeteners such as sucrose and honey . Uses and exports of HFCS from American producers have grown steadily during
845-704: Is safe (GRAS) as an ingredient for food and beverage manufacturing , and there is no evidence that retail HFCS products differ in safety from those containing alternative nutritive sweeteners. The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommended that added sugars should be limited in the diet. One consumer concern about HFCS is that processing of corn is more complex than used for common sugar sources, such as fruit juice concentrates or agave nectar , but all sweetener products derived from raw materials involve similar processing steps of pulping , hydrolysis , enzyme treatment, and filtration, among other common steps of sweetener manufacturing from natural sources. In
910-579: Is also referred to as 異性化糖 (iseika-to; isomerized sugar). HFCS production arose in Japan after government policies created a rise in the price of sugar. Japanese HFCS is manufactured mostly from imported U.S. corn, and the output is regulated by the government. For the period from 2007 to 2012, HFCS had a 27–30% share of the Japanese sweetener market. Japan consumed approximately 800,000 tonnes of HFCS in 2016. The United States Department of Agriculture states that HFCS
975-424: Is aseptically packaged and refrigerated. Juice is also able to transfer electricity due to the presence of several ions from the processing. When the electric field is applied to the juice, electric currents are then able to flow into the liquid juice and be transferred around due to the charged molecules in the juice. Therefore, pulsed electric fields are able to inactivate microorganisms, extend shelf life, and reduce
1040-551: Is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease . In 2018, the American Heart Association recommended that people limit total added sugar (including maltose, sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, molasses, cane sugar, corn sweetener, raw sugar, syrup, honey, or fruit juice concentrates) in their diets to nine teaspoons per day for men and six for women. Since 2014, the United States FDA has determined that HFCS
1105-514: Is called a juice cocktail or juice drink . According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the term "nectar" is generally accepted in the US and in international trade for a diluted juice to denote a beverage that contains fruit juice or puree , water, and artificial sweeteners . "No added sugar " is commonly printed on the labels of juice containers, but the products may contain large amounts of naturally occurring sugars; however, sugar content
1170-446: Is commonly consumed as a beverage or used as an ingredient or flavoring in foods or other beverages, such as smoothies . Juice emerged as a popular beverage choice after the development of pasteurization methods enabled its preservation without using fermentation (which is used in wine production). The largest fruit juice consumers are New Zealand (nearly a cup , or 8 ounces, each day) and Colombia (more than three quarters of
1235-509: Is exported to the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, and India. In the European Union (EU), HFCS is known as isoglucose or glucose–fructose syrup (GFS) which has 20–30% fructose content compared to 42% (HFCS 42) and 55% (HFCS 55) in the United States. While HFCS is produced exclusively with corn in the U.S., manufacturers in the EU use corn and wheat to produce GFS. GFS was once subject to
1300-682: Is listed with other carbohydrates on labels in many countries. Depending on trends and regulations, beverages listed as 100% juice may actually contain unlisted additives . For example, most orange juice contains added ethyl butyrate (to enhance flavor), vitamin C (as ascorbic acid), and water (if from concentrate). When fruit juice is too sour, acidic, or rich to consume, it may be diluted with water and sugar to create an -ade (such as lemonade, limeade, cherryade, and orangeade). The 'ade' suffix may also refer to any sweetened, fruit-flavored drink, whether or not it actually contains any juice. The largest fruit juice consumers are New Zealand (nearly
1365-435: Is mixed in and converts them to glucose. The resulting solution is filtered to remove protein using activated carbon . Then the solution is demineralized using ion-exchange resins . That purified solution is then run over immobilized xylose isomerase, which turns the sugars to ~50–52% glucose with some unconverted oligosaccharides and 42% fructose (HFCS 42), and again demineralized and again purified using activated carbon. Some
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#17331141611141430-403: Is no scientific consensus that fructose or HFCS has any impact on cardiometabolic markers when substituted for sucrose. A 2014 systematic review found little evidence for an association between HFCS consumption and liver diseases , enzyme levels or fat content. A 2018 review found that lowering consumption of sugary beverages and fructose products may reduce hepatic fat accumulation, which
1495-417: Is not associated with an increased risk of diabetes . A 2018 review concluded that 100% fruit juice increases the risk of tooth decay in children, but there is "no conclusive evidence that consumption of 100% fruit juice has adverse health effects." Preliminary research indicates that cranberry juice or capsules may decrease the number of urinary tract infections in women with frequent infections, and
1560-411: Is prepared by mechanically squeezing or macerating (sometimes referred to as cold pressing ) fruit or vegetable flesh without the application of heat or solvents. For example, orange juice is the liquid extract of the fruit of the orange tree, and tomato juice is the liquid that results from pressing the fruit of the tomato plant . Juice may be prepared at home from fresh fruit and vegetables using
1625-446: Is processed into HFCS 90 by liquid chromatography , and then mixed with HFCS 42 to form HFCS 55. The enzymes used in the process are made by microbial fermentation . HFCS is 24% water, the rest being mainly fructose and glucose with 0–5% unprocessed glucose oligomers . The most common forms of HFCS used for food and beverage manufacturing contain fructose in either 42% ("HFCS 42") or 55% ("HFCS 55") by dry weight, as described in
1690-453: Is produced in Japan from U.S. corn. Japan imports at a level of 3 million tonnes per year, leading 20 percent of corn imports to be for HFCS production. Mexico is the largest importer of U.S. HFCS. HFCS accounts for about 27 percent of total sweetener consumption, with Mexico importing 983,069 tonnes of HFCS in 2018. Mexico's soft drink industry is shifting from sugar to HFCS which is expected to boost U.S. HFCS exports to Mexico according to
1755-687: Is sucrose. Production of HFCS in the United States was 8.3 million tons in 2017. HFCS is easier to handle than granulated sucrose, although some sucrose is transported as solution. Unlike sucrose, HFCS cannot be hydrolyzed, but the free fructose in HFCS may produce hydroxymethylfurfural when stored at high temperatures; these differences are most prominent in acidic beverages. Soft drink makers such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi continue to use sugar in other nations but transitioned to HFCS for U.S. markets in 1980 before completely switching over in 1984. Large corporations, such as Archer Daniels Midland , lobby for
1820-467: Is thought that the grapes may have been alternatively used to produce wine . One of the first regularly produced juices was lemonade , which appeared in 16th-century Italy as an import after its conception in the Middle East. Orange juice originated in the 17th century. In the 18th century, James Lind linked citrus fruits to the prevention of scurvy , which, a century later, led to the implementation of
1885-577: Is toxic to bees, can form from the breakdown of fructose. Although some researchers cite honey substitution with HFCS as one factor among many for colony collapse disorder , there is no evidence that HFCS is the only cause. Compared to hive honey, both HFCS and sucrose caused signs of malnutrition in bees fed with them, apparent in the expression of genes involved in protein metabolism and other processes affecting honey bee health. There are various public relations concerns with HFCS, including how HFCS products are advertised and labeled as "natural." As
1950-468: Is used with these same ingredients, drinks called health shakes may be produced. Juice bars share some of the characteristics of a coffeehouse , a soda fountain , a café , and a snack bar , such as providing blended drinks and food, such as sandwiches. Juice bars may be standalone businesses in cities or located at gyms, along commuter areas, near lunchtime areas, at beaches, or at tourist attractions. In Mexico , juice bars have become more popular in
2015-698: The American Academy of Pediatrics says that fruit juice should not be given to children under the age of one due to its lack of nutritional benefit. For children ages one to six, intake of fruit juice should be limited to less than 4–6 oz (110–170 g) per day (about a half to three-quarters of a cup) due to its high sugar and low fiber content compared to fruit. Overconsumption of fruit juices may reduce nutrient intake compared to eating whole fruits and may produce diarrhea, gas, abdominal pain, bloating, or tooth decay. Overconsumption of fruits and fruit juice may contribute to dental decay and cavities via
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2080-760: The Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 in the United States eliminate 100% fruit juices and substitute them instead with whole fruits. A juice bar is an establishment that primarily serves prepared juice beverages such as freshly squeezed or extracted fruit juices, juice blends, fruit smoothies (a thick fruit drink, often iced), or other juices such as fresh wheatgrass juice. Sometimes other solid ingredients or nutritional supplements may be added as boosters, such as fresh bananas , nuts or nut butter , bodybuilding supplements , soy protein powder, or others such as whey or hemp protein powders, wheat germ , spirulina , or chlorella . Also, if less juice
2145-468: The yeast responsible for fermentation. He then sold his new product as "Dr. Welch's Unfermented Wine". In the late 18th-century United States, the circulation of foreign fruit juices was heavily regulated by tariffs . The McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 increased import taxes from 38 to 49.5 percent and set taxes on fruit juices based on the alcohol content of the drink. Juices with 18% or less alcohol were taxed at 60 cents per gallon, while anything above 18%
2210-463: The 15th century (e.g., a juicy roast beef). The figurative meaning "wealthy, full of some desired quality" dates from the 1620s (e.g., a pirate calling a heavily laden ship he aims to plunder a "juicy catch"). The meaning "lively, suggestive, racy, sensational" (e.g., a juicy scandal) is from 1883. Canadian streamer xQc frequently uses the phrases “juice,” “juiced up,” and “juicer” to have differing contextual meanings. The Catholic Church allows
2275-446: The 1970s through the early 21st century, primarily as a replacement for sucrose because its sweetness was similar to sucrose, it improved manufacturing quality, was easier to use, and was cheaper. Domestic production of HFCS increased from 2.2 million tons in 1980 to a peak of 9.5 million tons in 1999. Although HFCS use is about the same as sucrose use in the United States, more than 90% of sweeteners used in global manufacturing
2340-469: The 2000s. Mexican juice bars often also sell healthy beverages and snacks. The use of the word "juice" to mean "liquor" (alcohol) dates from 1828. The use of the term "juice" to mean "electricity" dates from 1896. As a verb, the word "juice" was first recorded as meaning "to enliven" in 1964. The adjective "juiced" is recorded as meaning "drunk" in 1946 and "enhanced or as if enhanced by steroids" in 2003. The adjective "juicy" has meant "succulent" since
2405-484: The FDA accepted HFCS as "generally recognized as safe," and that decision was reaffirmed in 1996. Prior to the development of the worldwide sugar industry, dietary fructose was limited to only a few items. Milk, meats, and most vegetables, the staples of many early diets, have no fructose, and only 5–10% fructose by weight is found in fruits such as grapes, apples, and blueberries. Most traditional dried fruits , however, contain about 50% fructose. From 1970 to 2000, there
2470-505: The Merchant Shipping Act of 1867, requiring all ocean-bound British ships to carry citrus-based juice on board. In 1869, a dentist by the name of Thomas B. Welch developed a pasteurization method that allowed for the storage of juice without the juice fermenting into alcohol . His method involved filtering squeezed grape juice into bottles, sealing them with cork and wax , and then placing them in boiling water. This method kills
2535-477: The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR 184.1866). The global market for HFCS is expected to grow from $ 5.9 billion in 2019 to a projected $ 7.6 billion in 2024. HFCS in China makes up about 20% of sweetener demand. HFCS has gained popularity due to rising prices of sucrose, while selling for a third the price. Production was estimated to reach 4,150,000 tonnes in 2017. About half of total produced HFCS
2600-420: The association's member companies with increased risk of bankruptcy. HFCS is 76% carbohydrates and 24% water, containing no fat, protein , or micronutrients in significant amounts. In a 100-gram reference amount, it supplies 281 calories , while in one tablespoon of 19 grams, it supplies 53 calories. The role of fructose in metabolic syndrome has been the subject of controversy, but as of 2022 , there
2665-496: The contemporary process to make HFCS, an "acid-enzyme" step is used in which the corn starch solution is acidified to digest the existing carbohydrates, then enzymes are added to further metabolize the corn starch and convert the resulting sugars to their constituents of fructose and glucose. Analyses published in 2014 showed that HFCS content of fructose was consistent across samples from 80 randomly selected carbonated beverages sweetened with HFCS. One prior concern in manufacturing
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2730-456: The contemporary process, corn is milled to extract corn starch and an "acid-enzyme" process is used, in which the corn-starch solution is acidified to begin breaking up the existing carbohydrates . High-temperature enzymes are added to further metabolize the starch and convert the resulting sugars to fructose. The first enzyme added is alpha-amylase , which breaks the long chains down into shorter sugar chains ( oligosaccharides ). Glucoamylase
2795-401: The continuation of government corn subsidies. Consumption of HFCS in the U.S. has declined since it peaked at 37.5 lb (17.0 kg) per person in 1999. The average American consumed approximately 22.1 lb (10.0 kg) of HFCS in 2018, versus 40.3 lb (18.3 kg) of refined cane and beet sugar. This decrease in domestic consumption of HFCS resulted in a push in exporting of
2860-569: The corn syrup is further processed by D-xylose isomerase to convert some of its glucose into fructose . HFCS was first marketed in the early 1970s by the Clinton Corn Processing Company, together with the Japanese Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, where the enzyme was discovered in 1965. As a sweetener, HFCS is often compared to granulated sugar , but manufacturing advantages of HFCS over sugar include that it
2925-400: The early 21st century, other companies such as Yoplait , Gatorade , and Hershey's also phased out HFCS, replacing it with conventional sugar because consumers perceived sugar to be healthier. Companies such as PepsiCo and Heinz have also released products that use sugar in lieu of HFCS, although they still sell HFCS-sweetened products. Commercial production of HFCS began in 1964. In
2990-480: The early 21st century. In the United States, HFCS is among the sweeteners that have mostly replaced sucrose (table sugar) in the food industry. Factors contributing to the increased use of HFCS in food manufacturing include production quotas of domestic sugar, import tariffs on foreign sugar, and subsidies of U.S. corn , raising the price of sucrose and reducing that of HFCS, creating a manufacturing-cost advantage among sweetener applications. In spite of having
3055-518: The effect of fruit acids on tooth enamel. Longitudinal prospective cohort studies showed a significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes when juices with added sugars were consumed compared to eating whole fruits. A 2014 review found that a higher intake of sugar-sweetened fruit juice was significantly associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. Overconsumption of fruit juice with added sugars has also been linked to childhood obesity . The American Journal of Public Health proposed that
3120-877: The enzymatic activity of the juice while maintaining similar quality as the original, fresh-pressed juice. Fruit juices contain compounds that can be undesirable to consumers. Apple juices can be cloudy, and grapefruit juices can be bitter. Enzymatic technologies, involving respectively pectinases and naringinase , address these problems. Juices are often consumed for their perceived health benefits . For example, orange juice with natural or added vitamin C , folic acid , and potassium . Juice provides nutrients such as carotenoids , polyphenols , and vitamin C that offer health benefits. High consumption of fruit juice with added sugar may be linked to weight gain, but not all studies have shown this effect. If 100% from fruit, juice can help meet daily intake recommendations for some nutrients. Research suggests that 100% fruit juice
3185-531: The fruit. A juice or nectar including concentrate must state that it does. The term "juice drink" is not defined in the Regulations and can be used to describe any drink that includes juice, whatever the amount. Comparable rules apply in all EU member states in their respective languages. In the US, fruit juice can only legally be used to describe a product that is 100% fruit juice. A blend of fruit juice(s) with other ingredients, such as high-fructose corn syrup ,
3250-419: The fruits to be cut in half before being subjected to reamers , which extract the juice. After the juice is filtered, it may be concentrated in evaporators , which reduce the size of the juice by a factor of 5, making it easier to transport and increasing its expiration date . Juices are concentrated by heating under a vacuum to remove water, and then cooling to around 13 degrees Celsius. About two-thirds of
3315-521: The general processing method of juices includes: After the fruits are picked and washed, the juice is extracted by one of two automated methods. In the first method, two metal cups with sharp metal tubes on the bottom cup come together, removing the peel and forcing the flesh of the fruit through the metal tube. The juice of the fruit then escapes through small holes in the tube. The peels can then be used further, and are washed to remove oils , which are reclaimed later for usage. The second method requires
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#17331141611143380-436: The juice is poured into a container while hot, it is cooled as quickly as possible. Packages that cannot stand heat require sterile conditions for filling. Chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide can be used to sterilize containers. Plants can make anywhere from 1 to 20 tonnes a day. High-intensity pulsed electric fields are being used as an alternative to heat pasteurization in fruit juices. Heat treatments sometimes fail to make
3445-702: The late 1950s, scientists at Clinton Corn Processing Company of Clinton , Iowa, tried to turn glucose from corn starch into fructose, but the process they used was not scalable. In 1965–1970, Yoshiyuki Takasaki, at the Japanese National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology developed a heat-stable xylose isomerase enzyme from yeast. In 1967, the Clinton Corn Processing Company obtained an exclusive license to manufacture glucose isomerase derived from Streptomyces bacteria and began shipping an early version of HFCS in February 1967. In 1983,
3510-468: The product. In 2014, exports of HFCS were valued at $ 436 million, a decrease of 21% in one year, with Mexico receiving about 75% of the export volume. In 2010, the Corn Refiners Association petitioned the FDA to call HFCS "corn sugar," but the petition was denied. 90% of Vietnam's HFCS import comes from China and South Korea. Imports would total 89,343 tonnes in 2017. One ton of HFCS
3575-403: The range of 10 to 80 kV/cm. The processing time of the juice is calculated by multiplying the number of pulses by the effective pulse duration. The high voltage of the pulses produces an electric field that results in the inactivation of microbes that may be present in the juice. The PEF temperatures are below the temperatures used in thermal processing. After the high-voltage treatment, the juice
3640-459: The taste over that of HFCS-sweetened Coca-Cola. Kosher Coca-Cola, sold in the U.S. around the Jewish holiday of Passover , also uses sucrose rather than HFCS. In apiculture in the United States, HFCS is a honey substitute for some managed honey bee colonies during times when nectar is in low supply. However, when HFCS is heated to about 45 °C (113 °F), hydroxymethylfurfural , which
3705-432: The use of PEF results in minimal detrimental effects on the quality of the food. PEFs kill microorganisms and provide better maintenance of the original colour, flavour, and nutritional value of the food as compared to heat treatments. This method of preservation works by placing two electrodes between liquid juices, then applying high-voltage pulses for microseconds to milliseconds. The high-voltage pulses have an intensity in
3770-433: The use of unfermented grape juice in communion in the form of Must for cases where people are unable to drink alcohol. High-fructose corn syrup High-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ), also known as glucose–fructose , isoglucose and glucose–fructose syrup , is a sweetener made from corn starch . As in the production of conventional corn syrup , the starch is broken down into glucose by enzymes. To make HFCS,
3835-408: The water in a juice is removed. The juice is later reconstituted, a process in which the concentrate is mixed with water and other factors to restore any lost flavor from the concentrating process. Juices can also be sold in a concentrated state, in which the consumer adds water to the concentrated juice as preparation. Juices are then pasteurized and filled into containers, often while still hot. If
3900-422: The word "juice" to mean "the watery part of fruits or vegetables" was first recorded in the early 14th century. Since the 19th century, the term "juice" has also been used in a figurative sense (e.g., to mean alcohol or electricity). Today, " au jus " refers to meat served along with its own juice, commonly as a gravy . Groups of grape pits dated to 8000 BCE show early evidence of juice production, although it
3965-474: Was a 25% increase in "added sugars" in the U.S. When recognized as a cheaper, more versatile sweetener, HFCS replaced sucrose as the main sweetener of soft drinks in the United States. Since 1789, the U.S. sugar industry has had trade protection in the form of tariffs on foreign-produced sugar, while subsidies to corn growers cheapen the primary ingredient in HFCS, corn . Accordingly, industrial users looking for cheaper sugar replacements rapidly adopted HFCS in
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#17331141611144030-533: Was priced at $ 398 in 2017, while one ton of sugar would cost $ 702. HFCS has a zero cent import tax and no quota, while sugarcane under quota has a 5% tax, and white and raw sugar not under quota have an 85% and 80% tax. In 2018, the Vietnam Sugarcane and Sugar Association (VSSA) called for government intervention on current tax policies. According to the VSSA, sugar companies face tighter lending policies which cause
4095-607: Was taxed at US$ 2.50 per proof gallon. In the United Kingdom , the name or names of the fruit followed by juice can only legally be used to describe a product that is 100% fruit juice, as required by the Fruit Juices and Fruit Nectars (England) Regulations and the Fruit Juices and Fruit Nectars (Scotland) Regulations 2003. However, a juice made by reconstituting concentrate can be called juice. A product described as fruit "nectar" must contain at least 25% to 50% juice, depending on
4160-481: Was the largest importer of Chinese HFCS. Imports of HFCS would peak at 373,137 tonnes in 2016. Complaints from domestic sugar producers would result in a crackdown on Chinese exports. On 1 January 2018, the Philippine government imposed a tax of 12 pesos ($ .24) on drinks sweetened with HFCS versus 6 pesos ($ .12) for drinks sweetened with other sugars. In the United States, HFCS was widely used in food manufacturing from
4225-473: Was whether HFCS contains reactive carbonyl compounds or advanced glycation end-products evolved during processing. This concern was dismissed, however, with evidence that HFCS poses no dietary risk from these compounds. As late as 2004, some factories manufacturing HFCS used a chlor-alkali corn processing method which, in cases of applying mercury cell technology for digesting corn raw material, left trace residues of mercury in some batches of HFCS. In
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