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84-580: The Safeguarding National Security Ordinance ( Chinese : 維護國家安全條例 ) is a local law of Hong Kong. It was introduced by the Government of Hong Kong on 8 March 2024, passed by the Legislative Council on 19 March 2024, and took effect on 23 March 2024. The ordinance is enacted to implement Article 23 of the Hong Kong Basic Law . On national security grounds, the ordinance gives new powers to

168-503: A certain extent in South Korea , remain virtually identical to traditional characters, with variations between the two forms largely stylistic. There has historically been a debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters . Because the simplifications are fairly systematic, it is possible to convert computer-encoded characters between the two sets, with the main issue being ambiguities in simplified representations resulting from

252-411: A court warrant to stop a suspect from consulting a lawyer if it is believed that their doing so will endanger national security, and defendants can be restricted from meeting specific lawyers as well. For jailed national security offenders, unless the prison service was satisfied that their parole would not "be contrary to the interest of national security", existing early release schemes may not apply to

336-444: A day earlier than expected. Sources quoted by the media said the "unusual" arrangement was made as the government intended to enact the legislation by National Security Education Day on 15 April. The bill includes five areas of national security crimes: treason, insurrection and incitement to mutiny, theft of state secrets and espionage, sabotage, and external interference. Treason, insurrection and sabotage, targeting acts that endanger

420-769: A maximum penalty of three years. In accordance with Article 23, foreign political bodies are covered in the bill as well. Security Secretary is empowered to prohibit operations of an organisation accused of external interference with bodies including foreign governments and political parties, as well as international organisations, on the basis of national security, if such organisations communicated with external force intended to cause interference. The bill also proposes criminalising making false statements implied to obscure an intent to cause interference with an external force, or to cause "mental pressure". Interfering with government, court, legislative, or electoral affairs by "improper means" through collaboration with external forces comes with

504-456: A maximum sentence of 14 years in prison. Concerns arose before consultation whether international advocacy groups such as Greenpeace and Amnesty International could be banned in Hong Kong. A person charged under three types of state secrets offences, i.e., unlawful acquisition, unlawful possession and unlawful disclosure, may invoke the defence that they had made "a specified disclosure", where

588-461: A measure to combat international criticisms, while some China-born legislators spoke in Mandarin. At around a quarter past four, the chamber cleared the second reading after no members voted against. So Cheung-wing did not raise his hand after apparently falling asleep, while Ma Fung-kwok was also suspected so. The committee of the whole council then proceeded to discuss and scrutinise the details of

672-529: A new era" was formally launched at the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party having gradually been developed since 2012, when Xi became General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party . In his political discourse, Xi incorporates historical examples and themes. He describes history as "the best teacher" and "the best textbook". Especially since the COVID-19 pandemic, Xi encourages

756-460: A number of education reforms. Schools are required to adjust their opening hours to be consistent with work hours in their area so that parents can pick-up their children directly after work (in order to reduce reliance on private classes for adult supervision after school hours). Schools must also promote health by requiring outdoor physical education classes daily and providing eye examinations twice per term. Educational reforms have also limited

840-538: A series of rules designed to shutdown the private tutoring sector. The government's rationale was that rising educational costs were antithetical to the goals of common prosperity . Shutting down private tutoring was intended to narrow the education gap between rich and poor. Rules issued in July 2021 prohibits new registration of private tuition tutoring centers and required existing centers to re-organize as non-profits. Tuition centers are prohibited from being listed on

924-798: Is 産 (also the accepted form in Japan and Korea), while in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan the accepted form is 產 (also the accepted form in Vietnamese chữ Nôm ). The PRC tends to print material intended for people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in traditional characters. For example, versions of the People's Daily are printed in traditional characters, and both People's Daily and Xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available, using Big5 encoding. Mainland companies selling products in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers;

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1008-453: Is often described as an authoritarian leader by political and academic observers, while his tenure has included an increase of censorship and mass surveillance , deterioration in human rights , including the internment of a million Uyghurs in Xinjiang (which some observers have described as part of a genocide ), a cult of personality developing around Xi, and the removal of term limits for

1092-541: Is regulated by the Ministry of Education and standardized in the Standard Form of National Characters . These forms were predominant in written Chinese until the middle of the 20th century, when various countries that use Chinese characters began standardizing simplified sets of characters, often with characters that existed before as well-known variants of the predominant forms. Simplified characters as codified by

1176-483: The Chinese Commercial News , World News , and United Daily News all use traditional characters, as do some Hong Kong–based magazines such as Yazhou Zhoukan . The Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified characters. DVDs are usually subtitled using traditional characters, influenced by media from Taiwan as well as by the two countries sharing the same DVD region , 3. With most having immigrated to

1260-879: The Belt and Road Initiative . In foreign policy, Xi emphasizes the Community of Common Destiny . He seeks to increase China's ability to shape international norms in emerging policy areas (described as "new frontiers") like space and the internet, where China can position itself as an early entrant. Xi also seeks to increase China's discourse power, which he frames as China's "right to speak." Xi Jinping has set three overarching goals for China's economy. First, to increase China's capacity for innovation so that it will be able to more actively shape global economic rules. Second, to enhance order and security in China's domestic market. Third, creating common prosperity and increasing wealth distribution to

1344-617: The Hong Kong Basic Law (BL 23) states: The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall enact laws on its own to prohibit any act of treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the PRC government, or theft of state secrets, to prohibit foreign political organisations or bodies from conducting political activities in the Region, and to prohibit political organisations or bodies of the Region from establishing ties with foreign political organisations or bodies. An attempt at enacting legislation to satisfy

1428-522: The Kensiu language . China under Xi Jinping The name Xi Jinping administration is officially called the " Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as General Secretary " ( 以习近平同志为总书记的党中央 ) from 2012 to 2016, and " Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the Core " ( 以习近平同志为核心的党中央 ) since 2016. Xi's political ideas and principles, known as Xi Jinping Thought , have been incorporated into

1512-759: The People's Republic of China are predominantly used in mainland China , Malaysia, and Singapore. "Traditional" as such is a retronym applied to non-simplified character sets in the wake of widespread use of simplified characters. Traditional characters are commonly used in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as in most overseas Chinese communities outside of Southeast Asia. As for non-Chinese languages written using Chinese characters, Japanese kanji include many simplified characters known as shinjitai standardized after World War II, sometimes distinct from their simplified Chinese counterparts . Korean hanja , still used to

1596-622: The Shanghainese -language character U+20C8E 𠲎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-20C8E —a composition of 伐 with the ⼝   'MOUTH' radical—used instead of the Standard Chinese 嗎 ; 吗 . Typefaces often use the initialism TC to signify the use of traditional Chinese characters, as well as SC for simplified Chinese characters . In addition, the Noto, Italy family of typefaces, for example, also provides separate fonts for

1680-590: The party and national constitutions . As the central figure of the fifth generation of leadership of the PRC, Xi has centralized institutional power by taking on multiple positions, including new CCP committees on national security, economic and social reforms, military restructuring and modernization, and the Internet. He and the CCP Central Committee passed a historical resolution in November 2021. His rule

1764-570: The 0.71% that objected, over 10 were from overseas anti-China organisations or absconders as the authorities claimed. On 5 March the Legislative Council announced a joint meeting of the Article 23 subcommittee and two panels would be held tomorrow, prompting MPs who were attending the annual Two Sessions congress meeting in Beijing to rush back to Hong Kong, while John Lee also ended his Beijing trip

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1848-559: The 2020 security law, human rights and freedom suffered setback while civil society was dealt a severe blow. In response, the Democratic Party chairman Lo Kin-hei praised the LSD's protest as "courageous" but advised them to be careful when expressing themselves. With the whole pro-Beijing camp in uncompromising support of the bill, Martin Liao, who chaired the bills committee, stressed the passing of

1932-728: The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". After the national security law was imposed, Chief Executive Carrie Lam pledged to conduct as much preparatory work as possible but noted that the administration might not be able to complete the legislation by the end of its current term. In March 2021, the Chinese Communist Party initiated electoral overhaul that plans to ensure only "patriots" may run for office and exclude political opposition. Six months later, Security Secretary Chris Tang said

2016-574: The Chief Executive by the 1,461-member committee , he said the legislative agenda would be pushed forward "at the right time" and rejected prioritizing political reform. His first Policy Address in October did not mention a timeframe for the Article 23 bill. In July 2023, six months after the post-pandemic reopening of Hong Kong, Lee confirmed the schedule had been formulated and Article 23 bill would be enacted no later than 2024. The government submitted

2100-534: The Chinese people to develop "historical self-confidence". Xi includes ancient history in his political discourse, characterizing China as a "splendid civilization" and highlighting its five thousand years of history . He often cites the Four Great Inventions as a source of national pride and China's contribution to humanity. In his discourse for foreign audiences regarding China's peaceful rise , Xi quotes

2184-506: The European Union as well as fifteen different Asia-Pacific countries. As of at least 2023, China is the world's largest exporter, a status it has maintained continuously since 2010. China's was the only major world economy to experience GDP growth in 2020, when its GDP increased by 2.3%. In 2021, China's GDP growth reached 8.1% (its highest in a decade) and its trade surplus reached an all-time high $ 687.5 billion. Xi has implemented

2268-571: The Executive Council and make subsidiary legislation for "safeguarding national security" were added as well to "deal with unforeseen circumstances", with the maximum penalty set at 7-year imprisonment. A new clause was added specifying that the legislation also applies to "shadow organisations” that may consist of members of the organisation prohibited for endangering national security. The court may also grant anonymity orders to anyone linked to national security cases. Just 15 hours after presenting

2352-573: The Internet, nuclear safety, anticorruption, and climate change. In his effort to build additional institutional capacity for foreign policy coordination, Xi Jinping created the National Security Commission (NSC), which absorbed the NSLG. The NSC's focus is holistic national security and it addresses both external and internal security matters. Xi introduced the holistic security concept in 2014, which he defined as taking "the security of

2436-547: The People's Republic of China, traditional Chinese characters are standardised according to the Table of Comparison between Standard, Traditional and Variant Chinese Characters . Dictionaries published in mainland China generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts. There are differences between the accepted traditional forms in mainland China and elsewhere, for example the accepted traditional form of 产 in mainland China

2520-521: The United States during the second half of the 19th century, Chinese Americans have long used traditional characters. When not providing both, US public notices and signs in Chinese are generally written in traditional characters, more often than in simplified characters. In the past, traditional Chinese was most often encoded on computers using the Big5 standard, which favored traditional characters. However,

2604-494: The Xi Jinping administration, China has emphasized an economic strategy of dual circulation . First, it seeks to rely more on China's domestic consumers. Second, it seeks to innovate more domestically developed technology and thereby reduce China's reliance on western technology. By 2020, China became the largest trading partner of more than 120 countries. At the end of that year, China signed major free trade agreements with

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2688-485: The amendments, 15 members of the bill committee unanimously approved moving the bill to the next stage. A day after the bill committee finished the work, the authorities requested the support from the House Committee to waive rules of a ten-day notice from officials before the second reading can resume. Leung later authorized the waiver in order to complete the legislation under "the sooner, the better" principle to plug

2772-414: The amount of homework students can be assigned. As part of Xi's 2021 directive on "double lessening" (reducing excessive off-campus tutoring and reducing homework burdens), schools may not assign homework to children to grades one and two, homework is limited to no more than 60 minutes for children in grades three to six, and no more than 90 minutes for middle school children. In July 2021, China enacted

2856-474: The annual legislative programme to the Legislative Council on 12 January 2024, showing that the "Safeguarding National Security Bill" was slated to be introduced within the 2024 legislative session. Media sources claimed the government's target was to finish all legislative work before the summer recess of the parliament. The Government commenced the public consultation for the proposed legislation on 30 January 2024, lasting for four weeks until 28 February. During

2940-418: The bill and the 91 amendments proposed by the government. All provisions and amendments were unanimously support soon after half past six. During the third reading debate, each party or alliance in the legislature fielded a representative to speak in support of the legislation. At 6.54 p.m., after ten hours of debate, the 89-member Legislative Council ( one left vacant) voted on the third and final reading of

3024-420: The bill as too lenient, the government presented amendments to the bill on the seventh day of deliberation, effectively making the bill tougher than its original draft. They include scrapping a six-month wait until authorities can designate a wanted individual as an absconder, which allows authorities to levy sanctions any time after an arrest warrant is issued. Provisions that empower the Chief Executive to consult

3108-471: The bill during the special session. All 88 lawmakers, except the President, spoke and expressed support in a highly enthusiastic mood during the second reading of the bill, with one, Lam So-wai from Professional Power , even claiming to endorse the legislation wholeheartedly "even at the cost of having her body smashed into pieces". Most of the legislators only address the chamber for around 5 minutes, half of

3192-509: The bill". Australia and the United Kingdom , following a bilateral summit in Adelaide on Friday, decried the law as part of a "systemic erosion" of autonomy, liberty and rights in Hong Kong. Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters are a standard set of Chinese character forms used to write Chinese languages . In Taiwan , the set of traditional characters

3276-402: The bill. All 89 voted for the bill, including President who historically broke the convention and cast his ballot to mark the occasion. Leung said the bill matters the Chinese national security and, with all colleagues expressing support, he is honoured to take part in the "historic mission" and support as well. In a rare occasion, John Lee entered the chamber to deliver a speech soon after

3360-444: The central government's one, that could further reduce the space for dissident views and erode autonomy of Hong Kong. Instead of the usual six-month period, the authorities took 50 days from the launch of a public consultation to writing it into law, due to a sense of urgency underscored by Hong Kong and Beijing authorities. Critics said the bill was rushed through in a fast-track process without meaningful discussions. Article 23 of

3444-463: The consequential offence of external interference could impact EU's office, consulates, nationals and organisations". Canada cited "inaccurate comparisons" made in the consultation document between proposed bill and Canadian security law, and urged Hong Kong authorities to "protect freedom and rights in accordance with Basic Law and international treaties, while to establish independent mechanism to ensure transparency, proportionality, and accountability of

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3528-569: The construction of Xinjiang internment camps . The anxiety of Hong Kongers may similarly be brought to heel became an important element in the democratic protests . In 2014, Xi introduced holistic security concept that placed emphasis on the Chinese national security. While Beijing imposed a national security law on Hong Kong in 2020 in the aftermath of massive protests , it does not cover all BL 23 offenses, and Article 7 of that law requires Hong Kong to "complete, as early as possible, legislation for safeguarding national security as stipulated in

3612-639: The economy and improving people’s livelihoods". The Legislative Affairs Commission of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress also hailed the passage of the law. Canada and European Union reportedly issued démarche , the first since 2019 extradition bill during public consultation period. European Union said it expressed "grave concerns over the proposed bill which would further erode Hong Kong's autonomy". Brussels added "the vague definition of state secrets and extraterritoriality, and

3696-857: The examples of "foreign friends of China " to acknowledge other countries' sacrifices to assist in China's national liberation, particularly with regard to the Second Sino-Japanese war . For example, during diplomatic visits to other countries, Xi has praised the contributions of people like Claire Lee Chennault , Norman Bethune , Dawarkanath Kotnis , and Soviet pilots. Xi emphasizes his desire to increase China's discourse power in international matters, often characterizing this in terms of China's "right to speak". During Xi's administration, China has often extended state-backed loans for energy and infrastructure-building in exchange for natural resources in regions like Central Asia and Africa. "Xi Jinping Thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for

3780-1489: The exiled activists, the bill proposed enabling the authorities to impose a series of restrictions on the wanted individual, such as annulling their Hong Kong passport, prohibiting anyone from providing them with funds, suspending their professional qualifications, and removing their directorship of a company. Similar to the 2020 national security law, some offences are to be applicable worldwide with extraterritoriality, even committed outside Hong Kong. Anyone, regardless of nationality, could be charged for: Sabotage; Endangering national security in relation to computers or electronic systems; Unlawful disclosure of state secrets or apparent confidential information. Hong Kong residents, regardless of nationality, or organisations formed or registered or has business in Hong Kong could be charged for: Sedition; Espionage; Unlawful acquisition or possession of state secrets; Possession of inciting documents with intent to commit offence; Assisting members of Chinese armed force to abandon duties; Inciting disaffection of public officers, or personnel of Chinese offices in Hong Kong. Hong Kong resident who are Chinese citizens, Hong Kong permanent residents, or organisations formed or registered or has business in Hong Kong could be charged for: Treason; Unlawful drilling; Insurrection; Inciting mutiny; External interference; Participating in or supporting or accepting advantages offered by external intelligence organizations. The US raised concerns that

3864-563: The government insisted on a speedy and fast-track debate, the Executive Council convened a special meeting on 7 March for consideration of the Safeguarding National Security Bill. Immediately after the urge from John Lee, President of the Legislative Council Andrew Leung also decided to convene an off-schedule special meeting on the next day solely for the bill, soon after it was expected to be revealed to

3948-428: The government to investigate external interference, theft of state secrets, insurrection, and treason, with penalties up to life imprisonment for those found guilty of certain crimes specified by the law. It is the second national security legislation implemented in the city. Foreign media and government expressed concern of the "sweeping" and "tough" clauses, which some considered to be more far-reaching than and go beyond

4032-493: The inverse is equally true as well. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan into mainland China, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitled movies, and subtitled dramas, use traditional Chinese characters. In Hong Kong and Macau , traditional characters were retained during the colonial period, while the mainland adopted simplified characters. Simplified characters are contemporaneously used to accommodate immigrants and tourists, often from

4116-412: The last attempt in 2003, the consultation period was three months. John Lee defended the time period as appropriate and stated that the community has reached a consensus on the legislation of Article 23 which should be enacted as soon as possible. Regina Ip , who failed to push for the 2003 bill as Security Secretary, said the long consultation had provoked many negative reports. BBC reported that much of

4200-415: The launch of a public consultation to writing it into law, including a fast-track 12-day debate in the legislative council. Lee in response said speed was of the essence, because national security threats could catch Hong Kong off guard, and different countries also speedily pass laws to deal with respective security risks. This bill came into force on 23 March 2024. Pro-democracy camp, following crushes by

4284-429: The law "once again proved that the wheel of history is rolling forward, the righteous cause is undefeatable, and no reactionary force can stop the 'one country, two systems' from advancing". It also emphasised that the law would not affect Hong Kong's normal business activities and international exchanges. Hong Kong Liaison Office added that Hong Kong can now "move forward without worries or burden, and focus on developing

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4368-503: The law can be applied extraterritorially to "intimidate" and restrict the free speech of US residents, while undermine China's international commitments and the One Country, Two Systems framework. Hong Kong government said it "strongly disapproved" the concerns, and the "proportionate" extraterritorial effect was fully in line with international common practice, or else it would amount to condoning activities threatening national security. As

4452-464: The legislation is "the right thing to do". He took a defiant tone on the potential sanctions or punitive measures, believing "whatever will come will come". Regina Ip also dismissed the threat of Western sanctions or downgrades against Hong Kong, saying "they will regret it, and we are not daunted by these threats." Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office of the Chinese Government said the passage of

4536-425: The legislation was enacted. Today marks a historic moment for Hong Kong. It is a historic moment that Hong Kong has been waiting for 26 years, 8 months and 19 days … It is a proud moment for all of Hong Kong in collectively making glorious history. Lee added the new law was defensive in nature and would protect the city with a "stronger door and effective lock" against "invaders". The authorities took only 50 days from

4620-533: The low threshold to incriminate others, which could create more "chilling effect" and harming the international reputation of Hong Kong. LSD urged to remove the provisions related to misprision of treason as it could rage Cultural Revolution -like division in the society or even within families, and "treason" might become " thoughtcrime " due to subjective wording. Both parties proposed that requirement to convict sedition and external interference shall be tightened, while LSD went further and demanded to repeal them. On

4704-725: The mainland. The increasing use of simplified characters has led to concern among residents regarding protecting what they see as their local heritage. Taiwan has never adopted simplified characters. The use of simplified characters in government documents and educational settings is discouraged by the government of Taiwan. Nevertheless, with sufficient context simplified characters are likely to be successfully read by those used to traditional characters, especially given some previous exposure. Many simplified characters were previously variants that had long been in some use, with systematic stroke simplifications used in folk handwriting since antiquity. Traditional characters were recognized as

4788-682: The majority of Chinese text in mainland China are simplified characters , there is no legislation prohibiting the use of traditional Chinese characters, and often traditional Chinese characters remain in use for stylistic and commercial purposes, such as in shopfront displays and advertising. Traditional Chinese characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promulgation of the current simplification scheme, such as former government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historical monuments. Traditional Chinese characters continue to be used for ceremonial, cultural, scholarly/academic research, and artistic/decorative purposes. In

4872-463: The maximum 10 minutes, after they were reportedly reminded against lengthy speeches. Many recalled the failed attempt in 2003 and the subsequent turmoil, such as the 2014 Umbrella Movement , 2016 Mong Kok unrest , and 2019 anti-extradition protests , and the necessity to grow a new security law to defend the security and oblige the constitutional requirements. Seven members made their support in English as

4956-975: The merging of previously distinct character forms. Many Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between these character sets. Traditional characters are known by different names throughout the Chinese-speaking world. The government of Taiwan officially refers to traditional Chinese characters as 正體字 ; 正体字 ; zhèngtǐzì ; 'orthodox characters'. This term is also used outside Taiwan to distinguish standard characters, including both simplified, and traditional, from other variants and idiomatic characters . Users of traditional characters elsewhere, as well as those using simplified characters, call traditional characters 繁體字 ; 繁体字 ; fántǐzì ; 'complex characters', 老字 ; lǎozì ; 'old characters', or 全體字 ; 全体字 ; quántǐzì ; 'full characters' to distinguish them from simplified characters. Some argue that since traditional characters are often

5040-425: The national security loophole. He also said there had been sufficient public discussion on the legislation, and denied there was a "deadline" to pass. On 18 March, the Legislative Council announced it has agreed to "set aside all other matters" and convened a full meeting at 9 a.m. on the next day, a day earlier than the usual session held on every Wednesday. The media had expected the parliament to unanimously approve

5124-452: The new intention to cause hatred amongst different classes of residents of Hong Kong and China. The bill also specifies that public disorder or violence is not the threshold for conviction, a day after the Court of Appeal delivered a similar judgement . Officials also explained the public will need a "reasonable defence" to keep Apple Daily and other seditious publications at home, which carries

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5208-486: The new legislature convened the first session in January 2022, during which Carrie Lam confirmed "local legislation" will be drafted that meets Article 23 to outlaw new national security crimes. Tang revealed that the government aims to launch a public consultation by the end of the term of the current administration in late June, and table the draft to the parliament in the second half of the year. However, no significant progress

5292-604: The offenders. Under the Release under Supervision Scheme and the Pre-release Employment Scheme, an inmate who is jailed for more than three years can apply for early release after serving at least half or 20 months of their sentence. The restriction will apply to the current offenders, including Tong Ying-kit, the first jailed national security prisoner. Even after serving the jail terms, the national security prisoners would be barred to run in elections for life. Targeting

5376-665: The official script in Singapore until 1969, when the government officially adopted Simplified characters. Traditional characters still are widely used in contexts such as in baby and corporation names, advertisements, decorations, official documents and in newspapers. The Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative in Southeast Asia regarding simplification. Although major public universities teach in simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications such as

5460-700: The original standard forms, they should not be called 'complex'. Conversely, there is a common objection to the description of traditional characters as 'standard', due to them not being used by a large population of Chinese speakers. Additionally, as the process of Chinese character creation often made many characters more elaborate over time, there is sometimes a hesitation to characterize them as 'traditional'. Some people refer to traditional characters as 'proper characters' ( 正字 ; zhèngzì or 正寫 ; zhèngxiě ) and to simplified characters as 簡筆字 ; 简笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'simplified-stroke characters' or 減筆字 ; 减笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'reduced-stroke characters', as

5544-498: The penultimate day of the consultation period, LSD held a rare three-men demonstration, with chairwoman Chan Po-ying and two vice-chairmen Yu Wai-pan and Chow Ka-fat, outside the government complex under the watch of a dozen police officers who also stopped and searched them. They chanted slogans including "people above the nation, human rights above the regime" and "no national security without democracy and human rights". The group, who continued to demand universal suffrage, said following

5628-403: The people as compass, political security as its roots, economic security as its pillar, military security, cultural security, and cultural security as its protections, and that relies on the promotion of international security." During the Xi Jinping era, the Community of Common Destiny has become China's most important foreign relations formulation. In his foreign policy discourse, Xi cites

5712-484: The poor. During the Xi Jinping era, the Chinese government continues to use SOEs to serve non-market objectives and CCP control of SOEs has increased while taking some limited steps towards market liberalization, such as increasing mixed ownership of SOEs. Although China has promoted its national champion companies since the Jiang Zemin administration, it has done so particularly strongly since 2017, especially in

5796-416: The presidency in 2018. In economic policy, Xi has prioritized poverty alleviation and creating common prosperity to reduce disparities in wealth. Xi's administration seeks to implement common prosperity in part through its education policy, including through drastically curtailing the tutoring industry and reducing homework burdens. Xi continues to emphasize the need for global development, including through

5880-429: The pro-Beijing members. Under the current rules, anyone arrested cannot be held for longer than 48 hours, after which the person must be released or charged. Authorities sought to extend the period a suspect can be held without charge to 14 days, if such application is made within the initial 48-hour detention period and the magistrate is satisfied that the investigation cannot reasonably be completed. Police may apply for

5964-420: The public was muted on the legislation, with some dedicated the situation to the chilling effect after the 2020 national security law. Ip, now the convenor of the Executive Council, said other issues such as solid waste charging gathered more public attention. Describing that the legislative agenda received majority support from the public, the authorities received 13,147 submissions with 98.64% support. Amongst

6048-472: The public. A senior legislator said it is uncommon for a bill to be gazetted and first read on the same day. Leung said passing the bill is a historical mission. After the bill was read the first time in the morning on 8 March, it was then sent to the bill committee in the afternoon for consideration. The committee discussed the new legislation in more than 40 hours of meetings spanning seven days, including rare weekend sessions. As pro-Beijing members described

6132-417: The purpose of the disclosure is to reveal a threat to public order, safety, or health; that the government is not functioning lawfully; and where the "public interest served by making the disclosure manifestly outweighs the public interest served by not making the disclosure". Such provisions were not mentioned in the original legislative agenda, and were introduced after the authorities accepted suggestions from

6216-443: The requirements in Article 23 was made in 2003 but was shelved indefinitely after hundreds of thousands of protestors demonstrated against it, resulting in the pro-Beijing Liberal Party opposing the bill and the subsequent lacking of a majority to pass. Xi Jinping 's accession to General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party , the top position in November 2012, marked a more hard-line authoritarian approach, most notably with

6300-458: The security law four years earlier, voiced limited opinion on the legislation as the consultation was largely dominated by the Pro-Beijing voices. During the consultation period, Democratic Party and League of Social Democrats (LSD), two of the few remaining active pro-democracy parties, raised their concerns in the submissions. Democratic Party argued the wording of the bill was overly vague and

6384-435: The sovereignty of China and collusion with foreign forces in damaging public infrastructure may face up to life imprisonment. Some offences carry higher penalties if defendants colluded with an external force, such as providing unlawful drilling. Penalty for sedition, the colonial-era offence criticised as a catch-all offence, is proposed to increase to a maximum 10-year imprisonment, up from the current 2-year. It also includes

6468-632: The stock market or receiving "excessive capital." They are no longer permitted to offer tutoring on the weekends or during public holidays. Since September 2021, private schools providing compulsory education can no longer be controlled by foreign entities or individuals. Only Chinese nationals may serve on their boards of directors. During the Xi Jinping administration, China seeks to shape international norms and rules in emerging policy areas where China has an advantage as an early participant. Xi describes such areas as "new frontiers," and they include policy areas such as space, deep sea, polar regions,

6552-608: The technology sector. Since 2015, the CCP has issued several industrial plans designed to emphasize high-tech innovation and digital development. These industrial plans include Made in China 2025 , the "Action Outline for Promoting the Development of Big Data", and the "Three-Year Action Plan to Promote the Development of a New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Industry". China's Thirteenth and Fourteenth Five-Year Plans have also emphasized high-tech and innovative development. During

6636-427: The time had never been so "ripe" to relaunch the bill as the public had witnessed "lawlessness" and acts "endangering national security" in the 2019 protest . Tang also said the bill would focus on countering state-level spying activities, and expressed his confidence that the Article 23 bill will not meet as much resistance as in 2003. Following the election that saw pro-government members capturing nearly all seats,

6720-627: The traditional character set used in Taiwan ( TC ) and the set used in Hong Kong ( HK ). Most Chinese-language webpages now use Unicode for their text. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends the use of the language tag zh-Hant to specify webpage content written with traditional characters. In the Japanese writing system , kyujitai are traditional forms, which were simplified to create shinjitai for standardized Japanese use following World War II. Kyūjitai are mostly congruent with

6804-970: The traditional characters in Chinese, save for minor stylistic variation. Characters that are not included in the jōyō kanji list are generally recommended to be printed in their traditional forms, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there are kokuji , which are kanji wholly created in Japan, rather than originally being borrowed from China. In the Korean writing system , hanja —replaced almost entirely by hangul in South Korea and totally replaced in North Korea —are mostly identical with their traditional counterparts, save minor stylistic variations. As with Japanese, there are autochthonous hanja, known as gukja . Traditional Chinese characters are also used by non-Chinese ethnic groups. The Maniq people living in Thailand and Malaysia use Chinese characters to write

6888-509: The ubiquitous Unicode standard gives equal weight to simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and has become by far the most popular encoding for Chinese-language text. There are various input method editors (IMEs) available for the input of Chinese characters . Many characters, often dialectical variants, are encoded in Unicode but cannot be inputted using certain IMEs, with one example being

6972-571: The words for simplified and reduced are homophonous in Standard Chinese , both pronounced as jiǎn . The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han dynasty c.  200 BCE , with the sets of forms and norms more or less stable since the Southern and Northern dynasties period c.  the 5th century . Although

7056-532: Was made, and Carrie Lam announced her intention to stand down without seeking re-election three months later. John Lee, the Chief Secretary, was subsequently endorsed by Xi Jinping's administration to be her successor. Unveiling his manifesto in April 2022, John Lee pledged to enact the Article 23 bill to fulfill the constitutional responsibility of legislation as part of improving governance. After being elected as

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