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26-565: The southernmost island municipality of the Batanes island group, Sabtang comprises primarily Sabtang Island , as well as two nearby smaller and uninhabited islands: Ivuhos and Dequey . The municipality is known for its lighthouse and the old stone houses of the Ivatan villages of Chavayan and Savidug. Like Batan Island to the north, Sabtang also has a few Mission-style churches and white sand beaches. The Spanish missionary Fr. Artiquez first visited

52-483: A constant flux. Channel heads associated with hollows in steep terrain frequently migrate up and down hillslopes depending on sediment supply and precipitation. Natural channels are formed by fluvial process and are found across the Earth . These are mostly formed by flowing water from the hydrological cycle , though can also be formed by other fluids such as flowing lava can form lava channels . Channels also describe

78-434: A height of over 60 metres (200 ft). These surround the island, except on the eastern side where the land rises gently from the fringe of sand dunes and small ponds around the shore, in contrast to the 300 metres (980 ft) agglomerate cliffs of the island of Sabtang less than 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) distant. The surface of Ibujos is gently rolling, but without any streams or definite stream valleys. This condition

104-411: A natural formation, the cognate term canal denotes a similar artificial structure. Channels are important for the functionality of ports and other bodies of water used for navigability for shipping . Naturally, channels will change their depth and capacity due to erosion and deposition processes. Humans maintain navigable channels by dredging and other engineering processes. By extension,

130-420: Is a difference between low gradient streams (less than a couple of percent in gradient or slightly sloped) and high gradient streams (steeply sloped). A wide variety of stream channel types can be distinguished (e.g. braided rivers , wandering rivers, single-thread sinuous rivers etc.). During floods , water flow may exceed the capacity of the channel and flood waters will spill out of the channel and across

156-456: Is frequently called a canal , with the Panama Canal providing an example. The term not only includes the deep-dredged   ship-navigable parts of an estuary or river leading to port facilities, but also to lesser channels accessing boat port-facilities such as marinas . When dredged channels traverse bay mud or sandy bottoms, repeated dredging is often necessary because of

182-611: Is no evidence of this outside of the claim. The inhabitants of Sabtang were then forced to resettle in San Vicente and San Felix in Ivana to be better controlled by the Spanish colonizers. Some forty years after the resettlement, the Sabteños were allowed to visit their native island and gradually these visits allowed them to build homes in their erstwhile land. The government allowed this to happen on

208-471: Is partly due to the solubility of the rock which allows water to run off in underground channels, but it is also in large part an effect of the recent date of the uplift which formed the island, which has not allowed sufficient time for the streams to form valleys. The soil seems to be volcanic ash rather than limestone. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) classified Ivujos Island (listed as Ibahos Island) as an inactive volcano of

234-661: Is the most upslope part of a channel network and is defined by flowing water between defined identifiable banks. A channel head forms as overland flow and/or subsurface flow accumulate to a point where shear stress can overcome erosion resistance of the ground surface. Channel heads are often associated with colluvium , hollows and landslides . Overland flow is a primary factor in channel initiation where saturation overland flow deepens to increase shear stress and begin channel incision. Overland flows converge in topographical depressions where channel initiation begins. Soil composition, vegetation, precipitation, and topography dictate

260-542: The Philippine Statistics Authority , the municipality has a land area of 40.70 square kilometres (15.71 sq mi)   constituting 18.58% of the 219.01-square-kilometre- (84.56 sq mi) total area of Batanes. Sabtang is politically subdivided into 6 barangays . These barangays are headed by elected officials: Barangay Captain , Barangay Council , whose members are called Barangay Councilors . All are elected every three years. In

286-581: The valley bottom, floodplain or drainage area . Examples of rivers that are trapped in their channels: Grand Canyon and Black Canyon of the Gunnison . In a larger nautical context, as a geographical place name, the term channel is another word for strait , which is defined as a relatively narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water. In this nautical context, the terms strait , channel , sound , and passage are synonymous and usually interchangeable. For example, in an archipelago ,

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312-433: The 2020 census, Sabtang had a population of 1,696. The population density was 42 inhabitants per square kilometre (110/sq mi). Poverty incidence of Sabtang Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Sabtang, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Batanes, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with

338-573: The Island of Sabtang in 1786 after receiving an affirmative response from the islanders to learn about the Christian faith. The success of the first visit led to two more evangelical trips resulting in the baptism of 181 children and the study of the catechism among the adult natives. The evangelization of Sabtang was cut short due to the failing health of the Spanish missionaries. For this, the inhabitants of Sabtang remained faithful to old traditions especially in

364-588: The Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years. The Schools Division of Batanes governs the town's public education system. The division office is a field office of the DepEd in Cagayan Valley region. The office governs the public and private elementary and public and private high schools throughout

390-505: The Philippines. An unnamed submarine volcano is located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west of Ivujos, which last erupted in 1854. The seamount rises to just 24 metres (79 ft) below the water surface. Channel (geography) In physical geography and hydrology , a channel is a landform on which a relatively narrow body of water is situated, such as a river , river delta or strait . While channel typically refers to

416-531: The administration of justice by vendetta and murder. In 1791, the then most powerful chief in Sabtang named Aman Dangat showed defiance of the government of Governor Joaquin del Castillo by killing the Spanish soldiers who went to Sabtang to procure supplies. Lieutenant Tomas Nuñez led the troops to capture the rebels. Aman Dangat was put to trial and allegedly admitted to the crime. A religious Spanish recorder later claimed that Aman Dangat asked to be baptized. There

442-545: The amount and rate of overland flow. The composition of a soil determines how quickly saturation occurs and cohesive strength retards the entrainment of material from overland flows. Vegetation slows infiltration rates during precipitation events and plant roots anchor soil on hillslopes. Subsurface flow destabilizes soil and resurfaces on hillslopes where channel heads are often formed. This often results in abrupt channel heads and landslides. Hollows form due to concentrated subsurface flows where concentrations of colluvium are in

468-560: The condition that houses should be constructed in lowlands. To sustain the spiritual care for the Sabteños, a new mission was opened in Sabtang in 1845 under the patronage of Saint Vincent Ferrer with Fr. Antonio Vicente as its first vicar. Fr. Vicente is credited to have built the Sabtang Church , together with a convent, a school, and a courthouse. Sabtang is located at 20°20′06″N 121°52′19″E  /  20.335°N 121.872°E  / 20.335; 121.872 . According to

494-554: The deeper course through a reef , sand bar , bay , or any shallow body of water. An example of a river running through a sand bar is the Columbia Bar —the mouth of the Columbia River . A stream channel is the physical confine of a stream ( river ) consisting of a bed and stream banks . Stream channels exist in a variety of geometries. Stream channel development is controlled by both water and sediment movement. There

520-476: The hill on the eastern side is the only safe landing place on the island. The shores on both sides of the channel are bordered by reef. The flood tide sets southward with a velocity from 3 to 4 knots, and the ebb northward. The island is currently uninhabited but the early survey by the U.S. Geodetic Survey in the early 1900s found a settlement near the south end of the island. The island of Ivuhos consists entirely of coral limestone rising in steep cliffs to

546-425: The municipality. Ivuhos Ivuhos (also known as Ibugos , Ibujos , Vuhus and Ibahos Island) is one of the islands of Batanes, the northernmost province of the Philippines. The uninhabited island is located west of Sabtang Island and is separated by a deep channel nearly 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) wide. Ivuhos Island is small and rather low, except a hill on the south end. A coral beach before

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572-400: The product of the sediment load and bed Bukhara size is proportional to the product of discharge and channel slope. A term " navigable channel " is used as a nautical term to mean a lane for ship travel, frequently marked (cf. Buoy ) and sometimes dredged . Thoresen distinguishes few categories of channels, from A (suitable for day and night navigation with guaranteed fairway depth ) all

598-430: The term also applies to fluids other than water, e.g., lava channels . The term is also traditionally used to describe the waterless surface features on Venus . Channel initiation refers to the site on a mountain slope where water begins to flow between identifiable banks. This site is referred to as the channel head and it marks an important boundary between hillslope processes and fluvial processes. The channel head

624-678: The unstable subsequent movement of benthic soils. Responsibility for monitoring navigability conditions of navigation channels to various port facilities varies, and the actual maintenance work is frequently performed by a third party. Storms, sea-states, flooding, and seasonal sedimentation adversely affect navigability . In the U.S., navigation channels are monitored and maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), although dredging operations are often carried out by private contractors (under USACE supervision). USACE also monitors water quality and some remediation. This

650-512: The water between islands is typically called a channel or passage . The English Channel is the strait between England and France. The channel form is described in terms of geometry (plan, cross-sections, profile) enclosed by the materials of its bed and banks. This form is under influence of two major forces: water discharge and sediment supply. For erodible channels the mutual dependence of its parameters may be qualitatively described by Lane's Principle (also known as Lane's relationship ):

676-400: The way to D with no navigational aids and only estimated depths provided to the shipmaster . With regard to the dredging , channels can be unrestricted (wide enough to accommodate 10-15 widths of a largest ship used in this channel, semi-restricted with limited dredging in shallow waters, and fully restricted , where the entire channel is dredged. The latter, entirely human-made, channel

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