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37-658: The Saalian succeeded the Holstein interglacial and was followed by the Eemian interglacial (which began around 130,000 years ago) Though the start date of the Saalian was historically controversial, recent scholarship has suggested that the start date of the Saalian (and thus the end of the Holstein) is around 400,000 years ago. The Saalian encompasses multiple glacial cycles separated by interglacial periods. The first cold phase (Fuhne glacial) at

74-722: A MIS 11 date, spanning approximately 421-395,000 years ago. The Holstein interglacial is defined by marine sedimentation. On the stratigraphic record at the natural monument of de:Sievertsche Tongrube in Hamburg -Hummelsbüttel, its development is traced from the Elster ice age (Lauenburg clay) through the start of the warm period (freshwater depositions) to its flooding by the Holstein Sea (Cardien Sands). Saxony-Anhalt Saxony-Anhalt ( German : Sachsen-Anhalt [ˌzaksn̩ ˈʔanhalt] ; Low German : Sassen-Anholt )

111-407: A continuous downward trend in the population of Saxony-Anhalt. This is partly due to outward migration and partly because the death rate exceeds the birth rate. Although the birth rate has been steady since 1994, the net reproduction rate is only approximately 70%. However, the total fertility rate reached 1.50 in 2014, the highest value since 1990. The region has historically been associated with

148-455: Is a state of Germany , bordering the states of Brandenburg , Saxony , Thuringia and Lower Saxony . It covers an area of 20,451.7 square kilometres (7,896.4 sq mi) and has a population of 2.17 million inhabitants, making it the 8th-largest state in Germany by area and the 11th-largest by population . Its capital and most populous city is Magdeburg . The state of Saxony-Anhalt

185-421: Is a federal state with a relatively short history, compared to other German federal states. It was formed in 1945 out of former Prussian territories and mainly consists of three distinct historical regions: the area around Magdeburg , the formerly independent Anhalt and a southern part which once was part of Saxony but had been annexed by Prussia in the 19th century. This historical origin can still be seen in

222-750: Is the most irreligious state in Germany. Of the Saxon-Anhaltish, 15.2% adhered to the major denominations of Christianity (11.9% were members of the Protestant Church in Germany and 3.3% were Catholics ), 2% were members of other religions (mostly Islam, Judaism, the New Apostolic Church and Mandeism ). Of the citizens of Saxony-Anhalt, 82.8% were religiously unaffiliated. As of July 2019 there were 1,892 Jehovah's Witnesses (publishers) in Sachsen-Anhalt. Originally their branch office for Germany

259-646: The Börde derives its name. The Harz mountains are located in the south-west, comprising the Harz National Park , the Harz Foreland and Mansfeld Land . The highest mountain of the Harz (and of Northern Germany ) is Brocken , with an elevation of 1,141 meters (3,735 ft). In this area, one can find the towns of Halberstadt , Wernigerode , Thale , Eisleben and Quedlinburg . The wine-growing area Saale-Unstrut and

296-595: The Lutheran faith, but under Communist rule, church membership was strongly discouraged and much of the population disassociated itself from any religious body. Saxony-Anhalt contains many sites tied to Martin Luther's life, including Lutherstadt Eisleben and Lutherstadt Wittenberg . In 2018, the majority of citizens in Saxony-Anhalt were irreligious and more were leaving the churches than entering them – in fact, Saxony-Anhalt

333-909: The Mindel-Riss interglacial ( Mindel-Riß-Interglazial ) in the Alpine region, is the third to last major interglacial in Europe before the Holocene , the present warm period. It followed directly after the Elster glaciation and came before the Saale glaciation , during the Middle Pleistocene . The more precise timing was historically controversial since Holstein was commonly correlated to two different marine isotope stages , MIS 11 (424–374 thousand years ago ) and MIS 9 (337–300 thousand years ago ). Recent scholarship has supported

370-870: The Northwest German Plain , but older and exhibiting more surface weathering than the much later Young Drift areas of the Weichselian glaciation in northeast Germany. The areas last covered by the Saale cold period, roughly the Westphalian Bight , a large part of Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt , south Brandenburg , or the Leipzig Bay and Lusatia in Saxony, are called the Old Drift Landscapes ( Altmoränenlandschaften ). They were further shaped and changed during

407-500: The 8th largest state in Germany and by population, it is the 11th largest. It borders four other states: Brandenburg to the north-east, Saxony to the south-east, Thuringia to the south-west and Lower Saxony to the north-west. In the north, the Saxony-Anhalt landscape is dominated by the flat expanse of the North German Plain . The old Hanseatic towns Salzwedel , Gardelegen , Stendal and Tangermünde are located in

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444-615: The German economy, Saxony-Anhalt not only followed the national trend, but clearly outperformed other German states. For example, it outperformed three German states in terms of unemployment (10.8%, as of September 2011): the German capital and city-state of Berlin (12.7%), the city-state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (11.3%) and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (11%). The unemployment began to fall under 10% in 2016, and stood at 7.1% in October 2018. Saxony-Anhalt has seven World Heritage Sites ,

481-593: The Saale complex ( obere Teil des Saale-Komplexes ) is characterised in North Germany by three great glacial advances (possibly even four in Schleswig-Holstein). They are usually called the: There are no indisputable traces in northern Germany of clear thermomers ( interstadials , intervals) between these advances. In the work by Litt et al. (2007) focussed on the southern perimeter of the North German glaciations,

518-500: The Soviet zone, allowing parties truly to compete for seats in provincial and state parliaments, on 20 October 1946, the Province of Saxony was renamed as the Province of Saxony-Anhalt ( German : Provinz Sachsen-Anhalt ), taking the prior merger into account. On 3 December 1946 the members of the new provincial parliament elected Hübener the first minister-president of Saxony-Anhalt, with

555-761: The US Army withdrew from the former Prussian Province of Saxony to make way for the Red Army to take it as part of the Soviet occupation zone , as agreed by the London Protocol in 1944. On 9 July the Soviet SVAG ordered the merger of the Free State of Anhalt , Halle-Merseburg , the governorate of Magdeburg (in its then borders), Allstedt (before Thuringia) and some Brunswickian eastern exclaves and salients ( Calvörde and

592-550: The coat of arms of the federal state. In April 1945 the US Army took control of most of the western and northern area of the future Saxony-Anhalt. The U.S. Group Control Council, Germany (a precursor of the OMGUS ) appointed the first non-Nazi officials in leading positions in the area. Erhard Hübener , put on leave by the Nazis, was reappointed Landeshauptmann (state governor) . By early July

629-554: The districts were reintegrated as a state. The territory around Torgau did not return to the state and joined Saxony. Torgau is now the centre of the Nordsachsen district (since 2008). In 2015 the skeletal remains of an ancient inhabitant of Karsdorf dated from the Early Neolithic (7200 BP) were analysed; he turned out to belong to the paternal T1a-M70 lineage and maternal lineage H1. Since German reunification, there has been

666-784: The east, Dessau-Roßlau and Wittenberg are situated on the Elbe (as is the capital Magdeburg) in the Anhalt-Wittenberg region. The capital and largest city of Saxony-Anhalt is Magdeburg . The second-largest city in the state is Halle (Saale) . From 1994 to 2003, the state was divided into three regions ( Regierungsbezirke ), Dessau , Halle and Magdeburg and, below the regional level, 21 districts ( Landkreise ). Since 2004, however, this system has been replaced by 11 rural districts and three urban districts. [REDACTED] The districts are: The independent cities are: The largest towns in Saxony-Anhalt as of 30 June 2022: Saxony-Anhalt

703-476: The eastern edge of the Harz eastwards ( Poland , Brandenburg , Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt ) the ice advanced to about 10 to 50 km behind the maximum extent of the Elster glaciation. On the northern edge of the Harz the two ice sheets reached the same line; and west of the Harz the ice of the Saale complex extended over 100 km further south than the ice sheet of the Elster. In front of this line, i.e. in front of

740-401: The eastern part of the former Blankenburg district ) with the Province of Saxony. The previously Saxon Erfurt governorate had become a part of Thuringia . Anhalt takes its name from Anhalt Castle near Harzgerode ; the origin of the name of the castle remains unknown. Anhalt was once an independent German federal state dating back centuries. The SVAG appointed Hübener as president of

777-667: The former glaciers, fluviatile and periglacial sediments are widespread. In the Drenthe Stage the present day North Sea basin, Great Britain and Ireland were also affected. Several species were hurt by the glaciation, including the woolly mammoths , which suffered a reduction comparable to the one towards the end of the ice age. The Saale complex may be divided into a lower (also Saale Early Glacial) and an upper section (also Middle and Upper Saale Glacial, or Younger Saale glaciation), with glacial advances into Northern Germany. The Saale Early Glacial includes the: The upper part of

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814-484: The later Weichselian cold period by periglacial processes such as wind-borne sand and loess . The major urstromtal associated with the Saale glacial stage is the Breslau-Magdeburg-Bremen Urstromtal , which was not subsequently covered by ice. Holstein interglacial The Holstein or Holsteinian interglacial ( German : Holstein-Warmzeit or Holstein-Interglazial ), also called

851-592: The province emerged into the State of Saxony-Anhalt on 6 October 1947. It became part of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) in 1949. From 1952 on the East German states were dissolved, and Saxony-Anhalt's territory was divided into the East German districts of Halle and Magdeburg , except that the territory around Torgau was assigned to Leipzig . In 1990, in the course of German reunification ,

888-466: The provincial Saxon administration, a newly created function. The administration was seated in Halle an der Saale, which became the capital, also of later Saxony-Anhalt until 1952. On 3 September 1945 the new administration enacted by Soviet-inspired ordinance the mass expropriations, mostly hitting holders of large real estates, often of noble descent. On the occasion of the first (and one and only) election in

925-468: The remaining and newly created businesses are highly competitive. For example, the industry has doubled its share of international revenue from 13 percent in 1995 to 26 percent in 2008. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate has fallen considerably. By 2010 the GDP of Saxony-Anhalt was almost two and a half times higher than it was in 1991. Even though part of this recovery was brought on by the positive performance of

962-659: The same time as the Wolstonian Stage in the British Isles and the Illinoian Stage in North America . In 1910, the name for "Saale glaciation" was given by German geologists Jacob Stoller and Konrad Keilhack . The maximum advance of the ice sheet in North Germany during the Drenthe Stage is described by a line from Düsseldorf via Paderborn , Hamelin , Goslar , Eisleben , Zeitz and Meissen to Görlitz . From

999-616: The sparsely populated Altmark . The Colbitz-Letzlingen Heath and the Drömling near Wolfsburg mark the transition between the Altmark region and the Elbe-Börde-Heath region with its fertile, sparsely wooded Magdeburg Börde . Notable towns in the Magdeburg Börde are Haldensleben , Oschersleben (Bode) , Wanzleben , Schönebeck (Elbe) , Aschersleben and the capital Magdeburg , from which

1036-435: The start of the Saale complexes is separated by a warmer period (Dömnitz interglacial) from the actual Saale "ice age". The term "Saale Ice Age" or "Saale Glacial" thus has 2 meanings in the literature – it sometimes refers to the phase in which the glacier advanced into North Germany , but can also refer to the whole Saale complex. The terms are frequently interchanged in the literature. The Saale Glaciation occurred at around

1073-458: The state of Saxony-Anhalt was re-established in 1990 and became one of the new states of the Federal Republic of Germany. Saxony-Anhalt is renowned for its rich cultural heritage and possesses the highest concentration of UNESCO World Heritage sites in Germany . Saxony-Anhalt is one of 16 constituent states of Germany. It is located in the western part of eastern Germany. By size, it is

1110-494: The third lowest among the 16 states of Germany (together with Saxony and Thuringia). The largest foreign resident groups by 31 December 2022 were: Minister-president Reiner Haseloff (CDU) retained his position in a coalition with former partner SPD and newly the FDP. Before the election the coalition had consisted of the CDU, SPD and Greens. The gross domestic product (GDP) of the state

1147-503: The towns of Zeitz , Naumburg (Saale) , Weißenfels and Freyburg (Unstrut) are located on the rivers Saale and Unstrut in the south of the state. The metropolitan area of Halle (Saale) forms an agglomeration with Leipzig in Saxony. This area is known for its highly developed chemical industry (the Chemiedreieck – chemical triangle), with major production plants at Leuna , Schkopau ( Buna-Werke ) and Bitterfeld . Finally, in

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1184-705: The upper part of the Saale complex is subdivided as follows: The Drenthe Stage corresponds to the maximum extent of glaciation during the Saale complex. During the last stage, the Warthe Stage, glaciers only covered northeast Lower Saxony (parts of the Lüneburg Heath ), the Altmark , the Elbe valley downstream of Magdeburg and the region east of it (c.f. Südlicher Landrücken ), so that these areas are geomorphologically younger than

1221-575: The votes of the CDU and Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (LDPD) . Thus he became the only governor in the Soviet zone who was not a member of the communist Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) , making him an inconvenience for the Soviet forces. After the official Allied decision to dissolve the Free State of Prussia , which had remained in limbo since the Prussian coup of 1932 , its former provinces , in as far as they still existed, achieved statehood; thus

1258-602: Was 62.7 billion euros in 2018, which accounts for 1.9% of Germany's total economic output and ranks 13th among the 16 German states. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 26,000 euros or 86% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 88% of the EU average. The GDP per capita was the second lowest of all German states. By 2020, the GDP of the state dropped to 62.654 billion euros, shortly after reaching an all-time high of 64.115 billion euros in 2019. Saxony-Anhalt

1295-554: Was formed in July 1945 after World War II , when the Soviet army administration in Allied-occupied Germany formed it from the former Prussian Province of Saxony and the Free State of Anhalt . Saxony-Anhalt became part of the German Democratic Republic in 1949, but was dissolved in 1952 during administrative reforms and its territory was divided into the districts of Halle and Magdeburg . Following German reunification ,

1332-576: Was in Magdeburg. When World War II ended in 1945, the property in Magdeburg, then part of East Germany, was returned and the branch was reestablished. But on 30 August 1950 Communist police stormed the facilities and arrested the workers, and the Jehovah's Witnesses in the German Democratic Republic (DDR) were banned. The percentage of foreigners in Saxony-Anhalt was 4.9 percent by 31 December 2018,

1369-498: Was part of the communist German Democratic Republic. After the breakdown of communism and the German reunification in 1990, the collapse of non-competitive former GDR industries temporarily caused severe economic problems. In 2000, Saxony-Anhalt had the highest unemployment rate of all German states, at 20.2%. However, the process of economic transformation towards a modern market economy seems to be completed. Massive investments in modern infrastructure have taken place since 1990, and

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