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45-459: In 1979–1980 Sa Kaeo was the site of the Sa Kaeo Refugee Camp . 13°49′14″N 102°03′32″E  /  13.82056°N 102.05889°E  / 13.82056; 102.05889 This Sa Kaeo Province location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sa Kaeo Refugee Camp Sa Kaeo Refugee Camp (also referred to as Sa Kaeo I or Ban Kaeng ) was

90-618: A "sex-specific mortality rate" refers to "a mortality rate among either males or females", where the calculation involves both "numerator and denominator... limited to the one sex". In most cases there are few if any ways to obtain exact mortality rates, so epidemiologists use estimation to predict correct mortality rates. Mortality rates are usually difficult to predict due to language barriers, health infrastructure related issues, conflict, and other reasons. Maternal mortality has additional challenges, especially as they pertain to stillbirths, abortions, and multiple births. In some countries, during

135-411: A cage." Doctors wrote instructions for care on the chests of patients with marking pens of different colors for different treatments. The US embassy volunteers were pressed into giving injections and other duties normally performed only by trained medical personnel. Reporters were persuaded to carry buckets of electrolyte fluid from patient to patient and try to get them to drink cupfuls of the liquid. In

180-482: A certain age die per thousand people. Decrease of mortality rate is one of the reasons for increase of population. Development of medical science and other technologies has resulted in the decrease of mortality rate in all the countries of the world for some decades. In 1990, the mortality rate of children under five years of age was 144 per thousand, but in 2015 the child mortality rate was 38 per thousand. Other specific measures of mortality include: For any of these,

225-581: A few cases of hemorrhagic fever due to dengue . A large proportion of the Cambodians in Sa Kaeo were Khmer Rouge soldiers and the civilians they had forced to flee with them to the border. This was because the Khmer Rouge were eager to move some of their cadre to the sanctuary inside Thailand where they could receive food and medical attention, rest and recuperate, and regain their strength in order to fight

270-452: A few team members had ever worked in a developing country or had seen malaria and severe malnutrition before—the two prevailing problems in the camp. Their repeated calls for x-ray facilities, for more laboratory support, and their preference for expensive drug regimens reflected medical cultural values of developed countries. Water was initially carried by truck to the camp and stored in aluminum drums. Three deep wells drilled during

315-499: A hospital, built hastily by 200 Thai workers Brown hired at US$ 2 a day. A crude warehouse was built. Catholic Relief Services donated plastic rope, straw mats, and baby bottles. With less than one day's advance notice, UNHCR and other volunteer agencies hastily constructed basic camp infrastructure as thousands of malnourished Cambodians arrived. Several hundred unaccompanied children were in these first groups of refugees. On 24 October 8,000 refugees arrived by bus from settlements at

360-549: A lack of hygiene and sanitation, increased exposure to and the spread of disease, and a lack of access to proper medical care and facilities. Poor health can in turn contribute to low and reduced incomes, which can create a loop known as the health-poverty trap. Indian economist and philosopher Amartya Sen has stated that mortality rates can serve as an indicator of economic success and failure. Historically, mortality rates have been adversely affected by short term price increases. Studies have shown that mortality rates increase at

405-403: A mortality rate of 9.5 (out of 1,000) in a population of 1,000 would mean 9.5 deaths per year in that entire population, or 0.95% out of the total. It is distinct from " morbidity ", which is either the prevalence or incidence of a disease , and also from the incidence rate (the number of newly appearing cases of the disease per unit of time). An important specific mortality rate measure

450-412: A rate concurrent with increases in food prices . These effects have a greater impact on vulnerable, lower-income populations than they do on populations with a higher standard of living. In more recent times, higher mortality rates have been less tied to socio-economic levels within a given society, but have differed more between low and high-income countries. It is now found that national income, which

495-578: A wife and a mother to visit the camp and see such poverty and misery. I'm going home as fast as I can to tell my husband about it." Embarrassed by the unfavorable impression created by Sa Kaeo, the Thai government asked Mark Malloch Brown of the UNHCR to prepare a new site with better drainage and more space. In late-November 1979 Khao-I-Dang Holding Center was opened. The Thai Government immediately began transferring refugees from Sa Kaeo to Khao-I-Dang. Since most of

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540-488: Is about to go,' said an angry doctor, ordering the newsmen covering the visit to keep back. 'She just had a blood transfusion , but she's not going to make it.'" Later the First Lady recalled: "I picked up a baby and put it down on a blanket on the ground. They started crying, and when I turned around the baby had died." The First Lady later told reporters, "I'm emotionally overwhelmed. It's a very difficult situation for me as

585-524: Is called multistage sampling ), cluster sampling is the approach most often used by epidemiologists. In areas of forced migration, there is more significant sampling error . Thus cluster sampling is not the ideal choice. Causes of death vary greatly between developed and less developed countries ; see also list of causes of death by rate for worldwide statistics. According to Jean Ziegler (the United Nations Special Rapporteur on

630-436: Is defined as "the mortality rate from all causes of death for a population," calculated as the "total number of deaths during a given time interval" divided by the "mid-interval population", per 1,000 or 100,000; for instance, the population of the U.S. was around 290,810,000 in 2003, and in that year, approximately 2,419,900 deaths occurred in total, giving a crude death (mortality) rate of 832 deaths per 100,000. As of 2020 ,

675-539: Is directly tied to standard of living within a country, is the largest factor in mortality rates being higher in low-income countries. These rates are especially pronounced for children under 5 years old, particularly in lower-income, developing countries. These children have a much greater chance of dying of diseases that have become mostly preventable in higher-income parts of the world. More children die of malaria, respiratory infections, diarrhea, perinatal conditions, and measles in developing nations. Data shows that after

720-459: Is not the child's biological parent. There is also the issue of parents being reported on by multiple children while some adults have no children, thus are not counted in mortality estimates. Widowhood surveys estimate adult mortality by responding to questions about the deceased husband or wife. One limitation of the widowhood survey surrounds the issues of divorce, where people may be more likely to report that they are widowed in places where there

765-515: Is the crude death rate , which looks at mortality from all causes in a given time interval for a given population. As of 2020 , for instance, the CIA estimates that the crude death rate globally will be 7.7 deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year. In a generic form, mortality rates can be seen as calculated using ( d / p ) ⋅ 10 n {\displaystyle (d/p)\cdot 10^{n}} , where d represents

810-420: Is the great social stigma around being a divorcee. Another limitation is that multiple marriages introduce biased estimates, so individuals are often asked about first marriage. Biases will be significant if the association of death between spouses, such as those in countries with large AIDS epidemics. Sampling refers to the selection of a subset of the population of interest to efficiently gain information about

855-499: The CIA estimates the U.S. crude death rate will be 8.3 per 1,000, while it estimates that the global rate will be 7.7 per 1,000. According to the World Health Organization , the ten leading causes of death, globally, in 2016, for both sexes and all ages, were as presented in the table below. Crude death rate, per 100,000 population Mortality rate is also measured per thousand. It is determined by how many people of

900-535: The Thai Red Cross , ICRC , MSF , Christian and Missionary Alliance , World Vision , and an Israeli medical team. Catholic and Buddhist institutions provided additional volunteers as did several embassies. Numerous individuals also volunteered their services. The medical personnel at Sa Kaeo (up to 60 doctors and 170 other health workers by early-1980) represented different nationalities with different languages, cultural values, and medical training, but only

945-447: The 1920s, a stillbirth was defined as "a birth of at least twenty weeks' gestation in which the child shows no evidence of life after complete birth". In most countries, however, a stillbirth was defined as "the birth of a fetus, after 28 weeks of pregnancy, in which pulmonary respiration does not occur". Ideally, all mortality estimation would be done using vital statistics and census data. Census data will give detailed information about

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990-669: The Indochinese refugee crisis in Geneva. Then on 10 October, 60,000 Khmer Rouge soldiers and civilians under their control arrived at Khlong Wa and, shortly thereafter, Khlong Gai Thuen. These refugees were in advanced stages of exhaustion and malnutrition , and the need for organized living arrangements was obvious. On 22 October 1979 Colonel Sanan Kajornklam of the Thai Supreme Command telephoned Martin Barber of UNHCR to inform him that

1035-523: The Right to Food for 2000 to March 2008), mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total mortality in 2006: "In the world, approximately 62 million people, all causes of death combined, die each year. In 2006, more than 36 million died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients ". Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes. In industrialized nations,

1080-420: The Thai military would transport Cambodians at the border from areas south of Aranyaprathet to a location outside of the Thai town of Sa Kaeo , about 40 miles inside the border. UNHCR was invited to establish a holding center there that would house up to 90,000 refugees. UNHCR sent one of its newest recruits, British journalist Mark Malloch Brown , together with his Thai assistant, Kadisis Rochanakorn, to survey

1125-404: The Thai response, First Lady Rosalynn Carter visited Thailand with Richard Holbrooke , several members of congress and a group of journalists to tour the camp on 9 November 1979. Her visit was widely publicized and appeared on the nightly news on all major US networks. In one frequently-aired clip, a refugee died in front of Carter while an American physician protested irritably: "'This girl

1170-646: The Thai-Cambodian border seeking safety and food. By May 1979 large numbers of refugees had set up improvised camps at Kampot, Mairut, Lumpuk, Khao Larn, and Ban Thai Samart, near Aranyaprathet . In June, 42,000 Khmer refugees were pushed back into Cambodia by the Thai Royal Army in what was known as the Dangrek genocide , which sparked international outrage and was discussed in July 1979 during an international conference on

1215-543: The Vietnamese. It was also Thai policy to maintain separate camps for populations under Khmer Rouge control, since providing aid to them was politically controversial and because the Thai government considered the Khmer Rouge the only force capable of mounting any meaningful resistance to the Vietnamese. The Khmer Rouge quickly replicated their power structures in Sa Kaeo and their cadre exerted almost complete control over camp residents. In an effort to show US support for

1260-430: The border. According to Dr. Hans Nothdurft: "Initially, the camp was no more than a fenced-off area of bushland with no housing facilities, no water, and no sewage system; approximately 2.7 square meters of space were available for each person. Part of the area was designated for the camp hospital; a bulldozer-cleared field with some bamboo-canvas construction provided primitive shelter for approximately 300 patients. When

1305-507: The deaths from whatever cause of interest is specified that occur within a given time period, p represents the size of the population in which the deaths occur (however this population is defined or limited), and 10 n {\displaystyle 10^{n}} is the conversion factor from the resulting fraction to another unit (e.g., multiplying by 10 3 {\displaystyle 10^{3}} to get mortality rate per 1,000 individuals). The crude death rate

1350-916: The dirt floor with medical records and intravenous solutions clipped to wires above them. Within a week, however, the teams had improvised a blood bank , delivery room, receiving ward, and a special nutrition center. Mass starvation dominated the medical picture. Marasmus , kwashiorkor , beriberi , and anemia were widespread, with many patients showing all four. Vitamin deficiencies, particularly of vitamin A and vitamin B 1 were common. Hookworm and ascaris infections aggravated malnutrition and anemia, especially in children. Dysentery , both bacillary and amebic , also complicated many patients' nutritional status. Lice and scabies were endemic . Most refugees were infected with malaria , and 55 percent of cases were diagnosed as falciparum , much of it chloroquine –resistant. Numerous cases of cerebral malaria and blackwater fever were encountered, and

1395-412: The entire population. Samples should be representative of the population of interest. Cluster sampling is an approach to non-probability sampling; this is an approach in which each member of the population is assigned to a group (cluster), and then clusters are randomly selected, and all members of selected clusters are included in the sample. Often combined with stratification techniques (in which case it

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1440-748: The first organized refugee relief camp established on the Thai-Cambodian border . It was built by the Royal Thai Government with support from international relief agencies including the United Nations . It opened in October 1979 and closed in early-July 1980. At its peak the population exceeded 30,000 refugees; no formal census was ever conducted. Vietnam invaded Democratic Kampuchea in December 1978 and by early-1979 thousands of Cambodians had crossed

1485-491: The first refugees arrived, there were only three doctors and eight other health workers present. The health status of the first refugees in Sa Kaeo was dire; for several months many of them had been starving in the mountains sandwiched between the Vietnamese to the east and the closed Thai border to the west. Nearly 2,000 severely ill or dying refugees were brought to the hospital area in the first few days. The medical personnel were assisted by volunteers from Bangkok organized by

1530-448: The hospital. There was no naturally occurring source of potable water. The Thai military trucked water in from Aranyaprathet. Drainage in the campsite was such that shortly after the refugees arrived, it flooded and a few refugees, too weak to lift their heads, drowned as they lay under tents made of plastic sheets. By the end of November 1979 some 15 Thai and international relief agencies were providing services at Sa Kaeo, including

1575-426: The midst of the chaos, monsoons struck and many refugees died on the cold, wet ground without being able to get to the hospital. During the camp's first 14 days of operation between 14 and 42 people died each day, according to Dr. Keith Dahlberg. Within eight days the camp's population grew to over 30,000 people. After 8 November mortality dropped to a daily average of three or four, over half of whom died outside

1620-548: The population at risk of death. The vital statistics provide information about live births and deaths in the population. Often, either census data and vital statistics data is not available. This is common in developing countries, countries that are in conflict, areas where natural disasters have caused mass displacement, and other areas where there is a humanitarian crisis Household surveys or interviews are another way in which mortality rates are often assessed. There are several methods to estimate mortality in different segments of

1665-437: The population. One such example is the sisterhood method , which involves researchers estimating maternal mortality by contacting women in populations of interest and asking whether or not they have a sister, if the sister is of child-bearing age (usually 15) and conducting an interview or written questions about possible deaths among sisters. The sisterhood method, however, does not work in cases where sisters may have died before

1710-406: The proportion is much higher, reaching 90%. Scholars have stated that there is a significant relationship between a low standard of living that results from low income; and increased mortality rates. A low standard of living is more likely to result in malnutrition, which can make people more susceptible to disease and more likely to die from these diseases. A lower standard of living may lead to as

1755-610: The refugees were under the control of the Khmer Rouge, the Thai government encouraged them to return to areas of northwestern Cambodia under Khmer Rouge control. This was viewed as a gross violation of human rights by many aid workers, including the Preah Maha Ghosananda and the Reverend Peter L. Pond , who staged a protest at the camp's Buddhist temple in June 1980 and were imprisoned by the Thai military. Another camp, Sa Kaeo II,

1800-407: The second week of operation were eventually connected via a network of pipes to distribute water throughout the camp. A trench latrine was dug around the periphery of the camp. Thai provincial health authorities provided insect control by draining stagnant water and spraying insecticides . A 1,200-bed hospital was initially no more than a thatched roof without walls, where patients lay on mats on

1845-427: The sister being interviewed was born. Orphanhood surveys estimate mortality by questioning children are asked about the mortality of their parents. It has often been criticized as an adult mortality rate that is very biased for several reasons. The adoption effect is one such instance in which orphans often do not realize that they are adopted. Additionally, interviewers may not realize that an adoptive or foster parent

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1890-421: The site, a 160,000-square-meter uninhabited area used for rice cultivation. The Thai government requested that UNHCR make immediate emergency preparations for the Cambodians. Brown hired a bulldozer and started carving roads in the mud. A backhoe was hired to dig latrines . Water tanks were donated by Christian and Missionary Alliance (CAMA), which also donated 100,000 pieces of bamboo and thatch to construct

1935-540: The wife of the US ambassador. As the refugees arrived, nurses sent those who appeared to be sick or starving to a makeshift hospital which Dr. Levi Roque constructed by stringing a wire from a bulldozer to a tent pole and draping it with canvas. There were no beds; refugees lay on straw mats. Khmer Rouge soldiers were mixed in with the women and children. A reporter said, "They did not look like human beings...but rather like wild animals...They slept huddled side by side like beasts in

1980-404: Was delivered to Cambodians by the "land bridge" at Nong Chan Refugee Camp . Mortality rate Mortality rate , or death rate , is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population , scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time. Mortality rate is typically expressed in units of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year; thus,

2025-689: Was opened and by July 1980 all refugees had been transferred to other camps or forcibly repatriated , over 7,500 of them to Khmer Rouge-controlled areas inside Cambodia Images of dead and dying refugees at Sa Kaeo were broadcast around the world and international aid began to flow into Thailand to assist the refugees. This also engendered the belief that famine was general in Cambodia. A front-page article in The New York Times said, "2.25 Million Cambodians Are Said to Face Starvation." The international community responded with large amounts of food aid that

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