98-766: SS Princess Alice may refer to the following ships: SS Princess Alice (1865) , steamship, sank in the Thames 1878 with an estimated 640 dead SS Princess Alice (1900) , under this name from 1904 to 1917 for North German Lloyd. Later: as SS Kiautschou for Hamburg-America Line as USS Princess Matoika for U.S. Navy as USAT Princess Matoika for U.S. Army as SS Princess Matoika in passenger service as SS President Arthur for United States Lines and American Palestine Line as SS City of Honolulu for Los Angeles Steamship Company scrapped 1933 SS Princess Alice (1911) , coastal liner for
196-566: A flush toilet to make things "disappear" is soon recognized by young children who may experiment with virtually anything they can carry to the toilet. Adults may be tempted to dispose of toilet paper , wet wipes , diapers , sanitary napkins , tampons , tampon applicators, condoms , and expired medications , even at the risk of causing blockages. The privacy of a toilet offers a clandestine means of removing embarrassing evidence by flushing such things as drug paraphernalia , pregnancy test kits, combined oral contraceptive pill dispensers, and
294-584: A sixpenny fund, a memorial Celtic cross was erected in Woolwich Cemetery in May 1880. St Mary Magdalene Woolwich , the local parish church, also later installed a stained-glass memorial window. In 2008 a National Lottery grant funded the installation of a memorial plaque at Barking Creek to mark the 130th anniversary of the sinking. Princess Alice ' s owner, the London Steamboat Co, purchased
392-493: A broader term, because it refers to any water after it has been used in a variety of applications. Thus it may also refer to " industrial wastewater ", agricultural wastewater and other flows that are not related to household activities. Blackwater in a sanitation context denotes wastewater from toilets which likely contains pathogens that may spread by the fecal–oral route . Blackwater can contain feces , urine , water and toilet paper from flush toilets . Blackwater
490-463: A collision course, and ordered the engines to be put into "reverse full speed", it was too late. Princess Alice was struck on the starboard side just in front of the paddle box at an angle of 13 degrees; she split in two and sank within four minutes—her boilers separating from the structure as it sank. The crew of Bywell Castle dropped ropes from their deck for the passengers of Princess Alice to climb; they also threw anything that would float into
588-670: A concentration), 50 g/person/d for BOD (300 mg/L), 100 g/person/d for COD (600 mg/L), 8 g/person/d for total nitrogen (45 mg/L), 4.5 g/person/d for ammonia-N (25 mg/L) and 1.0 g/person/d for total phosphorus (7 mg/L). The typical ranges for these values are: 120–220 g/person/d for total solids (or 700–1350 mg/L when expressed as a concentration), 40–60 g/person/d for BOD (250–400 mg/L), 80–120 g/person/d for COD (450–800 mg/L), 6–10 g/person/d for total nitrogen (35–60 mg/L), 3.5–6 g/person/d for ammonia-N (20–35 mg/L) and 0.7–2.5 g/person/d for total phosphorus (4–15 mg/L). For high income countries,
686-411: A country, there may be large variations from one region to another due to the various factors that determine the water consumption as listed above. A flowrate value of 200 liters of sewage per person per day is often used as an estimate in high income countries , and is used for example in the design of sewage treatment plants. For comparison, typical sewage flowrates from urban residential sources in
784-454: A course to pass starboard of them. Grinstead, travelling up the river against the tide, followed the normal watermen's practice of seeking the slack water on the south side of the river. He altered the ship's course, bringing her into the path of Bywell Castle . Seeing the imminent collision, Grinstead shouted to the larger vessel "Where are you coming to! Good God! Where are you coming to!" Although Dix tried to manoeuvre his vessel out of
882-423: A day to search for bodies; they were paid a minimum of five shillings for each one they recovered, which sometimes led to fights over the corpses. One of those picked up was that of Grinstead, Princess Alice ' s captain. Because of the pollution from the sewage and local industrial output, the bodies from the Thames were covered with slime, which was found difficult to clean off; the corpses began to rot at
980-410: A faster pace than normal, and many of the corpses were unusually bloated. Victims' clothing also began to rot quickly and was discoloured after immersion in the polluted water. Sixteen of those who survived died within two weeks, and several others were ill. On 4 September Charles Carttar, the coroner for West Kent, opened the inquest for his region. That day he took the jury to view the corpses at
1078-748: A flowrate of 190 L per person per day. A United States source published in 1972 estimated that the daily dry weight of solid wastes per capita in sewage is estimated as 20.5 g (0.72 oz) in feces, 43.3 g (1.53 oz) of dissolved solids in urine, 20 g (0.71 oz) of toilet paper, 86.5 g (3.05 oz) of greywater solids, 30 g (1.1 oz) of food solids (if garbage disposal units are used), and varying amounts of dissolved minerals depending upon salinity of local water supplies, volume of water use per capita, and extent of water softener use. Sewage contains urine and feces. The mass of feces varies with dietary fiber intake. An average person produces 128 grams of wet feces per day, or
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#17331066644851176-568: A form of final disposal or of treatment, or both. Land disposal alternatives require consideration of land availability, groundwater quality, and possible soil deterioration. Sewage may be discharged to an evaporation or infiltration basin . Groundwater recharge is used to reduce saltwater intrusion , or replenish aquifers used for agricultural irrigation . Treatment is usually required to sustain percolation capacity of infiltration basins, and more extensive treatment may be required for aquifers used as drinking water supplies. Before
1274-592: A median dry mass of 29 g/person/day. The median urine generation rate is about 1.42 L/person/day, as was determined by a global literature review. The volume of domestic sewage produced per person (or " per capita ", abbreviated as "cap") varies with the water consumption in the respective locality. A range of factors influence water consumption and hence the sewage flowrates per person. These include: Water availability (the opposite of water scarcity ), water supply options, climate (warmer climates may lead to greater water consumption), community size, economic level of
1372-461: A result of past disinfection . Sewage may contain microplastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene beads, or polyester and polyamide fragments from synthetic clothing and bedding fabrics abraded by wear and laundering, or from plastic packaging and plastic-coated paper products disintegrated by lift station pumps. Pharmaceuticals , endocrine disrupting compounds, and hormones may be excreted in urine or feces if not catabolized within
1470-689: A treatment plant per day: One peak is at the beginning of the morning and another peak is at the beginning of the evening. With regards to water consumption, a design figure that can be regarded as "world average" is 35–90 L per person per day (data from 1992). The same publication listed the water consumption in China as 80 L per person per day, Africa as 15–35 L per person per day, Eastern Mediterranean in Europe as 40–85 L per person per day and Latin America and Caribbean as 70–190 L per person per day. Even inside
1568-623: A variety of techniques. Traditional techniques involve filtering, staining, and examining samples under a microscope. Much more sensitive and specific testing can be accomplished with DNA sequencing , such as when looking for rare organisms, attempting eradication , testing specifically for drug-resistant strains, or discovering new species. Sequencing DNA from an environmental sample is known as metagenomics . Sewage has also been analyzed to determine relative rates of use of prescription and illegal drugs among municipal populations. General socioeconomic demographics may be inferred as well. Sewage
1666-693: Is an order of magnitude estimate rather than an exact percentage because, aside from variation caused by dilution, solids may be defined differently depending upon the mechanism used to separate those solids from the liquid fraction. Sludges of settleable solids removed by settling or suspended solids removed by filtration may contain significant amounts of entrained water, while dried solid material remaining after evaporation eliminates most of that water but includes dissolved minerals not captured by filtration or gravitational separation. The suspended and dissolved solids include organic and inorganic matter plus microorganisms. About one-third of this solid matter
1764-418: Is commonly collected and transported in gravity sewers , either in a sanitary sewer or in a combined sewer . The latter also conveys urban runoff ( stormwater ) which means the sewage gets diluted during rain events. Infiltration is groundwater entering sewer pipes through defective pipes, connections, joints or manholes . Contaminated or saline groundwater may introduce additional pollutants to
1862-455: Is designed to exclude stormwater flows whereas the latter is designed to also take stormwater. The production of sewage generally corresponds to the water consumption. A range of factors influence water consumption and hence the sewage flowrates per person. These include: Water availability (the opposite of water scarcity ), water supply options, climate (warmer climates may lead to greater water consumption), community size, economic level of
1960-522: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Sinking of SS Princess Alice SS Princess Alice , formerly PS Bute , was a British passenger paddle steamer that sank on 3 September 1878 after a collision with the collier SS Bywell Castle on the River Thames . Between 600 and 700 people died, all from Princess Alice , the greatest loss of life of any British inland waterway shipping accident. No passenger list or headcount
2058-454: Is discharged into a water body (river, lakes, sea) or land, its relative impact will depend on the assimilative capacity of the water body or ecosystem . Water bodies have a self-purification capacity, so that the concentration of a pollutant may decrease along the distance from the discharge point. Furthermore, water bodies provide a dilution to the pollutants concentrations discharged, although it does not decrease their mass. In principle,
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#17331066644852156-403: Is discharged untreated, its nitrogen and phosphorus content can lead to pollution of lakes and reservoirs via a process called eutrophication . In raw sewage, nitrogen exists in the two forms of organic nitrogen or ammonia . The ammonia stems from the urea in urine . Urea is rapidly hydrolyzed and therefore not usually found in raw sewage. Total phosphorus is mostly present in sewage in
2254-519: Is distinguished from greywater , which comes from sinks, baths, washing machines, and other household appliances apart from toilets. Greywater results from washing food, clothing, dishes, as well as from showering or bathing. Greywater (or grey water, sullage, also spelled gray water in the United States) refers to domestic wastewater generated in households or office buildings from streams without fecal contamination, i.e., all streams except for
2352-664: Is low, the strength of the sewage (or pollutant concentrations) is much higher than that in the United States where water use per person is high. Household income and diet also plays a role: For example, for the case of Brazil, it has been found that the higher the household income, the higher is the BOD load per person and the lower is the BOD concentration. Typical values for physical–chemical characteristics of raw sewage in developing countries have been published as follows: 180 g/person/d for total solids (or 1100 mg/L when expressed as
2450-698: Is suspended by turbulence , while the remainder is dissolved or colloidal . For the situation in the United States in the 1950s it was estimated that the waste contained in domestic sewage is about half organic and half inorganic . The organic matter in sewage can be classified in terms of form and size: Suspended (particulate) or dissolved (soluble). Secondly, it can be classified in terms of biodegradability : either inert or biodegradable. The organic matter in sewage consists of protein compounds (about 40%), carbohydrates (about 25–50%), oils and grease (about 10%) and urea , surfactants , phenols , pesticides and others (lower quantity). In order to quantify
2548-408: Is typically found in sewage. Pollutants may be toxic or non- biodegradable waste including pharmaceuticals , biocides , heavy metals , radionuclides , or thermal pollution . An industry may treat its wastewater and discharge it into the environment (or even use the treated wastewater for specific applications), or, in case it is located in the urban area, it may discharge the wastewater into
2646-604: Is typically transported through a sewer system . Sewage consists of wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial, institutional and public facilities that exist in the locality. Sub-types of sewage are greywater (from sinks, bathtubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers) and blackwater (the water used to flush toilets , combined with the human waste that it flushes away). Sewage also contains soaps and detergents. Food waste may be present from dishwashing , and food quantities may be increased where garbage disposal units are used. In regions where toilet paper
2744-504: Is used rather than bidets , that paper is also added to the sewage. Sewage contains macro-pollutants and micro-pollutants, and may also incorporate some municipal solid waste and pollutants from industrial wastewater . Sewage usually travels from a building's plumbing either into a sewer , which will carry it elsewhere, or into an onsite sewage facility . Collection of sewage from several households together usually takes places in either sanitary sewers or combined sewers . The former
2842-402: Is usually near neutral, and can be in the range of 6.7–8.0. Sewage consists primarily of water and usually contains less than one part of solid matter per thousand parts of water. In other words, one can say that sewage is composed of around 99.9% pure water, and the remaining 0.1% are solids, which can be in the form of either dissolved solids or suspended solids . The thousand-to-one ratio
2940-673: The Metropolitan Police that had responsibility for policing the Thames —relied on rowing boats for their work. The inquest into the sinking of Princess Alice found that these were insufficient for the requirements of the role, and that they should be replaced by steam launches . The first two launches entered service in the mid-1880s; eight were working by 1898. The Royal Albert Dock , which opened in 1880, helped to separate heavy goods traffic from smaller boats; this and global adoption of emergency signalling lights on boats both helped avoid future tragedies. After 23,000 people donated to
3038-701: The River Thames ; the company renamed the vessel Princess Alice , after Queen Victoria 's third child . In 1870 she was sold to the Woolwich Steam Packet Company and was operated as an excursion steamer; the company later changed its name to the London Steamboat Company. In 1873 the ship carried Naser al-Din Shah Qajar , the Shah of Persia , up the Thames to Greenwich , and became known to many locals as "The Shah's boat". When Princess Alice
SS Princess Alice - Misplaced Pages Continue
3136-473: The United States are estimated as follows: 365 L/person/day (for one person households), 288 L/person/day (two person households), 200 L/person/day (four person households), 189 L/person/day (six person households). This means the overall range for this example would be 189–365 L (42–80 imp gal; 50–96 US gal). Sewage can be monitored for both disease-causing and benign organisms with
3234-568: The Woolwich Town Hall and Woolwich Pier. There were more bodies on the northern bank, but this lay outside his jurisdiction. Charles Lewis, the coroner for South Essex, visited the Board of Trade and the Home Office to try to have the remains in his jurisdiction moved to Woolwich to allow one inquest that could cover all the victims and hear the evidence in only one location, but the law meant that
3332-589: The anal area in the shower or bath. The overall appearance of sewage is as follows: The temperature tends to be slightly higher than in drinking water but is more stable than the ambient temperature. The color of fresh sewage is slightly grey, whereas older sewage (also called "septic sewage") is dark grey or black. The odor of fresh sewage is "oily" and relatively unpleasant, whereas older sewage has an unpleasant foul odor due to hydrogen sulfide gas and other decomposition by-products. Sewage can have high turbidity from suspended solids. The pH value of sewage
3430-408: The "per person organic matter load" has been found to be approximately 60 gram of BOD per person per day. This is called the population equivalent (PE) and is also used as a comparison parameter to express the strength of industrial wastewater compared to sewage. Values for households in the United States have been published as follows, whereby the estimates are based on the assumption that 25% of
3528-522: The Board of Trade Regulations and the Regulations of the Thames Conservancy Board, 1872. This stated that if two ships are heading towards each other, they should pass on the port side of each other. As Princess Alice had not followed this procedure, the Board found Princess Alice to blame and that Bywell Castle could not avoid the collision. The company that owned Princess Alice sued
3626-538: The Canadian Pacific Railway Co. Princess Alice , oceanographic research ship that took part in Prince Albert I expeditions References [ edit ] ^ "Princess Alice Expedition 1898 and 1899" . Glasgow Digital Library . Retrieved 21 August 2024 . [REDACTED] [REDACTED] List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with
3724-496: The Reach, observed an excursion steamer coming up Barking Reach, showing her red and masthead lights, when we ported our helm to keep over towards Tripcock Point. As the vessel neared, observed that the other steamer had ported, and immediately afterwards saw that she had starboarded and was trying to cross our bows, showing her green light close under the port bow. Seeing collision inevitable, stopped our engines and reversed full speed, when
3822-545: The Thames, or of helming a craft such as Princess Alice . Between 7:20 pm and 7:40 pm, Princess Alice had passed Tripcock Point, entered Gallions Reach and come within sight of the North Woolwich Pier—where many passengers were to disembark—when Bywell Castle was sighted. Bywell Castle usually carried coal to Africa, but had just been repainted at a dry dock . She was due to sail to Newcastle to pick up coal bound for Alexandria , Egypt. Harrison
3920-430: The assimilative capacity of the water body. However, this needs to be analyzed very carefully, taking into account the quality of the water in the receiving body before it receives the discharge of sewage, the resulting water quality after the discharge and the impact on the intended water uses after discharge. There are also specific legal requirements in each country. Different countries have different regulations regarding
4018-542: The boats. News of the sinking was telegraphed back to the centre of London, and soon filtered through to those waiting at Swan Pier for the steamer's return. Relatives made their way to the London Steamboat offices near Blackfriars to wait for more news; many took the train from London Bridge to Woolwich . The crowds grew during the night and into the following day, as both relatives and sightseers travelled to Woolwich; additional police were drafted in to help control
SS Princess Alice - Misplaced Pages Continue
4116-414: The centre of the river by currents; the ship then attempted to turn to port, which would have kept her close to the river's southern bank, but in doing so cut across the bows of Bywell Castle . Several masters of other ships moored nearby who witnessed the collision agreed with this series of events. Princess Alice ' s chief mate denied that his ship had changed direction. During the inquest evidence
4214-579: The community, level of industrialization , metering of household consumption, water cost and water pressure. The main parameters in sewage that are measured to assess the sewage strength or quality as well as treatment options include: solids, indicators of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and indicators of fecal contamination. These can be considered to be the main macro-pollutants in sewage. Sewage contains pathogens which stem from fecal matter . The following four types of pathogens are found in sewage: pathogenic bacteria , viruses , protozoa (in
4312-414: The community, level of industrialization , metering of household consumption, water cost and water pressure. The production of sewage generally corresponds to the water consumption. However water used for landscape irrigation will not enter the sewer system, while groundwater and stormwater may enter the sewer system in addition to sewage. There are usually two peak flowrates of sewage arriving at
4410-456: The consumption of oxygen, which may then affect aquatic living organisms. The mass load of organic content is calculated as the sewage flowrate multiplied with the concentration of the organic matter in the sewage. Typical values for physical–chemical characteristics of raw sewage is provided further down below. Apart from organic matter, sewage also contains nutrients. The major nutrients of interest are nitrogen and phosphorus . If sewage
4508-465: The corpses, the burials of many of those still unidentified took place on 9 September at Woolwich cemetery in a mass grave; several thousand people were in attendance. The coffins all carried a police identification number, which was also attached to the clothing and personal items which were retained to aid later identification. The same day over 150 private funerals of victims took place. The first two weeks of Carttar's inquest were given over to
4606-515: The cost was two shillings . Princess Alice left Rosherville at about 6:30 pm on her return to Swan Pier; she was carrying close to her full capacity of passengers, although no lists were kept, and the exact number of people on board is unknown. The master of Princess Alice , 47-year-old Captain William Grinstead, allowed his helmsman to stay at Gravesend, and replaced him with a seaman named John Eyers. Eyers had little experience of
4704-450: The crowds, and deal with the remains that were being landed. Reports came in of corpses being washed up as far upstream as Limehouse and down to Erith . When bodies were landed, they were stored locally for identification, rather than centrally, although most ended up at Woolwich Dockyard . Relatives had to travel between several locations on both sides of the Thames to search for missing family members. Local watermen were hired for £2
4802-426: The dead could not be moved until the inquest had been opened and adjourned. Instead, he opened his inquest to formally identify the bodies under his authority, then adjourned proceedings until after Carttar's case had come to a conclusion. He issued burial orders, and the remains were then transferred to Woolwich. During low tide, part of Princess Alice ' s rail could be seen above the waterline. Plans to raise
4900-563: The form of phosphates .They are either inorganic (polyphosphates and orthophosphates) and their main source is from detergents and other household chemical products. The other form is organic phosphorus, where the source is organic compounds to which the organic phosphorus is bound. Human feces in sewage may contain pathogens capable of transmitting diseases. The following four types of pathogens are found in sewage: In most practical cases, pathogenic organisms are not directly investigated in laboratory analyses. An easier way to assess
4998-1004: The form of cysts or oocysts) and helminths (in the form of eggs). In order to quantify the organic matter, indirect methods are commonly used: mainly the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Management of sewage includes collection and transport for release into the environment, after a treatment level that is compatible with the local requirements for discharge into water bodies, onto soil or for reuse applications. Disposal options include dilution (self-purification of water bodies, making use of their assimilative capacity if possible), marine outfalls , land disposal and sewage farms . All disposal options may run risks of causing water pollution . Sewage (or domestic wastewater) consists of wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial, institutional and public facilities that exist in
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#17331066644855096-464: The formal identification of the bodies, and visits to the wreck site to examine the remains of Princess Alice . From 16 September the proceedings began to examine the causes of the collision. Carttar began by bemoaning the media coverage of the event, which suggested strongly that Bywell Castle had been in error and should take the blame. He focused his proceedings on William Beechey, the first body to have been positively identified; Carttar explained to
5194-480: The gale which proved fatal to the Kenmure Castle . The Bywell Castle carried a crew of 40 men and her cargo consisted of Egyptian produce. 51°30′38″N 00°05′25″E / 51.51056°N 0.09028°E / 51.51056; 0.09028 Sewage Sewage (or domestic sewage , domestic wastewater , municipal wastewater ) is a type of wastewater that is produced by a community of people. It
5292-451: The higher the dilution capacity (ratio of volume or flow of the receiving water and volume or flow of sewage discharged), the lower will be the concentration of pollutants in the receiving water, and probably the lower will be the negative impacts. But if the water body already arrives very polluted at the point of discharge, the dilution will be of limited value. In several cases, a community may treat partially its sewage, and still count on
5390-490: The homes have kitchen waste-food grinders (sewage from such households contain more waste): 95 g/person/d for total suspended solids (503 mg/L concentration), 85 g/person/d for BOD (450 mg/L), 198 g/person/d for COD (1050 mg/L), 13.3 g/person/d for the sum of organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen (70.4 mg/L), 7.8 g/person/d for ammonia-N (41.2 mg/L) and 3.28 g/person/d for total phosphorus (17.3 mg/L). The concentration values given here are based on
5488-440: The human body. Some residential users tend to pour unwanted liquids like used cooking oil , lubricants , adhesives , paint , solvents , detergents , and disinfectants into their sewer connections. This behavior can result in problems for the treatment plant operation and is thus discouraged. The composition of sewage varies with climate, social and economic situation and population habits. In regions where water use
5586-491: The journey she called at Blackwall , North Woolwich and Rosherville Gardens ; many of the Londoners on board were travelling to Rosherville to visit the pleasure gardens that had been built 40 years before. As the London Steamboat Co. owned several ships, passengers could use their tickets interchangeably on the day, stopping off to travel on or back on different vessels if they wanted; for tickets from Swan Pier to Rosherville,
5684-606: The jury that whatever verdict they reached on Beechey would apply to the other victims. Numerous Thames boatmen appeared as witnesses, all of whom had been active in the area at the time; their stories of the path taken by Princess Alice differed considerably. Most pleasure craft coming upriver on the Thames would round Tripcock Point and head for the northern bank to take advantage of more favourable currents. Had Princess Alice done that, Bywell Castle would have gone clearly astern of her. Several witnesses stated that once Princess Alice rounded Tripcock Point she had been pushed into
5782-400: The local area of larger communities. Sewage can be distinguished into "untreated sewage" (also called "raw sewage") and "treated sewage" (also called "effluent" from a sewage treatment plant ). The term "sewage" is nowadays often used interchangeably with "wastewater" – implying "municipal wastewater" – in many textbooks, policy documents and the literature. To be precise, wastewater is
5880-473: The locality. Sewage is a mixture of water (from the community's water supply ), human excreta ( feces and urine ), used water from bathrooms , food preparation wastes, laundry wastewater, and other waste products of normal living. Sewage from municipalities contains wastewater from commercial activities and institutions, e.g. wastewater discharged from restaurants , laundries , hospitals , schools , prisons , offices , stores and establishments serving
5978-530: The necessary precaution of easing, stopping and reversing her engines in time and that the Princess Alice contributed to the collision by not stopping and going astern; that all collisions in the opinion of the jury might in future be avoided if proper and stringent rules and regulations were laid down for all steam navigation on the River Thames. Addenda: Running at the same time as the coroner's inquest
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#17331066644856076-435: The organic matter content, it is common to use "indirect methods" which are based on the consumption of oxygen to oxidize the organic matter: mainly the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). These indirect methods are associated with the major impact of the discharge of organic matter into water bodies: the organic matter will be food for microorganisms, whose population will grow, and lead to
6174-512: The owners of Bywell Castle for £20,000 compensation; the owners of Bywell Castle counter-sued for £2,000. The case was heard in the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division of the High Court of Justice in late 1878. After two weeks, the judgment was that both vessels were to blame for the collision. As no passenger list was kept on Princess Alice —or a record of the number of people on board—it
6272-458: The packaging for those devices. There may be reluctance to retrieve items like children's toys or toothbrushes which accidentally fall into toilets, and items of clothing may be found in sewage from prisons or other locations where occupants may be careless. Trash and garbage in streets may be carried to combined sewers by stormwater runoff. Sewage contains environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants . Trihalomethanes can also be present as
6370-544: The passenger paddle steamer Bute on 29 March 1865. She entered service on 1 July 1865. The ship was 219.4 ft (66.9 m) long and 20.2 ft (6.2 m) at the beam , and measured 432 gross registered tons . Bute had been built for the Wemyss Bay Railway Company, for whom she carried passengers between Wemyss Bay and Rothesay . In 1867 she was sold to the Waterman's Steam Packet Co. to travel on
6468-565: The point where London's sewage pumping stations were sited. The twice-daily release of 75 million imperial gallons (340,000 m ) of raw sewage from the sewer outfalls Abbey Mills , at Barking , and the Crossness Pumping Station had occurred one hour before the collision. In a letter to The Times shortly after the collision, a chemist described the outflow as: Two continuous columns of decomposed fermenting sewage, hissing like soda-water with baneful gases, so black that
6566-434: The presence of fecal contamination is by assessing the most probable numbers of fecal coliforms (called thermotolerant coliforms), especially Escherichia coli . Escherichia coli are intestinal bacteria excreted by all warm blooded animals, including human beings, and thus tracking their presence in sewage is easy, because of their substantially high concentrations (around 10 to 100 million per 100 mL). The ability of
6664-460: The public sewerage system. In the latter case, industrial wastewater may receive pre-treatment at the factories to reduce the pollutant load . Mixing industrial wastewater with sewage does nothing to reduce the mass of pollutants to be treated, but the volume of sewage lowers the concentration of pollutants unique to industrial wastewater, and the volume of industrial wastewater lowers the concentration of pollutants unique to sewage. When wastewater
6762-409: The raised section of Princess Alice . Fights broke out in places for the best vantage point, and people rowed up to the wreck to break off souvenirs. An additional 250 policemen were drafted in to help control the crowds. That evening, after most of the crowd had gone home, the aft section of the ship was raised and beached next to the bow. Because of the accelerated rate of decomposition of many of
6860-535: The river. Bywell Castle moored at Deptford to await the action of the authorities and the inquest. That night Harrison and Belding, the first mate , wrote the ship's log to describe the event: At 6:30 left the West Dock, Millwall, in charge of Mr Dicks, [ sic ] pilot; proceeding slowly, the master and pilot being on the upper bridge ... Light air and weather little hazy. At 7:45 pm proceeding at half speed down Gallions Reach. Being about centre of
6958-434: The same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Princess_Alice&oldid=1241481171 " Categories : Set index articles on ships Ship names Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
7056-498: The sanitary collection system". The "direct inflows" can result in peak sewage flowrates similar to combined sewers during wet weather events. Sewage from communities with industrial facilities may include some industrial wastewater , generated by industrial processes such as the production or manufacture of goods. Volumes of industrial wastewater vary widely with the type of industry. Industrial wastewater may contain very different pollutants at much higher concentrations than what
7154-509: The sea. The Marine Police Force —the branch of the Metropolitan Police that had responsibility for policing the Thames—were provided with steam launches , after the rowing boats used up to that point had proved insufficient for the rescue. Five years after the collision Bywell Castle sank in the Bay of Biscay with the loss of all forty crew. Caird & Company of Greenock , Scotland, launched
7252-404: The sewage. The amount of such infiltrated water depends on several parameters, such as the length of the collection network, pipeline diameters, drainage area, soil type, water table depth, topography and number of connections per unit area. Infiltration is increased by poor construction procedures, and tends to increase with the age of the sewer. The amount of infiltration varies with the depth of
7350-582: The sewer in comparison to the local groundwater table . Older sewer systems that are in need of rehabilitation may also exfiltrate sewage into groundwater from the leaking sewer joints and service connections. This can lead to groundwater pollution . Combined sewers are designed to transport sewage and stormwater together. This means that sewage becomes diluted during rain events. There are other types of inflow that also dilute sewage, e.g. "water discharged from cellar and foundation drains, cooling-water discharges, and any direct stormwater runoff connections to
7448-565: The ship began on 5 September with a diver examining the wreckage. He found the vessel had broken into three sections—the fore, aft and boilers. He reported back that there were still several bodies on board. Work began the following day to raise the larger fore section, which was 27 metres (90 ft) long. This was beached at low tide—2:00 am on 7 September—at Woolwich; while she was being pulled ashore, Bywell Castle steamed past, leaving London, but without her captain, who remained. The following day large crowds visited Woolwich again to view
7546-563: The specifications of the quality of the sewage being discharged and the quality to be maintained in the receiving water body. The combination of treatment and disposal must comply with existing local regulations. The assimilative capacity depends – among several factors – on the ability of the receiving water to sustain dissolved oxygen concentrations necessary to support organisms catabolizing organic waste. For example, fish may die if dissolved oxygen levels are depressed below 5 mg/L. Application of sewage to land can be considered as
7644-470: The statement. The verdict was: That the death of the said William Beachey and others was occasioned by drowning in the waters of the River Thames from a collision that occurred after sunset between a steam vessel called the Bywell Castle and a steam vessel called the Princess Alice whereby the Princess Alice was cut in two and sunk, such collision not being wilful; that the Bywell Castle did not take
7742-446: The tidal Thames as a pleasure-ground". Bywell Castle was reported missing on 29 January 1883 sailing between Alexandria and Hull ; it carried a cargo of cottonseed and beans. In February 1883 newspapers carried a final report: It is believed that the steamer Bywell Castle , which ran down the saloon boat Princess Alice , off Woolwich, some years ago, has been lost in the Bay of Biscay, in
7840-404: The time for assistance, which was rendered by several boats from shore and a boat from a passing steamer. The excursion steamer, which turned out to be Princess Alice , turning over and sinking under the bows. Succeeded in rescuing a great many passengers and anchored for the night. About 8:30 pm the steamer Duke of Teck came alongside and took off such passengers as had not been taken on shore in
7938-416: The two vessels collided, the bow of Bywell Castle cutting into the other steamer, which was crowded with passengers, with a dreadful crash. Took immediate means for saving life by hauling up over the bows several men of the passengers, throwing rope's-ends over all round the ship, throwing over four lifebuoys, a hold ladder and several planks, and getting out three boats, keeping the whistle blowing loudly all
8036-558: The untreated waste into the river, and a series of six sludge boats were ordered to ship effluent into the North Sea for dumping. The first boat commissioned in June 1887 was named Bazalgette —after Joseph Bazalgette , who had rebuilt London's sewer system . The practice of dumping at sea continued until December 1998. Until Princess Alice sank, the Marine Police Force —the branch of
8134-430: The wastewater from toilets. Sources of greywater include sinks , showers , baths , washing machines or dishwashers . As greywater contains fewer pathogens than blackwater , it is generally safer to handle and easier to treat and reuse onsite for toilet flushing , landscape or crop irrigation , and other non- potable uses. Greywater may still have some pathogen content from laundering soiled clothing or cleaning
8232-491: The water for people to hold. Other crew from Bywell Castle launched their lifeboat and rescued 14 people, and crews from boats moored nearby did the same. Residents from both banks of the Thames, particularly the boatmen of local factories, launched vessels to rescue who they could. Many of the passengers from Princess Alice were unable to swim; the long heavy dresses worn by women also hindered their efforts to stay afloat. Princess Alice ' s sister ship, Duke of Teck ,
8330-462: The water is stained for miles and discharging a corrupt charnel-house odour, that will be remembered by all ... as being particularly depressing and sickening. The water was also polluted by the untreated output from Beckton Gas Works , and several local chemical factories. Adding to the foulness of the water, a fire in Thames Street earlier that day had resulted in oil and petroleum entering
8428-497: The wreck of the vessel from the Thames Conservancy for £350; the engines were salvaged and the remainder sent to a ship breaker . The London Steamboat Co was bankrupt within six years, and its successor went into financial difficulties three years after that. According to the historian Jerry White , along with competition from the railways and bus services, the sinking of Princess Alice "had some impact ... in blighting
8526-439: The wrong sailing line and was hit by Bywell Castle ; the point of the collision was the area of the Thames where 75 million imperial gallons (340,000 m ) of London's raw sewage had just been released. Princess Alice broke into three parts and sank quickly; her passengers drowned in the heavily polluted waters. Grinstead died in the incident, so the subsequent investigations never established which course he thought he
8624-457: Was a Board of Trade inquiry. Specific charges were laid against Captain Harrison, two of the crew members of Bywell Castle , and against Long, the first mate of Princess Alice ; all had their licences suspended at the start of the hearing. The Board of Trade proceedings began on 14 October 1878 and continued until 6 November. The board found that Princess Alice had breached Rule 29, Section (d) of
8722-569: Was acquired by the Woolwich Steam Packet Company, the company made several alterations to the ship, including the installation of new boilers and making the five bulkheads watertight. The vessel had been inspected and was passed as safe by the Board of Trade . In 1878 another survey by the Board of Trade allowed the ship to carry a maximum of 936 passengers between London and Gravesend in calm water. The collier SS Bywell Castle
8820-576: Was built in Newcastle in 1869 and was owned by Messrs Hall of Newcastle. Her gross registered tonnage was 1376, she was 254.2 ft (77.5 m) long and 32 ft (9.8 m) at the beam; her depth of hold was 19 ft (5.8 m). The master was Captain Thomas Harrison. On 3 September 1878 Princess Alice was making what was billed as a "Moonlight Trip" from Swan Pier, near London Bridge , downstream to Sheerness , Kent, and back. During
8918-409: Was like the generality of firemen. He was rather the worse for drink, but not so bad that he could not take his watch". Evidence was also taken concerning the state of the Thames at the point the ship sank, and of the construction and stability of Princess Alice . On 14 November, after twelve hours of discussion, the inquest released its verdict; four members of the nineteen-member jury refused to sign
9016-776: Was made, so the exact figure of deaths has never been known. Built in Greenock , Scotland, in 1865, Princess Alice was employed for two years in Scotland before being purchased by the Waterman's Steam Packet Co to carry passengers on the Thames. By 1878 she was owned by the London Steamboat Co and was captained by William R. H. Grinstead; the ship carried passengers on a stopping service from Swan Pier, near London Bridge , downstream to Sheerness , Kent, and back. On her homeward journey, at an hour after sunset on 3 September 1878, she passed Tripcock Point and entered Gallions Reach . She took
9114-475: Was not possible to determine precisely the number of people who died: figures vary from 600 to 700. The Times reported that "the coroner believes that there are from 60 to 80 bodies unrecovered from the river. The total number of lives lost must thus have been from 630 to 650". Michael Foley, in his examination of disasters on the Thames, observes that "there was no proof of the final death toll. However, around 640 bodies were eventually recovered". The sinking
9212-432: Was steaming ten minutes behind her; she arrived too late to rescue anyone left in the water. Only two people who had been below decks or in the saloon survived the collision; a diver who later examined the saloon reported that the passengers were jammed together in the doorways, mostly still upright. About 130 people were rescued from the collision, but several died later from ingesting the water. Princess Alice sank at
9310-409: Was supposed to take. The jury in the coroner 's inquest considered both vessels at fault, but more blame was put on Bywell Castle ; the inquiry run by the Board of Trade found that Princess Alice had not followed the correct path and her captain was culpable. In the aftermath of the sinking, changes were made to the release and treatment of sewage, and how it was transported to, and released into,
9408-447: Was taken from George Purcell, the stoker on Bywell Castle , who, on the night of the sinking, had told several people that the captain and crew of the ship were drunk. Under oath he changed his claims, and stated that they were sober, and that he had no recollection of claiming that anyone was drunk. Evidence given by other members of Bywell Castle ' s crew showed it had been Purcell who had been drunk; one crewman said that "Purcell
9506-497: Was the worst inland disaster on water in the UK. A Mansion House fund for the victims had been opened by the Lord Mayor of London in the aftermath of the sinking; by the time it closed it had raised £35,000, which was distributed among the victims' families. During the 1880s London's Metropolitan Board of Works began to purify the sewage at Crossness and Beckton, rather than dumping
9604-526: Was unfamiliar with the conditions, so employed Christopher Dix, an experienced Thames river pilot , although he was not obliged to do so. As Bywell Castle had a raised forecastle , Dix did not have a clear view in front of him, so a seaman was placed on lookout. On leaving Millwall, Bywell Castle proceeded down river at five knots; she kept roughly to the middle of the river, except where other craft were in her way. Approaching Gallions Reach, Dix saw Princess Alice ' s red port light approaching on
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