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18-629: The system consists of The system is a footprint compatible replacement for the AN/SLQ-25 Nixie system previously installed on RN warships. The passive acoustic towed array is specifically designed to detect torpedoes (unlike traditional ASW sonars) and has additional in-built non-acoustic as well as acoustic intercept sensors. Through advanced AI processing it is able to generically identify torpedoes as well as classify specific weapon types and modes and undertake threat evaluation and posturing analysis. The system provides tactical advice dependent upon

36-463: A document constitutes a binding contract depends only on the presence or absence of well-defined legal elements in the text proper of the document (the so-called " four corners "). The required elements are offer and acceptance , consideration , and the intention to be legally bound ( animus contrahendi ). In the US, the specifics can differ slightly depending on whether the contract is for goods (falls under

54-455: A formal, legally enforceable contract (though an MoU is often a first step towards the development of a formal contract). In the United Kingdom , the term MoU is commonly used to refer to an agreement between parts of The Crown . The term is often used in the context of devolution , for example the 1999 concordat between the central Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and

72-418: A matter of law, the title of MoU does not necessarily mean the document is binding or not binding under international law . To determine whether a particular MoU is meant to be a legally binding document (i.e., a treaty), one needs to examine the parties’ intent as well as the signatories' position (e.g., Minister of Foreign Affairs vs. Minister of Environment). A careful analysis of the wording will also clarify

90-426: A torpedo's passive sonar by emitting simulated ship noise—such as propeller and engine noise—or defeat a torpedo's active sonar by amplifying and returning its pings. Typically, larger ships may have two Nixie systems mounted at the stern of the ship to allow operation singularly or in pairs while smaller ships may have only one system. The AN/SLQ-25A was introduced in 1987. It is a clean-sheet design when compared to

108-420: Is a type of agreement between two ( bilateral ) or more ( multilateral ) parties. It expresses a convergence of will between the parties, indicating an intended common line of action. It is often used either in cases where parties do not imply a legal commitment or in situations where the parties cannot create a legally enforceable agreement. It is a more formal alternative to a gentlemen's agreement . Whether

126-667: The Scottish Environment Directorate . MoUs can also be used between a government agency and a non-commercial, non-governmental organization. In international relations, MoUs fall under the broad category of treaties and should be registered in the United Nations treaty collection. In practice and in spite of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs ' insistence that registration be done to avoid 'secret diplomacy', MoUs are sometimes kept confidential. As

144-473: The US Navy . AN/SLQ-25 Nixie The AN/SLQ-25 Nixie and its variants are towed torpedo decoys used on US and allied warships . It consists of a towed decoy device (TB-14A) and a shipboard signal generator. The Nixie is capable of defeating wake-homing , acoustic-homing , and wire-guided torpedoes . The decoy emits signals to draw a torpedo away from its intended target. The Nixie attempts to defeat

162-530: The Uniform Commercial Code ) or services (falls under the common law of the state). Many companies and government agencies use MoUs to define a relationship between departments, agencies or closely held companies. In business , an MoU is typically a legally non-binding agreement between two (or more) parties, outlining terms and details of a mutual understanding or agreement, noting each party's requirements and responsibilities—but without establishing

180-598: The AN/SLQ-25B added the ability to defeat active homing torpedoes by intercepting, amplifying, and returning the sonar pings from the incoming torpedo. The AN/SLQ-25C was first procured in 2007 and is a general electronics upgrade of the AN/SLQ-25A. The AN/SLQ-25C has additional countermeasure modes, more reliable power amplification, a new COTS signal generator, and a longer, more functional littoral fiber optic tow cable (LFOTC) for operation in shallow water. The AN/SLQ-25D

198-753: The AN/SLQ-25E baseline. Under a joint UK/US memorandum of understanding , the UK MoD and the US DoD are furthering torpedo survivability systems. The US is currently working on an Active Source program called the DCL Technology Demonstrator programme , and the UK has developed and entered into service the S2170 Surface Ship Torpedo Defence system. An improved torpedo countermeasure system called

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216-584: The AN/SLQ-61 Lightweight Tow (LWT) Torpedo Defense Mission Module (TDMM) is lighter than the AN/SLQ-25 and has a different tow profile, making it more suited for small combatant warships operating in littoral environments. The LWT is a modular, digitally controlled soft kill countermeasure decoy that can defend ships against wake-homing, acoustic-homing, and wire-guided torpedoes. Memorandum of understanding A memorandum of understanding ( MoU )

234-574: The exact nature of the document. The International Court of Justice has provided some insight into the determination of the legal status of a document in the landmark case of Qatar v. Bahrain , 1 July 1994. One advantage of MoUs over more formal instruments is that, because obligations under international law may be avoided, they can often be put into effect without requiring legislative approval. Hence, MoUs are often used to modify and adapt existing treaties, in which case these MoUs have factual treaty status. The decision concerning ratification, however,

252-399: The original AN/SLQ-25 Nixie. Apart from a few minor mechanical components, they share no common parts. The AN/SLQ-25A utilises a fiber optic tow cable (FOTC) and a 10-horsepower (7.5 kW) RL-272C double drum winch. Several engineering changes resulted in commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment being utilised extensively in the system. A diagnostic program can be initiated locally or from

270-501: The remote control station, and tests all electronic functions. The AN/SLQ-25A provides improved deceptive countermeasures capability over the original Nixie. The AN/SLQ-25B variant includes equipment of the AN/SLQ-25A and introduced a towed array sensor to detect submarines and incoming torpedoes . It also includes a fiber optic display LAN. Previous versions could only simulate ship noise and were effective against passive homing torpedoes but ineffective against active homing torpedoes;

288-462: The specific threat weapon, mode and posture to maximise vessel survivability, which typically involves vessel manoeuvres and also includes the deployment of countermeasures. The countermeasures - both towed and expendable variants - lure the threat away from the vessel in a soft-kill manner. Ultra Electronics also produces a hard-kill variant known as the TRAPR DCL system currently under development for

306-530: Was a planned upgrade with a contract awarded in 2009. It was to feature an open architecture , allowing it to serve as a host to other systems and support their information gathering and threat detection. In 2012, the AN/SLQ-25D program became a part of the Surface Ship Torpedo Defense (SSTD) program, a US Navy effort to field a system that could detect and destroy incoming torpedoes. The AN/SLQ-25D

324-740: Was redesignated as the AN/SLQ-25X, and it was intended to be the tow point for the torpedo detection sensors. However, the Navy canceled the SSTD program and with it the AN/SLQ-25X in 2018. In place of the canceled AN/SLQ-25X, AN/SLQ-25E procurement began in 2022. The AN/SLQ-25E addresses obsolescence issues with previous AN/SLQ-25 variants by updating the hardware and software to a COTS-based, modular, and open architecture. The AN/SLQ-25E has improved capability against wake-homing , acoustic-homing , and wire-guided torpedoes. All existing AN/SLQ-25 units are being upgraded to

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