70-786: SLF may refer to: Seattle Liberation Front , anti-Vietnam War organization Shuttle Landing Facility , for the Space Shuttle Social Liberal Forum , UK Spotted lanternfly , an insect native to parts of China, India, and Vietnam, and recently invading parts of the eastern US Stephen Lewis Foundation Stiff Little Fingers , Northern Irish punk band Subscriber Location Function in IP Multimedia Subsystem Sun Life Financial , Canada Super low frequency electromagnetic waves Superior longitudinal fasciculus , an association fiber tract in
140-490: A mistrial on December 10, citing all defendants for contempt of court . He summarily found them guilty of contempt, sentenced them to six months in prison, and refused to grant bail. The defendants eventually served three months in prison. The original charges of inciting a riot, or of intent to incite to riot, and conspiracy to damage the Seattle Federal Building, were unsuccessfully prosecuted. Lerner stated
210-586: A riot , and other charges related to anti-Vietnam War and 1960s counterculture protests in Chicago , Illinois during the 1968 Democratic National Convention . The Chicago Eight became the Chicago Seven after the case against codefendant Bobby Seale was declared a mistrial . All of the defendants were charged with and acquitted of conspiracy; Davis, Dellinger, Hayden, Hoffman, and Rubin were charged with and convicted of crossing state lines with intent to incite
280-460: A $ 25 bond. By the weekend before the convention, about 2,000 demonstrators had set up camp in Lincoln Park . On Saturday, August 24, Lincoln Park was cleared almost without incident, with Allen Ginsberg leading many protesters out of the park before the 11 p.m. curfew. According to Frank Kusch, police cleared the park and arrested eleven people for failing to disperse, while a crowd outside of
350-656: A Democratic Society and the National Mobilization Committee . Frapolly testified he heard most of the defendants say they intended to incite police confrontations and other disturbances; he also testified that Weiner and Froines discussed incendiary devices and chemical bombs. Seale was initially represented by Charles Garry , who appeared at the April 9 arraignment. Before the trial began, Seale had been indicted in Connecticut on charges of conspiracy to murder
420-447: A bigot, a racist, and a fascist , and I have said before and clearly indicated on the record." In the afternoon session of October 29, Judge Hoffman ordered Seale to be bound, gagged, and chained to a chair. According to John Schultz, when the jury was allowed into the courtroom, juror Jean Fritz began weeping, and other jurors "squirmed hard in their seats at the sight." On three days, Seale appeared in court bound and gagged before
490-627: A blatant racist of the United States court." Seale had been in Chicago for less than 24 hours over two days of the convention week and had been invited shortly before the convention began as a substitute for Eldridge Cleaver , so the evidence against him was testimony from undercover police officer Robert Pierson, about a speech by Seale in Lincoln Park, where according to Pierson, Seale had urged his audience to "barbecue some pork", and Judge Hoffman, over
560-578: A design hearing for the then-proposed I-90 freeway in June 1970, denouncing the project as "racist" and advocating revolution. Two months later, on April 16, a federal grand jury indicted members of the SLF on charges of inciting the February 17 riot – Lerner was charged with "using the facilities of interstate commerce [a telephone] with the intent of inciting to riot," but he was not charged with "inciting to riot." (One of
630-591: A different judge. Since the beginning of the trial in 1969, the defendants and their attorneys have been depicted in a variety of art forms, including film, music, and theater. In the fall of 1967, David Dellinger was the director of the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam (the Mobe), and planning began during Mobe meetings for an anti-war demonstration at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. A similar plan
700-549: A notable counterculture figure, to speak on the University of Washington campus on January 17, 1970 – two days later, the SLF was formed, largely composed of students and radicals coming out of organizations (like the SDS) that had recently disbanded. The exact impetus for Lerner seeking a new organization is somewhat vague. The founding of SLF came less than a month after SDS Weatherman , which had staged violent street demonstrations during
770-466: A report that focused on "outside agitators" with an "avowed purpose of a hostile confrontation with law enforcement." Bruce Ragsdale writes that the HUAC chair, Richard Ichord , "suspected communist involvement in the demonstrations", but the hearings "devolved into a bizarre preview of the conspiracy trial when a shirtless, barefooted Jerry Rubin burst into the hearing room with a bandolier of bullets and
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#1732851636766840-1067: A riot. David Dellinger , Rennie Davis , Tom Hayden , Abbie Hoffman , Jerry Rubin , and Bobby Seale were also charged with crossing state lines with the intent to incite a riot. John Froines and Lee Weiner were charged with teaching demonstrators how to construct incendiary devices that would be used in civil disturbances. Eighteen others were named by the grand jury as alleged co-conspirators, but not indicted: Wolfe B. Lowenthal, Stewart E. Albert , Sidney M. Peck, Kathy Boudin , Corina F. Fales, Benjamin Radford, Thomas W. Neumann, Craig Shimabukuro, Bo Taylor, David A. Baker, Richard Bosciano, Terry Gross, Donna Gripe, Benjamin Ortiz, Joseph Toornabene, Sara C. Brown, Bradford Fox, and Richard Palmer. The original eight defendants were Abbie Hoffman , Jerry Rubin , David Dellinger , Tom Hayden , Rennie Davis , John Froines , Lee Weiner , and Bobby Seale . The defense attorneys were William Kunstler , Leonard Weinglass of
910-531: A riot; Froines and Weiner were charged with teaching demonstrators how to construct incendiary devices and acquitted of those charges. All of the convictions were later reversed on appeal , and the government declined to retry the case. While the jury deliberated, Judge Julius Hoffman convicted the defendants and their attorneys of contempt of court and sentenced them to jail sentences ranging from less than three months to more than four years. The contempt convictions were also appealed, and some were retried before
980-574: A screenwriter and producer. Chip Marshall remained active in Washington politics, running for Seattle City Council in 1975 and working as a neighborhood activist in Issaquah . In the movie The Big Lebowski , the main character Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski says, "Did you ever hear of the Seattle Seven? That was me ... and six other guys." This refers to Jeff Dowd 's involvement in the Seattle Seven. He
1050-730: A sit down protest, the crowd chanted " the whole world is watching ". Film and videotape reports from "The Battle of Michigan Avenue", described by Neil Steinberg of the Chicago Sun-Times as "a 17-minute melee in front of the Conrad Hilton ", were broadcast on television, interrupting the live coverage of the third evening of the convention. The police violence extended to protesters, bystanders, reporters and photographers, while tear gas reached Hubert Humphrey in his hotel suite. Police pushed protesters through plate-glass windows, then pursued them inside and beat them as they sprawled on
1120-446: A suspected police informant and was therefore denied bail during the trial. Garry became unable to travel due to his need to recover from a surgery, and Judge Hoffman denied the request to postpone the trial start date. The judge also refused to allow Seale to represent himself, in part because Kunstler had signed an appearance for Seale on September 24 to be able to visit him in jail, so Kunstler's request to withdraw as Seale's attorney
1190-406: A three-month run amid political infighting among the staff. In late 1971, the SLF was disbanded. Many of the individual SLF members continued to promote diverse social movements, such as Capitol Hill's Country Doctor Clinic. Lerner, the founder of SLF, eventually became the editor of Tikkun and an advisor to President Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton . Jeff Dowd went to Hollywood to become
1260-712: A toy gun." In October 1968, Abbie Hoffman was arrested for wearing an American flag shirt while trying to attend a HUAC meeting after being subpoenaed to appear. Tom Hayden also testified during the hearings. On September 4, 1968, Milton Eisenhower , chair of the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence , announced the commission would investigate and report its findings to President Lyndon Johnson. Supervised by Daniel Walker , more than 200 investigators conducted interviews of more than 1,400 witnesses and reviewed FBI reports and film. The Walker Report
1330-581: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Seattle Liberation Front The Seattle Liberation Front , or SLF , was a radical anti- Vietnam War movement, based in Seattle , Washington, in the United States. The group, founded by the University of Washington visiting philosophy professor and political activist Michael Lerner , carried out its protest activities from 1970 to 1971. The most famous members of
1400-509: Is generally done in civil rights cases", rather than through a grand jury. On February 5, Abbie Hoffman shouted, "Your idea of justice is the only obscenity in this court, Julie", at Judge Hoffman and then yelled shande fur de goyim at him, after Rubin told the judge, "Every kid in the world hates you because they know what you represent. You are synonymous with Adolf Hitler . Adolf Hitler equals Julius Hitler." These insults had followed Judge Hoffman stating that he intended to continue using
1470-536: The 1968 Democratic National Convention . The relationship between the Weather Underground and the Seattle Liberation Front remains somewhat ambiguous. Both groups shared many of the same political viewpoints, where they participated in protests and demonstrations, and there was overlap in membership. The violent, confrontational style of protest at events sponsored by SLF was identical with that of
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#17328516367661540-471: The Center for Constitutional Rights , as well as Michael Kennedy , Michael Tigar , Charles Garry , Gerald Lefcourt , and Dennis Roberts. The presiding judge was Julius Hoffman (no relation to Abbie), and the prosecutors were Richard Schultz and Tom Foran . The trial began on September 24, 1969. In his opening statement, when prosecutor Richard Schultz mentioned Abbie Hoffman, Abbie Hoffman stood up and blew
1610-624: The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968, there were riots in Chicago and other cities. In June 1968, Robert Kennedy was assassinated . Most of the permits applied for by the Mobe and the Yippies for protest-related activities were denied. Rennie Davis sought help from the Justice Department, and argued permits would lower the risk of violence between protesters and police, but
1680-625: The Convention week, Abbie Hoffman replied, "We couldn't agree on lunch." When asked by the prosecution about whether it was "a fact that one of the reasons why you came to Chicago was simply to wreck American society", he replied: The trial lasted for months, with more than 100 witnesses called by the defense, including singers Phil Ochs , Judy Collins , Arlo Guthrie , and Country Joe McDonald ; comedian Dick Gregory ; writers Norman Mailer and Allen Ginsberg ; and activists Timothy Leary and Jesse Jackson . Phil Ochs, who helped organize some of
1750-562: The Cook County Jail; John Kifner of The New York Times reports that David Dellinger did not, and the others were "shorn of their long hair for what jail officials announced were 'sanitary reasons ' ", while the lawyers' sentences were stayed until May 4, to allow them to work on the appeal. After the haircuts, Cook County Sheriff Joseph I. Woods showed pictures of the defendants to an audience on February 23, 1970, that Kifner reports consisted of "about 100 laughing and applauding members of
1820-544: The Democratic convention was held, including snipers. The number of demonstrators in Chicago was estimated to be about 10,000. From inside the International Amphitheatre, CBS evening news anchor Walter Cronkite reported: "The Democratic convention is about to begin in a police state. There just doesn't seem to be any other way to say it." On Sunday, August 25, protest leaders allegedly told people to "test
1890-491: The Elk Grove Township Republican organization at a meeting in the suburban Mount Prospect Country Club." The defendants were released from jail on February 28, 1970. On February 18, 1970, the jury acquitted all seven defendants of conspiracy and acquitted Froines and Weiner on all charges. The jury found Davis, Dellinger, Hayden, Hoffman, and Rubin guilty of traveling across state lines with intent to incite
1960-609: The McCarthy workers, all telephones on their floor had been disconnected a half hour before, and they had no way to call for help. Investigations were conducted by the City of Chicago, the U.S. Department of Justice , the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), and the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence . On September 6, 1968, the Daley administration issued
2030-683: The Mobe office in Chicago. A counterculture group known as Yippies , including Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman , also planned a "Festival of Life", announced at a press conference on March 17, as a response to what they described as the Democratic "Convention of Death". In January, the Yippies had issued a statement that included: "Join us in Chicago in August for an international festival of youth music and theater ... Come all you rebels, youth spirits, rock minstrels, truth seekers, peacock freaks, poets, barricade jumpers, dancers, lovers and artists ... We are there! There are 500,000 of us dancing in
2100-724: The SDS Weatherman faction before the latter went underground at the end of 1969. There were no official ties between the Seattle Liberation Front and the Weather Underground . Chip Marshall was one of the leading members of the Seattle Liberation Front. In an interview with Time magazine in 1980, Marshall commented on the takeover of the SDS by Weatherman , a violent radical left faction. He said Weatherman had established cultural standards to which members were to adhere. Marshall did not agree with destroying monogamy, cutting family ties, and devaluing personal relationships. SLF founder Michael Lerner
2170-631: The SLF were the " Seattle Seven ," who were charged with " conspiracy to incite a riot " in the wake of a violent protest at a courthouse. The members of the Seattle Seven were Lerner, Michael Abeles, Jeff Dowd , Joe Kelly , Susan Stern , Roger Lippman and Charles Marshall III . After the nationwide organization Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) disintegrated in 1969, Michael Lerner , an instructor newly arrived in Seattle from Berkeley, California , felt compelled to start up his own local group. He kick-started his efforts by inviting Jerry Rubin ,
SLF - Misplaced Pages Continue
2240-453: The Seattle Seven would have been freed if some of them had not provoked the elderly judge with catcalls during the proceedings. Due to the publicity of the trial, the Seattle Liberation Front faced ideological dissension, personality conflicts, and charges of "male chauvinism." In the fall of 1970 SLF sponsored a short-lived weekly underground newspaper, Sabot , which folded in December after
2310-543: The U.S. attorney in Chicago to investigate the Chicago police. On September 9, 1968, a grand jury in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois began to investigate demonstration organizers for federal law violations and police officers for civil rights violations. On March 20, 1969, the grand jury indictments of eight demonstrators and eight police officers were publicly announced. Seven police officers were charged with assault and one police officer
2380-407: The War in Vietnam, Abbie Hoffman brought a Viet Cong flag into the courtroom and then wrestled over it with deputy marshal Ronald Dobroski. Abbie Hoffman and Rennie Davis testified at the trial. On December 29, when asked about his arrest on August 28 for writing "FUCK" on his forehead, Abbie Hoffman testified, "I put it on for a couple of reasons, one was that I was tired of seeing my picture in
2450-566: The Yippies nominated their own candidate for president: a 145-pound pig they called Pigasus , who according to Frank Kusch, was "released to the public" at the Civic Center Plaza and promptly "arrested" by police as he was "interviewed" by journalists. Five Yippies were taken to jail, including Jerry Rubin and Phil Ochs , while Pigasus was released to the Chicago Humane Society, and the Yippies were released after they each posted
2520-570: The brain UD SLF , a bus Self loading freight , passengers Student loan forgiveness. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title SLF . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SLF&oldid=1238647692 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2590-434: The broken glass. 100 protesters and 119 police officers were treated for injuries, and 600 protesters were arrested. Police brutality and demonstrators chanting " The whole world is watching " were filmed by national news outlets and broadcast on the same night that Humphrey won the presidential nomination. Paul Cowan of The Village Voice reports that by Thursday, Tom Hayden was in disguise by Grant Park, Jerry Rubin
2660-696: The case, issued bench warrants for their arrest, and had Tigar and Lefcourt jailed. After two of the warrants were invalidated by the United States District Court in San Francisco, and while the court was being picketed by protesting attorneys, Judge Hoffman permitted the withdrawal of the attorneys from the case. On November 5, 1969, after declaring a mistrial in the prosecution of Bobby Seale, Judge Hoffman convicted Seale on 16 charges of contempt, and sentenced Seale to three months in prison on each count—a total of four years, which may have been
2730-588: The city, with an additional 5,000 National Guard on alert, and approximately 1,000 FBI and military intelligence officers, and 1,000 Secret Service agents were in the city. The 4,865 city firefighters were ordered to work extra shifts beginning on the Sunday before the convention, and the Chicago Police Department placed 1,500 uniformed officers outside the International Amphitheatre , where
2800-458: The convention began. David Dellinger told members of the media, "We'll march with or without a permit", and that Grant Park was only a "staging area for the march". On the morning of August 28, Abbie Hoffman was arrested for writing the word "FUCK" on his forehead. In the afternoon, Dellinger, Seale, Davis, and Hayden addressed thousands of demonstrators at the band shell in Grant Park. After
2870-488: The courthouse and at police responding to the scene. Twenty were injured in the riot, and 76 were arrested. Michael Lerner stated that it was a different sequence of events: "when it [the demonstration] was attacked by police, it turned into a riot." In March 1970, the Seattle Liberation Front, UW Black Student Union, and the Weathermen organized hundreds of protesters at the University of Washington's campus. The groups wanted
SLF - Misplaced Pages Continue
2940-490: The curfew", while there were several thousand people in Lincoln Park , around bonfires, beating drums, and chanting. When the park was officially closed at 11 p.m., Chicago police used tear gas and moved in with billy-clubs to forcibly remove them from the park. Police formed a skirmish line and cleared the park, ending up on Stockton Drive, with about 200 police facing about 2,000 protesters. Protesters, journalists, photographers, and bystanders were clubbed and beaten by
3010-574: The demonstrations, told the court he had acquired the pig, called Pigasus , to nominate as the Yippie presidential candidate before being arrested with Rubin and other participants. Judy Collins attempted to sing " Where Have All the Flowers Gone? " during her testimony, before Judge Hoffman forbade it, so Collins recited the lyrics instead. Allen Ginsberg recited poetry and chants, including O-o-m-m-m-m-m , while providing testimony about his participation in
3080-453: The demonstrations. On January 28, 1970, Ramsey Clark , the U.S. Attorney General under President Lyndon Johnson during the 1968 Democratic Convention, was barred by the judge from testifying before the jury after Clark testified outside the presence of the jury. Judge Hoffman upheld the prosecution's objections to 14 of Kunstler's 38 questions, but Clark did testify that he had told Foran to investigate through Justice Department lawyers "as
3150-561: The eight, Michael Justesen , disappeared but was later arrested in California by the FBI in an infiltration of the Weathermen ). Federal District Judge George Boldt was assigned the case, which began in his Tacoma courtroom on November 23, 1970. The trial was quickly derailed by the defendants' vocal disruptions, a protest walkout, and their eventual refusal to enter the courtroom. Boldt declared
3220-465: The first Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam was observed across the country, the defendants attempted to place American and South Vietnamese flags on the defense table, but Judge Hoffman demanded them removed, stating, "Whatever decoration there is the courtroom will be furnished by the government and I think things look alright in this courtroom." On November 15, the second day of the Moratorium to End
3290-553: The jury a kiss, and the judge said, "The jury is directed to disregard the kiss from Mr. Hoffman." The government called 53 witnesses, including undercover police officer Robert Pierson, who worked as a bodyguard for Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, and testified that on August 26, 1968, he heard Abbie Hoffman say "If they push us out of the park tonight, we're going to break windows", and about statements made by Rubin, Seale, and Davis. Police officer William Frapolly testified about his undercover work, which included joining Students for
3360-428: The jury, and the jury returned its verdict on February 18. During the proceedings, all of the defendants and nearly all of their attorneys were cited for contempt of court by Judge Hoffman. Attorneys Michael Kennedy, Dennis Roberts, Michael Tigar , and Gerald Lefcourt assisted the defense with pretrial motions. Before the trial began, Judge Hoffman held them all in contempt after they attempted to withdraw from
3430-494: The jury, struggling to get free, and at times managing to loudly insist on his right to defend himself. On October 30, in open court, Kunstler declared, "This is no longer a court of order, your Honor; this is a medieval torture chamber." On November 5, the judge declared a mistrial for Seale, and the Chicago Eight became the Chicago Seven, with Seale's case severed for a later trial that never occurred. On October 15, when
3500-459: The latter half of 1969, announced that it was going underground to adopt a strategy of random acts of bombing, arson, and other sabotage. It has not been explained whether or not Lerner was seeking a new organization prior to Weatherman's underground turn. One of the SLF's first actions was to hold a demonstration in support of the Chicago Seven , a group of radicals charged with inciting riots at
3570-438: The longest contempt sentence in U.S. history at the time. On February 14 and 15, 1970, while the jury deliberated on the verdict for the remaining defendants, Judge Hoffman convicted all the defendants—and their attorneys Kunstler and Weinglass—on a total of 159 counts of criminal contempt. The sentences for the defendants and their attorneys were as follows: Six of the seven defendants remanded to jail received haircuts in
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#17328516367663640-403: The objection of the defense, allowed Pierson to give his opinion that this meant "to burn some pigs", i.e., police officers. On the morning of October 29, after Seale called Judge Hoffman a "rotten racist pig, fascist liar", the judge responded: "Let the record show the tone of Mr. Seale's voice was one of shrieking and pounding on the table and shouting", and Seale replied, "If a witness is on
3710-425: The paper and having newsmen come around, and I know if you got that word on your forehead they ain't going to print your picture in the paper. Secondly, it sort of summed up my attitude about the whole thing—what was going on in Chicago." When asked whether he entered into an agreement with Dellinger, Froines, Hayden, Rubin, Weiner or Davis, to come to Chicago for the purpose of encouraging and promoting violence during
3780-508: The park suddenly ran toward the main street in Old Town yelling "Peace now! Peace now! Peace now!" and then marched for ten blocks before police arrived and the demonstrators quickly blended into the regular crowds on the sidewalks. For the convention, the 11,900 members of the Chicago Police Department were put on twelve-hour shifts, and nearly 6,000 members of the National Guard were sent to
3850-477: The park, demonstrators sang " God Bless America ", " This Land Is Your Land ", and " The Star-Spangled Banner ", and waved "V" signs above their heads, asking soldiers to join in. They never did. Phil Ochs sang " I Ain't Marchin' Any More ", and demonstrators chanted "join us" softly. Five hours later, police officers raided a party organized by McCarthy workers in the Hilton hotel, and beat them viciously. According to
3920-479: The police. On August 26, demonstrators gathered in Grant Park and climbed on a statue of General Logan on a horse, which led to violent skirmishes with police. Police hauled a young man down and arrested him, breaking his arm in the process. The only permit granted to the Mobe for the convention week was for a rally at the Grant Park band shell for the afternoon of August 28, and it was granted on August 27, after
3990-514: The rally at the Grant Park bandshell, several thousand protesters attempted to march to the International Amphitheatre, but were stopped in front of the Conrad Hilton Hotel , where the presidential candidates and campaigns were headquartered, by what David Taylor and Sam Morris of The Guardian describe as "a phalanx of National Guard armed with M1 rifles, backed by machine guns and jeeps with cages on top and barbed wire frames in front." In
4060-422: The reason for the failure to win a conviction was "because it was revealed that the FBI agents who were infiltrating the anti-war organization were themselves the people who had precipitated the violence." Most observers agreed that the prosecution's case was floundering (aided by the admission of government witnesses on the stand that they would "go to any length" to combat the radicals). It is believed by some that
4130-406: The revocation of bail in response to the use of "vile epithets" in the courtroom, while the defense attorneys were arguing against the revocation of Dellinger's bail the day before, after Dellinger shouted a "barnyard vulgarity" at a government witness. On February 6, Abbie Hoffman and Rubin wore judicial robes to court, then threw them down and stepped on them. On February 14, the case went to
4200-421: The stand and testifies against me and I stand up and speak out in behalf of my right to have my lawyer and to defend myself and you deny me that, I have a right to make those requests. I have a right to make those demands on my constitutional rights. I have a constitutional right to speak, and if you try to suppress my constitutional right to speak out in behalf of my constitutional rights, then I can only see you as
4270-498: The streets, throbbing with amplifiers and harmony. We are making love in the parks ..." In a March meeting at Lake Villa, Illinois , coordination of demonstrations was discussed by representatives from various groups; Hayden and Davis drafted a proposal that included "the campaign should not plan violence and disruption against the Democratic National Convention. It should be nonviolent and legal." Following
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#17328516367664340-436: The university to sever its athletic links with Brigham Young University, a Mormon school that was accused of racism. Seattle Liberation Front and Black Student Union supporters initiated a riot that moved through eleven buildings at the University of Washington's Seattle campus. Around 200 chanting demonstrators left a trail of damage throughout the campus. Members of the SLF collective based at 814 South Weller Street spoke at
4410-707: Was a friend of the Coen brothers and the inspiration for the character "The Dude." Chicago Seven The Chicago Seven , originally the Chicago Eight and also known as the Conspiracy Eight or Conspiracy Seven , were seven defendants – Rennie Davis , David Dellinger , John Froines , Tom Hayden , Abbie Hoffman , Jerry Rubin , and Lee Weiner – charged by the United States Department of Justice with conspiracy , crossing state lines with intent to incite
4480-409: Was an "absolutely discretionary" decision by the judge, and Judge Hoffman decided Seale was represented by Kunstler. Seale protested the judge's actions, arguing that they were not only illegal, but also racist, telling the court on September 26, "If I am consistently denied this right of legal defense counsel of my choice, who is effective, by the judge of this court, then I can only see the judge as
4550-530: Was charged with perjury. In addition, Enid Roth, an NBC News producer, was indicted on two counts of electronic eavesdropping, which were related to hidden microphones found in closed meetings of the Democratic party platform committee. The charges against the demonstrators were the first prosecutions under the anti-riot provisions of Title X of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 . All were charged with conspiring to use interstate commerce with intent to incite
4620-464: Was created by SDS Vice President Vernon T. Grizzard titled "Summer 1968: Possibilities for New Local Organizing". In early 1968, the Tet Offensive against American forces in Vietnam started, and in February, Walter Cronkite said the war was "lost." In March, Johnson ended his campaign for the nomination. Protests against the war continued, and Rennie Davis and Tom Hayden became directors of
4690-401: Was in jail, and Rennie Davis was recovering from a beating by the police. After a speech by Eugene McCarthy in Grant Park that afternoon, a march was joined by delegates and McCarthy supporters but was stopped at 18th Street and Michigan Avenue by the National Guard. Arrests were followed by tear gas and mace, while marchers chanted " The whole world is watching " and retreated to Grant Park. In
4760-544: Was never known to be affiliated with the Weather Underground or to endorse its strategy of bombing and arson. SLF planned a demonstration to be held at the Federal Courthouse in downtown Seattle on February 17, 1970. It is commonly referred to by former SLF members as "The Day After" or "TDA." The roughly 2,000 protesters in attendance escalated their protests into violence, throwing rocks and paint bombs at both
4830-434: Was released on December 1, 1968, and described the violence as a " police riot ". The report summary included: The Walker Report also acknowledged provocation and violence by some protesters and stated the "vast majority of the demonstrators were intent on expressing by peaceful means their dissent." The Department of Justice investigation did not support prosecution of demonstrators. Attorney General Ramsey Clark asked
4900-630: Was unsuccessful. A week before the start of the convention, Mobe organizers sued in federal court to obtain permits to use the parks, but were denied on August 23. A variety of groups convened in Chicago to protest during the convention week, including the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam (the Mobe) and the Yippies . The Black Panther Party and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference also sent representatives to protest racism. On Friday, August 23,
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