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163-516: The SEAT Ibiza is a supermini car that has been manufactured by Spanish car manufacturer SEAT since 1984. It is SEAT's best-selling car. The Ibiza is named after the Spanish island of Ibiza and was the second SEAT model to be named after a Spanish location, after the SEAT Málaga . It was introduced at the 1984 Paris Motor Show as the first car developed by SEAT as an independent company, although it

326-631: A Giugiaro -styled hatchback, which made use of System Porsche engines and also featured underpinnings from the Fiat Ritmo/Strada , in 1984. It also formed the basis of the Málaga , a four-door family saloon. SEAT began expanding into markets beyond Spain's borders, including the United Kingdom, where it began selling cars in the autumn of 1985. On June 18, 1986, after purchasing the 51% majority stake of SEAT and its share increased to 75% on December 23 of

489-407: A laser pointer ) usually takes the form of a button and only closes the circuit when the button is depressed. A regular on‑off switch (such as on a flashlight ) has a constant on-off feature. Dual-action switches incorporate both of these features. When a strongly inductive load such as an electric motor is switched off, the current cannot drop instantaneously to zero; a spark will jump across

652-460: A multiway switching system for control of lamps by more than two switches. In building wiring, light switches are installed at convenient locations to control lighting and occasionally other circuits. By use of multiple-pole switches, multiway switching control of a lamp can be obtained from two or more places, such as the ends of a corridor or stairwell. A wireless light switch allows remote control of lamps for convenience; some lamps include

815-500: A radio controlled overhead crane may have a large multi-circuit rotary switch to transfer hard-wired control signals from the local manual controls in the cab to the outputs of the remote control receiver. A toggle switch or tumbler switch is a class of electrical switches that are manually actuated by a mechanical lever , handle, or rocking mechanism. Toggle switches are available in many different styles and sizes, and are used in numerous applications. Many are designed to provide

978-417: A sail switch ensures that air flow is adequate in a duct. Pressure switches respond to fluid pressure. The mercury switch consists of a drop of mercury inside a glass bulb with two or more contacts. The two contacts pass through the glass, and are connected by the mercury when the bulb is tilted to make the mercury roll on to them. This type of switch performs much better than the ball tilt switch, as

1141-582: A sensing element to sense the position of a machine part, liquid level, pressure, or temperature, such as a thermostat . Many specialized forms exist, such as the toggle switch , rotary switch , mercury switch , push-button switch, reversing switch , relay , and circuit breaker . A common use is control of lighting, where multiple switches may be wired into one circuit to allow convenient control of light fixtures. Switches in high-powered circuits must have special construction to prevent destructive arcing when they are opened. The most familiar form of switch

1304-612: A 1.7-litre version of the engine was developed for the Sportline version. For the same reason, a 109 PS (80 kW) turbocharged version of the 1.5-litre engine was developed for the Swiss market and presented in March 1989. In the meantime, SEAT had already signed a cooperation agreement with Volkswagen (1982), and in 1986, the German car maker became SEAT's major shareholder. The Ibiza Mark 1 received

1467-667: A 5-door hatchback, a 3-door version, and a 5-door estate; the latter was added in Q4 2010. The new model first went on sale in the summer of 2008, in the 5-door format, followed by a 3-door variant, marketed as the Ibiza SportCoupé or Ibiza SC. An Ibiza Ecomotive model, powered by an 80  PS (59  kW ; 79  bhp ), 1.4-litre diesel engine emitting 98 g/km of CO 2 , was launched late in 2008. High-performance Ibiza FR, Cupra, and Bocanegra models were launched in June 2009. The Ibiza FR

1630-524: A SEAT model being sold as a Volkswagen in Canada and the United States to supplement Volkswagen's brand lineup there have occasionally circulated, but have always been unsubstantiated, and ultimately proven to be false. In the past, other market areas where the brand was also present for a short time were Australia and New Zealand (from 1995 to 1999) and South Africa (from June 2006 to the end of 2008). Still,

1793-468: A cam. It has an array of terminals, arranged in a circle around the rotor, each of which serves as a contact for the "spoke" through which any one of a number of different electrical circuits can be connected to the rotor. The switch is layered to allow the use of multiple poles, each layer is equivalent to one pole. Usually such a switch has a detent mechanism so it "clicks" from one active position to another rather than stalls in an intermediate position. Thus

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1956-431: A contact that can be connected to either of two other contacts, a triple-throw has a contact which can be connected to one of three other contacts, etc. In a switch where the contacts remain in one state unless actuated, such as a push-button switch, the contacts can either be normally open (abbreviated " n.o. " or " no ") until closed by operation of the switch, or normally closed (" n.c. " or " nc ") and opened by

2119-757: A controlling 51% to 32%. The six major Spanish banks took the remaining 32%, which decreased from their previous 42% share split equally into 7% parts owned by every single one. Although not a majority owner, Fiat now was seen to control the business: the deal also included various undertakings by Fiat to help in the growth of SEAT, and with the development of a new model (possibly the SEAT 133 ). On December 6, 1967, SEAT also founded its own customer financing company 'Financiera SEAT, S.A.' (Fiseat). To produce its own research projects independently, on November 16, 1970, SEAT came in accordance with Fiat to start building separate infrastructures aimed at developing new technologies. In 1972,

2282-442: A deal over the renegotiation of its license contract with Fiat that allowed the Spanish firm to form an international distribution network for its cars and thereafter start its export operations to more than 12 countries, entering the export market in 1969. Until the early 1980s, however, most SEAT exports were sold with Fiat badging. As a response to SEAT's bid for independence, Fiat committed themselves to sell 200,000 SEAT-built cars

2445-404: A decision which proved to be successful as SEAT won the 1996 FIA 2-Litre World Rally Cup title, becoming the first brand to win the world title in its debut year. SEAT Sport in the next two seasons reaffirmed its domination, winning 2.0-litre WRC championship titles in 1997 and 1998, with drivers Harri Rovanperä , Oriol Gómez, Toni Gardemeister , Jörgen Jonasson, and Gwyndaf Evans . In 2000,

2608-445: A flat metal blade, hinged at one end, with an insulating handle for operation, and a fixed contact. When the switch is closed, current flows through the hinged pivot and blade and through the fixed contact. Such switches are usually not enclosed. The knife and contacts are typically formed of copper , steel , or brass , depending on the application. Fixed contacts may be backed up with a spring. Several parallel blades can be operated at

2771-562: A given switch design. In electronics, switches are classified according to the arrangement of their contacts. A pair of contacts is said to be " closed " when current can flow from one to the other. When the contacts are separated by an insulating air gap , they are said to be " open ", and no current can flow between them at normal voltages. The terms " make " for closure of contacts and " break " for opening of contacts are also widely used. The terms pole and throw are also used to describe switch contact variations. The number of " poles "

2934-700: A heating process. A switch that is operated by another electrical circuit is called a relay . Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be padlocked if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to prevent electric shock. An ideal switch would have no voltage drop when closed, and would have no limits on voltage or current rating. It would have zero rise time and fall time during state changes, and would change state without "bouncing" between on and off positions. Practical switches fall short of this ideal; as

3097-473: A leading role in the future as soon as the company was privatized. Partner carmaker Fiat was offered a 7% share in exchange for its technical assistance. This way, SEAT would not only be able to reinitiate the country's economic recovery as the largest employer in the 1960s and '70s but would also contribute to the industrialisation of a largely rural economy. Though initial thoughts were of locating in less-developed inland cities such as Valladolid and Burgos ,

3260-564: A lower car tax rate. In 1977, SEAT's leasing company Liseat was founded. In 1979, the Gearbox del Prat facility was set up as a specialised plant for producing gearboxes, gear mechanisms, and differentials in El Prat del Llobregat near Barcelona. In the early 1980s, extensive discussions concerning funding and control took place between SEAT's major shareholder, the Spanish government, and Fiat Automobiles; SEAT needed major capital investment, which Fiat

3423-447: A mechanism that springs it into another position when released by an operator. The momentary push-button switch is a type of biased switch. The most common type is a "push-to-make" (or normally-open or NO) switch, which makes contact when the button is pressed and breaks when the button is released. Each key of a computer keyboard, for example, is a normally-open "push-to-make" switch. A "push-to-break" (or normally-closed or NC) switch, on

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3586-512: A more powerful hot hatch , dubbed Cupra, equipped with a turbocharged 1.8-litre engine, followed by the Cupra ;R, of which only 200 units were produced. The main difference between the two were suspension , Brembo four-opposed piston front disc brake calipers, and a power upgrade from 156 PS (115 kW; 154 bhp) to 180 PS (132 kW; 178 bhp) on the Cupra R model. By

3749-500: A new 1.4-litre TDI diesel version. The FR and Cupra R TDI versions used a 1.9-litre Pumpe-Düse diesel engine with 130 PS (96 kW; 128 bhp) and 160 PS (118 kW; 158 bhp) respectively. The top petrol versions used a 1.8-litre 20v turbo engine with 150 PS (110 kW; 148 bhp) for the FR model and 180 PS (132 kW; 178 bhp) for the Cupra R model. The Ibiza Cupra R TDI and Cupra R 1.8T versions were

3912-686: A new main assembly facility next to the technical centre in Martorell, replacing the old one in Zona Franca. In that same year, the translocation of SEAT's Madrid administration offices to Barcelona began with the sale of two of the brand's assets in La Castellana to be completed in 1991 with the definitive installation of SEAT's headquarters in the Catalonia region. The centralisation of the management, design, research and production facilities localized around

4075-652: A new platform of the Volkswagen Group. All of them were the top-selling model in SEAT's product line. The Ibiza is now available only in five- door hatchback variants; between 1993 and 2008, saloon , coupé , and estate versions were sold as the SEAT Córdoba . In 2010, an estate version, called Ibiza ST, was launched. Introduced at the 1984 Paris Motor Show , the SEAT Ibiza Mk1 (codenamed 021A ) entered production on

4238-436: A pair of contacts is touching current can pass between them, while when the contacts are separated no current can flow. Switches are made in many different configurations; they may have multiple sets of contacts controlled by the same knob or actuator, and the contacts may operate simultaneously, sequentially, or alternately. A switch may be operated manually, for example, a light switch or a keyboard button, or may function as

4401-456: A part of the production (up to 50,000 units annually) would be transferred to Volkswagen's plant in Bratislava, Slovakia. Apart from the more aggressive styling, it was larger than the previous two generations, with room for five adults, and a spacious (if rather short) boot. The standard trim level on this model was noticeably higher than previous models. This was regarded by some magazines to be

4564-711: A pickup truck version, and the Emelba Siete, a 7-seat MPV derivative. In addition to the Emelba variants, further Ibiza Mk1 derivative models have been produced from several companies, including the Anibal Raider and Podadera models. SEAT also built a cabriolet version of the SEAT Ibiza Mk1, Ibiza Cabrio , but it did not enter production. The Ibiza Mk2 ( Typ 6K ) was the first Ibiza generation fully developed and produced under Volkswagen Group ownership. Its platform variant

4727-417: A rather quirky interior instrument layout, marked by a lack of control stalks. The indicators were operated by a rocker-switch , and the headlights by a sliding switch. It had three principal trim levels (L, GL, and GLX) with body styles of 3 and 5 doors and several versions including Base, Special, Disco, Chrono, Designer, Fashion, and SXi. As power outputs dropped due to more stringent emissions requirements,

4890-472: A revised Ibiza Ecomotive was announced, powered by a 75 PS (55 kW; 74 bhp) 1.2-litre TDI common rail diesel engine with CO 2 emissions of 89 g/km. SEAT The headquarters of SEAT S.A. is situated in Martorell , near Barcelona , at the company’s industrial complex. Over 468,000 units were produced in 2020 with more than 427,000 cars exported to over 75 countries worldwide. Spain

5053-513: A rotary switch provides greater pole and throw capabilities than simpler switches do. Other types use a cam mechanism to operate multiple independent sets of contacts. Rotary switches were used as channel selectors on television receivers until the early 1970s, as range selectors on electrical metering equipment, as band selectors on multi-band radios and other similar purposes. In industry, rotary switches are used for control of measuring instruments, switchgear , or in control circuits. For example,

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5216-535: A series of non-conductive blades spanning the distance between switch contacts, and as the arc rises, its length increases as it forms ridges rising into the spaces between the blades, until the arc is too long to stay sustained and is extinguished. A puffer may be used to blow a sudden high velocity burst of gas across the switch contacts, which rapidly extends the length of the arc to extinguish it quickly. Extremely large switches often have switch contacts surrounded by something other than air to more rapidly extinguish

5379-438: A state where a quarter of the load's rated power (or worse if the load is not purely resistive) is briefly dropped in the switch. For this reason, power switches intended to interrupt a load current have spring mechanisms to make sure the transition between on and off is as short as possible regardless of the speed at which the user moves the rocker. Power switches usually come in two types. A momentary on‑off switch (such as on

5542-563: A strong partner for SEAT. Hahn's interest soon resulted in industrial and commercial cooperation, as well as a license agreement with SEAT on September 30, 1982, for the production in Spain of the Volkswagen Passat - Santana and Polo-Derby models in SEAT's Zona Franca and Landaben factories, respectively – having thus as an effect on April 29, 1983, the ending of the SEAT Panda 's production at

5705-545: A sufficient amount of wetting current is a crucial step in designing systems that use delicate switches with small contact pressure as sensor inputs. Failing to do this might result in switches remaining electrically "open" due to contact oxidation. The moving part that applies the operating force to the contacts is called the actuator , and may be a toggle or dolly , a rocker , a push-button or any type of mechanical linkage (see photo). A switch normally maintains its set position once operated. A biased switch contains

5868-519: A three-door city hatchback, was launched in 1997, effectively replacing the Marbella, SEAT's version of the Fiat Panda , which had been in production since the early 1980s. On April 7, 1998, the Zona Franca plant marked the end of the production lifecycle of the Marbella model, signalling a historical moment for SEAT with the end of vehicle production in SEAT's oldest factory, which opened in 1953; ever since

6031-404: A toggle mechanism or not. Similarly, a switch where a definitive click is heard, is called a "positive on-off switch". A very common use of this type of switch is to switch lights or other electrical equipment on or off. Multiple toggle switches may be mechanically interlocked to prevent forbidden combinations. In some contexts, particularly computing , a toggle switch, or the action of toggling,

6194-413: A very light restyling in early 1989 with a moderate exterior face lift, an entirely new, less radical interior, and many mechanical modifications. This is referred to as the second series, although it can be hard to distinguish from the original. Most obvious is the shift from a black plastic grille with seven bars to one with four body-coloured ones, with some models receiving new side moldings. The interior

6357-481: A wholly localized production. In that year, an agreement between Fiat and the Spanish Ministry of Industry was reached to end the restrictions over exporting SEAT cars from Spain, a term of the original licensee contract agreed with Fiat in 1948. In exchange for that, Fiat would increase its holding in the company from 7% to 36%. At the same time, the share held by the government holding agency would be reduced from

6520-527: A year from 1981, compared to 120,000 the year before. At the end of 1983, just after SEAT had won its legal battle with Fiat, a quarter of the production went to Egypt and Latin America. In Europe, they were represented in West Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Austria, and Greece. The UK, Ireland, and various Scandinavian markets were planned to be added in 1984. This was despite the company only being able to export

6683-506: Is SEAT's thematic pavilion, one of the largest pavilions in the park. In its more-than-70 year history, it was only during the period from 1953 to 1965 that the firm produced cars exclusively for the domestic Spanish market. In 1965, in a rather symbolic move, the company exported some 150 units of its SEAT 600 model (licensed version of the Fiat 600) destined for Colombia by air freight for the first time, until two years later, in 1967, SEAT reached

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6846-400: Is a common problem with mechanical switches, relays and battery contacts , which arises as the result of electrical contact resistance (ECR) phenomena at interfaces. Switch and relay contacts are usually made of springy metals. When the contacts strike together, their momentum and elasticity act together to cause them to bounce apart one or more times before making steady contact. The result

7009-436: Is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts , which are connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is nonconducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed)

7172-487: Is a rapidly pulsed electric current instead of a clean transition from zero to full current. The effect is usually unimportant in power circuits, but causes problems in some analogue and logic circuits that respond fast enough to misinterpret the on‑off pulses as a data stream. In the design of micro-contacts, controlling surface structure ( surface roughness ) and minimizing the formation of passivated layers on metallic surfaces are instrumental in inhibiting chatter. In

7335-419: Is also very hot and is capable of eroding the metal surfaces of the switch contacts (the same true for vacuum switches). Electric current arcing causes significant degradation of the contacts and also significant electromagnetic interference (EMI), requiring the use of arc suppression methods. Where the voltage is sufficiently high, an arc can also form as the switch is closed and the contacts approach. If

7498-521: Is reflected in the announcement in August 1976 that SEAT would commence local production of the Lancia Beta . Three years later, Beta production by SEAT indeed commenced at the company's recently acquired Pamplona plant, though only the coupe and HPE lift-back versions were included. The Spanish cars were fitted with a simplified suspension system and smaller engines than their Italian counterparts to qualify for

7661-468: Is the number of electrically separate switches which are controlled by a single physical actuator. For example, a " 2-pole " switch has two separate, parallel sets of contacts that open and close in unison via the same mechanism. The number of " throws " is the number of separate wiring path choices other than "open" that the switch can adopt for each pole. A single-throw switch has one pair of contacts that can either be closed or open. A double-throw switch has

7824-487: Is the world's eighth-largest manufacturer of automobiles. Its car market stands among the largest in Europe. This, however, has not always been the case; in the first half of the 20th century, Spain's economy was relatively underdeveloped compared to most other Western European countries and had a limited automobile market. In this period, car production was limited, with only a few low-volume local manufacturers catering mainly to

7987-513: Is understood in the different sense of a mechanical or software switch that alternates between two states each time it is activated, regardless of mechanical construction. For example, the caps lock key on a computer causes all letters to be generated in capitals after it is pressed once; pressing it again reverts to lower-case letters. Switches can be designed to respond to any type of mechanical stimulus: for example, vibration (the trembler switch), tilt, air pressure, fluid level (a float switch ),

8150-423: Is usually (there are other types of actions) either an " alternate action " (flip the switch for continuous "on" or "off") or " momentary " (push for "on" and release for "off") type. A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch . Automatically operated switches can be used to control

8313-674: The Audi A1 , the Audi A3 Sportback, the Audi Q5 , etc.) and also several Audi development projects took place there. This plant is an industry benchmark, as it features elements such as the virtual simulation of the PXL press, 3D printing in the maintenance workshop, the automatic shifting between sealing tips of the robots in the body shop, and the automation of the logistics flow through automated guided vehicles. The Barcelona Zona Franca site includes

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8476-510: The Biscúter , which seemed to suit better the unwealthy customers looking for a personal means of transport in a suffering economy. Until the time SEAT had the technical maturity and expertise to present its first self-developed model, the SEAT 1200 Sport in 1975, in its beginnings, the company had to manufacture either rebadged or restyled models borrowed from the range of its Italian partner Fiat Automobiles or even redeveloped them according to

8639-528: The Bocanegra concept car . It was styled by the Belgian car designer Luc Donckerwolke with a distinctive "arrow design", dispensing with the basic Ibiza design language that had been in place since the 1984 original. It was the first among other Volkswagen Group models ( Volkswagen Polo Mk5 and Audi A1 ) to use the latest Volkswagen Group PQ25 platform in the segment of supermini cars , The model range featured

8802-580: The European Economic Community since 1977. The end of the cooperation with the Italian firm was marked by a change in SEAT's logo in 1982, and the first car under the new SEAT logo without Fiat's involvement appeared in the same year, the SEAT Ronda , styled by Rayton Fissore in collaboration with the technical centre in Martorell. The launch of this model sparked a lawsuit from Fiat against SEAT, as

8965-480: The Hammond organ , multiple wires are pressed together under the piano keys of the manuals. Their bouncing and non-synchronous closing of the switches is known as Hammond Click and compositions exist that use and emphasize this feature. Some electronic organs have a switchable replica of this sound effect. The effects of contact bounce can be eliminated by: All of these methods are referred to as 'debouncing'. When

9128-737: The Marbella in its range, but this model never made it through to production. The first time a SEAT model was manufactured out of Spain was in 1996, with the production of the SEAT Alhambra Mk1 in the Palmela AutoEuropa plant in Portugal . Also, in January 1997, a non-Spanish descendant, the Belgian Pierre-Alain de Smedt, was appointed SEAT's chairman for the first time. The SEAT Arosa ,

9291-649: The Rally of Portugal , in the two-wheel-drive category. That same year, Weber won first place in the two-wheel-drive category in the Acropolis Rally , with Antonio Rius in second place. The Copa Ibiza 16V also made its debut that year. The successes of the 1995 season encouraged SEAT to participate the following year in the World Rally Championship in the 2.0-litre engine category, with the SEAT Ibiza Kit Car,

9454-511: The Ronda , with the Fura to follow. The exponential growth in exports in the '70s happened under the leadership of Juan Sánchez Cortés and the export director José María García-Courel. To date, the company has launched its models in more than 70 countries worldwide in accordance with the development policies of the Volkswagen Group, with almost three-quarters of its annual production representing exports for

9617-535: The Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939. Car demand collapsed not only due to the greatly reduced purchasing power of Spaniards caused by war devastation but also because the multinational subsidiaries either ceased operations or were severely stricken by the war and its aftermath. The lack of interest shown by the foreign firms in the weakened post-civil war Spanish market opened an opportunity for local interests. SEAT dates its origins back to June 22, 1940, when

9780-436: The contact resistance , and wetting current of a mechanical switch. Sometimes the contacts are plated with noble metals , for their excellent conductivity and resistance to corrosion. They may be designed to wipe against each other to clean off any contamination. Nonmetallic conductors, such as conductive plastic, are sometimes used. To prevent the formation of insulating oxides, a minimum wetting current may be specified for

9943-420: The electronics industry such as " single-pole, single-throw " (SPST) (the simplest type, "on or off") or " single-pole, double-throw " (SPDT), connecting either of two terminals to the common terminal. In electrical power wiring (i.e., house and building wiring by electricians ), names generally involve the suffix "-way" ; however, these terms differ between British English and American English (i.e.,

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10106-465: The estate was known as the SEAT Córdoba Vario. The Ibiza was regularly the best-selling car in Spain and sold relatively well in the rest of Europe, helping SEAT increase its sales figures significantly from 1993 onwards. Before the facelift, the trim levels were i, CL, CLX, GLX, Pasion, S, and GTI. The 6K Ibiza had a minor facelift in 1996, which included changing the general aesthetics of

10269-405: The liquid metal connection is unaffected by dirt, debris and oxidation, it wets the contacts ensuring a very low resistance bounce-free connection, and movement and vibration do not produce a poor contact. These types can be used for precision works. It can also be used where arcing is dangerous (such as in the presence of explosive vapour) as the entire unit is sealed. Knife switches consist of

10432-457: The 'Zona Franca' assembly lines on 27 April 1984 and proved to be a success for the Spanish manufacturer, as it sold 1,342,001 units prior to the launch of the second-generation Ibiza in 1993. The Ibiza's sales success gave the SEAT marque a platform to build on, as it looked to increase sales in following years. This version, while it established the now classic Ibiza shape, was advertised as having "Italian styling and German engines": its bodywork

10595-581: The 2.0-litre 16v engines previously used in the Volkswagen Golf Mk3 . The 1999 Ibiza Mk2 facelift ( Typ 6K2 , also known as 6K GP01 , and sometimes referred to in the UK as the Mk3) was the second Ibiza to be produced under Volkswagen Group management. In addition to a revised front and rear end, new styling cues were added, such as the tailgate-mounted SEAT badge that doubled as a boot release switch when pushed. In

10758-498: The 2.0-litre TDI Diesel engine in both a SportCoupe and a five-door Ibiza FR specification. The 2.0 TDI boasts 143 PS (105 kW; 141 bhp) and an average consumption of 4.6 L/100 km (61 mpg ‑imp ; 51 mpg ‑US ). In September 2010, the Ibiza's SportCoupe and 5-door variants were extended with the addition of the new 1.2-litre TSI 105 PS (77 kW; 104 bhp) engine. A special version of

10921-938: The Americas, including North America, the Caribbean , Central America, and South America, and finally Africa, mainly in North Africa. Some of its cars have been sold outside Europe, branded as Volkswagens, such as the SEAT Ibiza hatchback, known in South Africa as the Volkswagen Polo Playa , the SEAT Inca panel van as the Volkswagen Caddy , or the SEAT Córdoba , also known as the Volkswagen Polo Classic . As of 2012, SEAT

11084-524: The Banco Urquijo group revived the S.I.A.T. project. In the next year, the talks ended successfully with the signing of a three-part contract, with the understanding that the INI would hold a 51% controlling interest, as well as a ruling act in the new company preserving a focused approach of the enterprise in the 'national interest'. The Banco Urquijo group, although a minority shareholder, looked forward to assuming

11247-660: The Catalunya Motor dealership, and the Genuine Parts Centre for SEAT, Volkswagen, Audi, and Škoda brands. The factory in Martorell can sometimes assist the former SEAT plant in Pamplona, which is now owned by Volkswagen-Audi-Espana, S.A. The models produced at Martorell includes: Arona , Formentor, Ibiza , Leon , Leon Sportstourer and Audi A1 . SEAT's factory in Barcelona's Zona Franca started its activities in 1953 and

11410-752: The Ibiza "Serie Olímpica" to celebrate SEAT's participation in the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona as a sponsor, and the SEAT Ibiza Mk1 along with the SEAT Toledo Mk1 became the official cars of the Games. All engines were inline-four -cylinder units, front transverse mounted: The 0.9-litre and 1.2-litre engines had carburetors , as did the 1.5-litre 85 hp engine, while the 1.5-litre 90 hp and 1.7-litre engines, introduced in 1989, used single-point injection systems. The 1.5-litre 100 hp, introduced in 1988, had multi-point fuel injection . The 1.7-litre diesel

11573-714: The Ibiza Mk4, called "25th anniversary", was presented at the Barcelona Motor Show in 2009, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Ibiza. There were many different trim levels for the Ibiza Mk4. From 2009 onwards, the SEAT Ibiza was used exclusively by the UK-based Young Driver Scheme . The Young Driver Scheme uses a mixture of the SportsCoupe and 5-door variants, powered by the 1.2-litre engine. In July 2010,

11736-430: The Ibiza and Arona are based, is carried out in these facilities, as well as most of the stamped parts for all other SEAT models. The development and assembly facilities are some of the newest within the Volkswagen Group, with the ability to produce cars not only for its own brand but also for other Volkswagen Group brands, such as Volkswagen and Audi . For example, the development and design of several Audi models (e.g.

11899-567: The Landaben assembly lines due to the need of adapting this plant to the production of the VW Polo – and eventually a partnership agreement was signed on June 16, 1983, between the two parties being represented by the president of SEAT Juan Miguel Antoñanzas and Carl Hahn on behalf of the Volkswagenwerk AG. SEAT also gained the rights to distribute Volkswagens in Spain. SEAT launched its new Ibiza,

12062-603: The Landaben plant would also give up SEAT's plans to build a new facility in Saragossa . Although the Authi supplier factory in Manresa was transferred to a company called Cometsa for 150 million pesetas, the Landaben plant in Pamplona remained under SEAT's ownership to continue production in February 1976 only of SEAT cars this time. The 1970s were a decade of rising prosperity in Spain, which

12225-606: The Martorell plant lines were the SEAT Ibiza Mk2 and its saloon version, the SEAT Córdoba Mk1 . The new Ibiza was a huge success for SEAT, greatly expanding its market share, particularly in export markets. The original planning in October 1993 to close the emblematic Zona Franca assembly plant as soon as the production of vehicles could be transferred to the more efficient Martorell plant was overturned after an arrangement between

12388-515: The Málaga saloon. It largely competed with budget offerings like the Hyundai Pony , and gave budget buyers a more modern alternative to the outdated offerings from Lada , Škoda , Yugo , and FSO . After a slow start, sales picked up and reached the 10,000-per-year milestone by the end of the decade. The interior space was good but the styling was fairly unimaginative even though it was known for having

12551-565: The Ronda as a rebadged Ritmo, ending the dispute in favour of SEAT. Rumour at the time had it that Fiat was angry because the Ronda restyling was, in fact, too close to their own planned restyling for the Fiat Ritmo, which they had to scrap. In 1982, Dr. Carl Horst Hahn , who had just assumed responsibility as the chairman of the Volkswagenwerk AG (Volkswagen Group), examined the opportunity of approaching SEAT after Fiat's withdrawal in his plan to expand

12714-509: The S.I.A.T. motor company as a fully private enterprise, but soon after 1941, the interventionist state holding company Instituto Nacional de Industria followed a decision taken by the Franco government on January 3, 1942. The goal for the new national car brand was not to be only another licensee car maker assembling foreign designs and parts in Spain, but of developing the whole manufacturing process from design to assembly within Spain. Because of

12877-661: The SEAT Ibiza Mk2 was tested for its safety performance under the Euro NCAP assessment scheme and it achieved a 3-star overall rating: The Ibiza was also produced in South Africa , where it was rebadged as the Volkswagen Polo Playa . The Ibiza Mk3 ( Typ 6L ) was the second Ibiza generation to be fully produced under Volkswagen Group ownership. Built on the same PQ24 platform as the Volkswagen Polo Mk4 ( Typ 9N), it

13040-704: The SEAT Training Centre, the Zona Franca Press Shop factory, producing stamped body parts, and the Barcelona Gearbox del Prat plant, producing gearboxes not only for SEAT but also for other Volkswagen Group marques ( Volkswagen , Audi , and Škoda ); the latter plant was awarded the Volkswagen Excellence Award in 2009 by the Volkswagen Group for high-quality production process and product. Another plant owned directly by SEAT from 1975

13203-590: The Spanish authorities and the Volkswagen Group, according to which the Zona Franca site would continue its operations, but would be gradually turned into a site with an auxiliary role in the production process (foundry, press shop, etc.). Meanwhile, on December 23, 1993, the 'Fábrica Navarra de Automóviles, S.A. was founded as a new company to hold the management of the Landaben factory, separating any ties to SEAT in production matters, with its shares being transferred to Volkswagen in June 1994 over which, however, SEAT would regain ownership four years later in 1998. In 1994,

13366-419: The Spanish bank ' Banco Urquijo ', with the support of a group of industrial companies, ( Hispano-Suiza , Basconia, Duro-Felguera, S.E. de Construcción Naval, Euskalduna , S.E. de Construcciones Metálicas, Fundiciones Bolueta, Echevarría, etc.) founded the 'Sociedad Ibérica de Automóviles de Turismo' (S.I.A.T.) to establish Spain's own mass production car maker. The initial Banco Urquijo's project aimed at running

13529-414: The Spanish production total – in 1971, despite the disruption that year caused by strikes and a serious flood at the coastally sited Barcelona plant. However, with just 81 cars per 1000 people, Spanish car sales were seen as ripe for further growth, and SEAT faced the prospect of increased competition with other major manufacturers contemplating the establishment or expansion of local production facilities in

13692-586: The United States and Canada from mid-2024 to early-2027, selling vehicles under their performance marque Cupra . Switch In electrical engineering , a switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the conducting path in an electrical circuit , interrupting the electric current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The most common type of switch is an electromechanical device consisting of one or more sets of movable electrical contacts connected to external circuits. When

13855-457: The VW group's total output in 1989, as well as an opportunity to enter the relatively unexploited (at that time) Spanish market under the SEAT, VW, and Audi names. The gathering of the brand's main infrastructures in the greater Martorell plant area has taken place in a long process beginning back in 1975 with the opening of the SEAT technical centre, but only in 1989 was a decision made to start building

14018-1047: The Volkswagen Group currently producing SEAT models also include the Bratislava site in Slovakia, the Volkswagen Zwickau-Mosel Plant in Zwickau, Germany (where the Cupra Born EV model is produced alongside the Volkswagen ID.3 Electric vehicle); the AutoEuropa factory in Palmela , Portugal, and Wolfsburg in Germany. Since 2016, SEAT also holds a museum in the Zona Franca's 'Nave A122' site, which hosts all production and prototype models ever presented by SEAT together with some special or limited edition vehicles with historical value for

14181-515: The Volkswagen Group's operations out of Germany and turning the German group into a global force. It also followed the precedent set by other global manufacturers (such as Ford in Valencia and General Motors in Zaragoza ) in setting up manufacturing operations in Spain. However, the Spanish authorities had already started talks with other foreign firms, such as Toyota , Nissan and Mitsubishi to choose

14344-487: The Zona Franca plant has produced components and parts to be assembled in other locations. It also signalled the demise of SEAT's last Fiat-based model. In March 1999, at the Geneva Motor Show, SEAT presented a modern, stylised logo, more rounded than the last one and using the silver colour on a red background, instead of the previous blue, symbolising respectively the rational and the emotional. This came shortly after

14507-547: The arc. A DPDT switch has six connections, but since polarity reversal is a very common usage of DPDT switches, some variations of the DPDT switch are internally wired specifically for polarity reversal. These crossover switches only have four terminals rather than six. Two of the terminals are inputs and two are outputs. When connected to a battery or other DC source, the 4-way switch selects from either normal or reversed polarity. Such switches can also be used as intermediate switches in

14670-456: The arc. For example, the switch contacts may operate in a vacuum, immersed in mineral oil , or in sulfur hexafluoride . In AC power service, the current periodically passes through zero; this effect makes it harder to sustain an arc on opening. Manufacturers may rate switches with lower voltage or current rating when used in DC ;circuits. When a switch is designed to switch significant power,

14833-556: The bankrupt Authi to take over the brand's operations in Spain, leaving aside GM 's interest in it, which would otherwise open the path for the American automaker to enter the Spanish market, thus jeopardizing the relationship with Fiat. The talks ended in July 1975, when an agreement was announced between the two parties under which SEAT would acquire from BLMC the Authi brand along with its assets for 1,250 million pesetas. The imposed acquisition of

14996-513: The best supermini, with What Car? magazine calling it "Car of the Year" in 2003, and their "Supermini of the Year" for three years in a row. The SEAT Ibiza Mk3 was also used for several purposes, from police cars to rally cars. The Ibiza Mk3 pre-facelift model was available with the Award, S, SX, Stylance, Reference, Signo, Stella, Sport, FR, and Cupra R trim levels. The facelifted third generation Ibiza

15159-667: The brand and the automotive history of Spain. Among SEAT's subsidiaries, the SEAT Deutschland GmbH subsidiary company is based in Mörfelden-Walldorf , Germany, and apart from its commercial activities, has the further responsibility of operating SEAT's electronic platform, the SEAT IT Services Network. In Wolfsburg, Germany, in the middle of a lake inside the Autostadt , the Volkswagen Group's corporate theme park,

15322-510: The brand arranged some provisional facilities for the site of the future technical centre in Martorell, and in 1973, it began construction work; this goal would come only until 1975 to be reached with the completion of the first phase in the construction of a facility designed by the Catalan architect Josep Antoni Coderch . During the same period, the manufacturer continued to dominate the Spanish auto market, producing 282,698 cars – more than 58% of

15485-627: The brand opened its new headquarters in Madrid , which hosted the firm's sole – up to 1972 – general administration offices. SEAT's plant manager was only in Barcelona until 1973 when SEAT settled another general director in Catalonia. In 1967, 14 years after producing cars for the domestic market, SEAT's success was signalled by its dominant position in Spain, ahead of its major competitors, i.e. ' FASA-Renault ', 'Citroën-Hispania', Authi , and Barreiros , making SEAT Spain's largest automaker in sales numbers and

15648-596: The brand was withdrawn from those markets due to Volkswagen's decision citing that current and expected circumstances made the ongoing importation of a niche brand unviable. SEAT sold cars in the Russian Federation from 2007 to 2015. SEAT was reintroduced to the New Zealand market in 2017. SEAT re-entered the Australian market in 2022, selling vehicles under their performance marque Cupra . SEAT plans to re-launch in

15811-411: The car, by adding smoother bumpers and changing the grille and headlamps and the trim levels offered (Base, E, S, SE, SXE, Sport, GT, GTI, GTI 16V, Cupra, and Sport). In addition to changes to the appearance of the car, the powertrain and running gear changed with the addition of the 110 kW (150 PS; 148 bhp) 2.0-litre 16v ABF petrol engine , the successor to the 1.8-litre 16v and

15974-470: The company are located in Martorell, an industrial town approximately 30 km northwest of Barcelona, with an annual production capacity of around 500,000 units. On 22 February 1993, King Juan Carlos of Spain inaugurated this plant, which became the main plant of SEAT and was accompanied by its assembly plant at the coast in Barcelona's free port zone ( Zona Franca ). There is a rail link connecting SEAT's Martorell and Zona Franca facilities, which facilitates

16137-510: The company decided the plant would be constructed in the duty-free zone area of the Port of Barcelona (Barcelona Zona Franca), which would offer better access to the Mediterranean shipping and the rest of Europe through rail and road connections across the nearby French border. Barcelona was, after all, a city with an industrial history that had built up expertise in complex industrial enterprises since

16300-459: The country's lack of expertise in automotive mass-production development, finding a foreign partner that would contribute technically and with its models in the early years in exchange for cash, shares, bonds, and royalties became the course of action. With the rest of Europe having entered World War II , and Spain itself in ruins from its civil war, the project was delayed but not abandoned due to its strategic importance. SEAT under its current name

16463-409: The current decreases to a steady-state value. A switch designed for an incandescent lamp load can withstand this inrush current. Wetting current is the minimum current needing to flow through a mechanical switch while it is operated to break through any film of oxidation that may have been deposited on the switch contacts. The film of oxidation occurs often in areas with high humidity . Providing

16626-486: The design centre in Sitges – the Spanish coastal town south of Barcelona – and the suppliers' park in Zona Franca were also inaugurated, and in the winter of the same year, SEAT's financing and leasing companies – Fiseat and Liseat – were sold to Volkswagen Financial Services AG. In 1994, SEAT, in collaboration with Suzuki , manufactured a five-door prototype model of a city car , internally named Rosé, aiming to replace with it

16789-600: The end of World War II. The birth of SEAT came almost a year and a half after the Spanish government and six Spanish banks ('Banco Urquijo', ' Banco Español de Crédito (Banesto) ', ' Banco de Bilbao ', ' Banco de Vizcaya ', 'Banco Hispano-Americano', and 'Banco Central') had signed on October 26, 1948, an alliance contract with the Italian car manufacturer Fiat to form a partnership with a foreign ally to bring to life Spain's major car manufacturer. The favoured bidders were Germany's Volkswagen and Italy's Fiat. Fiat's bid won for several reasons, including Fiat's prominence in Spain and

16952-609: The fact that the company established the short-lived 'Fiat Hispania' plant in Guadalajara , which was destroyed in the Spanish Civil War. Fiat's collaboration with the French company Simca proved Fiat's ability to manage complex international projects. Fiat's experience in the semiprotected car market in Italy was seen as the most easily transferable to the one in Spain, both of which had, at

17115-632: The feedback and the relationship of the brand with the customers and its worldwide network. In January 2007, the operation of the SEAT Prototypes Centre of Development located in the heart of the Martorell industrial complex began, a facility inaugurated on July 16 of the same year, bringing together activities related to the virtual and physical preproduction processes of new models (prototyping, modelling, pilot product development, and series analysis), thus shortening development times for prototypes and preproduction vehicles, as well as saving costs with

17278-476: The former CEO of BMW , was appointed to head SEAT. In the spring of 2002, as Pischetsrieder was commissioned to chair the entire Volkswagen Group, he gave way to his German compatriot Andreas Schleef on March 7, 2002. From 2002 to 2007, SEAT formed part of the Audi Brand Group, the Volkswagen Group's automotive subdivision, consisting of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini, which was focused on more sporty values, with

17441-557: The former claimed the car was too similar to a car in Fiat's range, the Ritmo . In defence of SEAT, the then-president of SEAT, Juan Miguel Antoñanzas, showed a Ronda to the press with all the parts different from the Fiat Ritmo painted in bright yellow to highlight the differences. The case was eventually taken to the Arbitration Chamber of Paris, which in 1983 declared that differences between both cars were important enough not to consider

17604-529: The front seats and the gear knob. In 2002, the SEAT Ibiza Mk3 was tested for its safety performance under the Euro NCAP assessment scheme and it achieved a 4-star overall rating: At the 2006 Geneva Motorshow, SEAT presented the SEAT Ibiza Vaillante concept car, which was based on a three-door SEAT Ibiza Mk3. The Ibiza Mk4 ( Typ 6J ) was previewed at the 2008 Geneva Motor Show in the form of

17767-407: The highest voltages. The disadvantages of the knife switch are the slow opening speed and the proximity of the operator to exposed live parts. Metal-enclosed safety disconnect switches are used for isolation of circuits in industrial power distribution. Sometimes spring-loaded auxiliary blades are fitted which momentarily carry the full current during opening, then quickly part to rapidly extinguish

17930-406: The implementation of locally made components in the production process to limit imports from one part and from another part to push the development of the almost nonexistent Spanish supplier industry and meet SEAT's assigned key role as the national carmaker in restoring the Spanish economy of post–World War II Spain. By 1954, the use of Spanish-made parts had risen to 93% of the total, and the factory

18093-464: The interior, the changes included a newly designed dashboard along with new door panels. The launch of the Cupra models, along with success in rallying , gave it a much stronger, sporty image, which helped align SEAT vis-à-vis the Volkswagen Group's recently acquired budget brand Škoda Auto . The Ibiza's 1.05-, 1.4-, 1.6-, and 1.8-litre petrol , and 1.9-litre Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) and Suction Diesel Injection (SDI) diesel engines were

18256-585: The latter part of the 19th century; it was also the host location of many early historical Spanish carmakers, such as Hispano-Suiza and Elizalde , and subsidiaries of foreign carmakers, such as Ford Motor Ibérica and General Motors Peninsular. Being an enterprise of vital interest for the national economy and an investment opportunity for Fiat's expansion plans through the Iberian peninsula, SEAT benefitted from state tariff and tax exemptions and technical assistance from its foreign partner Fiat. The company's first president

18419-571: The launch of the second-generation Toledo which used it as a badge and shortly before the launch of the Toledo-based Leon hatchback. The " auto emoción " slogan was presented in September 2000, reflecting the brand's new youthful and sporty corporate identity, while SEAT Sport , apart from its motorsport activities, would undertake the responsibility of developing SEAT's high-performance vehicles. On July 1, 2000, Dr. Bernd Peter Pischetsrieder ,

18582-403: The luxury end of the market, of which Hispano-Suiza was the most successful. Spain's limited market for mass-produced vehicles was taken over by foreign companies operating through subsidiaries that either imported cars or assembled cars from imported parts, depriving the country of the technological know-how and large investments needed for mass production. The situation greatly deteriorated with

18745-588: The markets out of Spain. Its core market remains Europe, while the most successful market outside of Europe in sales for SEAT is currently Mexico , where the company has a dealer presence in 27 Mexican states. In Europe, the brand has been launched in almost 40 countries across the continent. SEAT today also sells its cars in 11 countries in Asia, mostly in the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula , in 16 countries in

18908-611: The marque's product vehicles and performance being under the responsibility of the Audi brand. In 2006, the new SEAT corporate head office was opened in Martorell and the Martorell SEAT Design Centre superseded the Volkswagen Group Design Centre Europe at Sitges, which previously hosted the design facility jointly owned by SEAT, Volkswagen, and Audi, as on February 23 of the same year, an agreement over

19071-417: The meantime since 1951, the Spanish marque was starting preparations for setting up almost from scratch an entire supplier industry background. The first car in the marque's history to be produced was a SEAT 1400 model that came off the production line on November 13, 1953, with license plate B-87.223. In the following few months, the plant's production output and workforce significantly increased together with

19234-438: The motions of machines, for example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a position to accept another workpiece. Switches may be operated by process variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting as sensors in a process and used to automatically control a system. For example, a thermostat is a temperature-operated switch used to control

19397-442: The needs of its range. However, the first example of a SEAT-exclusive derivative would arrive in September 1963 with the launch of the SEAT 800 , a car developed in-house by SEAT with no equivalent model in Fiat's range based on the SEAT 600 as a stretched version with four doors. In 1957 SEAT founded the SEAT Training Centre in the greater Zona Franca plant area, an institution covering the training of qualified personnel and serving

19560-601: The needs of the automobile industry in specialized technical human resources. In that same year, the historical SEAT 600 was launched, which proved to be the crucial car that literally motorized Spain, being the first car for many Spanish families and becoming a symbol of the Spanish miracle . As the annual production growth was hitting one record after another due to the heavy demand, the economies of scale permitted cutting costs and prices, subsequently renewing demand and boosting sales together with profits for SEAT. On June 29, 1964,

19723-464: The next years would supply parts not only to SEAT and Citroën-Hispania but also to Ford España, was meant to be transferred later in 1986 to the multinational company GKN . In May 1975, after a request from the Spanish state authorities to ensure the rescue of the jobs for the workers in the Authi-owned factories, SEAT moved on talks with the parent company British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC) of

19886-413: The opening contacts. Switches for inductive loads must be rated to handle these cases. The spark will cause electromagnetic interference if not suppressed; a snubber network of a resistor and capacitor in series will quell the spark. When turned on, an incandescent lamp draws a large inrush current of about ten times the steady-state current; as the filament heats up, its resistance rises and

20049-448: The other hand, breaks contact when the button is pressed and makes contact when it is released. An example of a push-to-break switch is a button used to release a door held closed by an electromagnet . The interior lamp of a household refrigerator is controlled by a switch that is held open when the door is closed. A rotary switch operates with a twisting motion of the operating handle with at least two positions. One or more positions of

20212-490: The plant site was meant to serve the aim of optimising the development of new models. On February 22, 1993, King Juan Carlos of Spain and the newly elected chairman of the Volkswagen Group Dr. Ferdinand Piëch inaugurated the Martorell plant, one of the most modern and efficient car plants in Europe, using the just-in-time process with its suppliers' site located only 2.5 km away. The first cars that rolled out of

20375-424: The power being switched is sufficiently large, the electron flow across opening switch contacts is sufficient to ionize the air molecules across the tiny gap between the contacts as the switch is opened, forming a gas plasma , also known as an electric arc . The plasma is of low resistance and is able to sustain power flow, even with the separation distance between the switch contacts steadily increasing. The plasma

20538-482: The result of roughness and oxide films, they exhibit contact resistance , limits on the current and voltage they can handle, finite switching time, etc. The ideal switch is often used in circuit analysis as it greatly simplifies the system of equations to be solved, but this can lead to a less accurate solution. Theoretical treatment of the effects of non-ideal properties is required in the design of large networks of switches, as for example used in telephone exchanges. In

20701-476: The same as those used in the Volkswagen Polo. The Ibiza's powertrain and running gear were also used in the SEAT Córdoba saloon, estate, and coupé. Under Volkswagen's ownership, SEAT was marketed as a sporty and youthful brand whose cars were sold at competitive prices. The available trim levels were Entry, S, SE, SX, Award, Stella, Signo, Sport (1.8T 20V 156 PS), Cupra, and Cupra R. SEAT later introduced

20864-581: The same time by one handle. The parts may be mounted on an insulating base with terminals for wiring, or may be directly bolted to an insulated switch board in a large assembly. Since the electrical contacts are exposed, the switch is used only where people cannot accidentally come in contact with the switch or where the voltage is so low as to not present a hazard. Knife switches are made in many sizes from miniature switches to large devices used to carry thousands of amperes. In electrical transmission and distribution, gang-operated switches are used in circuits up to

21027-454: The same year, the Volkswagen Group became the major shareholder of SEAT. On December 18, 1990, the Volkswagen Group bought the remaining 25% of the company, thus making SEAT the first non-German wholly-owned subsidiary of the group. Fulfilling Hahn's expectations, SEAT not only made a profit two years after Volkswagen bought a majority of its stock but also provided a low-cost manufacturing outlet for other VW models, contributing up to 15.2% of

21190-636: The simplest case, a switch has two conductive pieces, often metal , called contacts , connected to an external circuit, that touch to complete (make) the circuit, and separate to open (break) the circuit. The contact material is chosen for its resistance to corrosion, because most metals form insulating oxides that would prevent the switch from working. Contact materials are also chosen on the basis of electrical conductivity , hardness (resistance to abrasive wear), mechanical strength, low cost and low toxicity. The formation of oxide layers at contact surface, as well as surface roughness and contact pressure, determine

21353-449: The simultaneous actuation of multiple sets of electrical contacts , or the control of large amounts of electric current or mains voltages. The word "toggle" is a reference to a kind of mechanism or joint consisting of two arms, which are almost in line with each other, connected with an elbow-like pivot. However, the phrase "toggle switch" is applied to a switch with a short handle and a positive snap-action, whether it actually contains

21516-437: The speed at which the switch control is operated by the user. Movement of the switch control lever applies tension to a spring until a tipping point is reached, and the contacts suddenly snap open or closed as the spring tension is released. As the power being switched increases, other methods are used to minimize or prevent arc formation. A plasma is hot and will rise due to convection air currents. The arc can be quenched with

21679-463: The still heavily protected Spanish car market. In 1973, SEAT and Citroën-Hispania jointly contributed equal shares in founding the Vigo -located factory of Industrias Mecánicas de Galicia, SA (Indugasa) producing constant-velocity joints , essential components used in front-wheel drive cars, i.e. in a transmission layout the use of which was becoming more and more common at the time. This plant, which in

21842-413: The switch action. A switch with both types of contact is called a changeover switch or double-throw switch . These may be " make-before-break " (" MBB " or shorting) which momentarily connects both circuits, or may be " break-before-make " (" BBM " or non-shorting) which interrupts one circuit before closing the other. These terms have given rise to abbreviations for the types of switch which are used in

22005-415: The switch may be momentary (biased with a spring), requiring the operator to hold the switch in the position. Other positions may have a detent to hold the position when released. A rotary switch may have multiple levels or "decks" in order to allow it to control multiple circuits. One form of rotary switch consists of a spindle or "rotor" that has a contact arm or "spoke" which projects from its surface like

22168-451: The terms two way and three way are used with different meanings). Form A Switches with larger numbers of poles or throws can be described by replacing the "S" or "D" with a number (e.g. 3PST, SP4T, etc.) or in some cases the letter "T" (for "triple") or "Q" (for "quadruple"). In the rest of this article the terms SPST , SPDT and intermediate will be used to avoid the ambiguity. Contact bounce (also called chatter )

22331-529: The time production of the second generation Ibiza/Córdoba ceased during 2002, the range had established itself as one of the most popular superminis in Europe of the past decade, having sold 1,522,607 cars from 1993 to 2002. SEAT was not involved in the World Rally Championship after the 1977 season , until 1995, when, after an 18-year gap, they returned with an Ibiza 1.8-litre 16v driven by Erwin Weber in

22494-507: The time, customers of low incomes and limited markets for cars, as well as similar road conditions. In Italy, Fiat dominated the market for vehicles under 12 horsepower, which would initially be the main market segment in Spain. The relative economic isolation of World War II damaged Italy and made Fiat interested in opportunities outside Italy, meaning that the negotiations with the Italian manufacturer could prosper more easily in favour of Spanish interests than those from other countries. In 1947,

22657-510: The top models of the brand, hot hatches designed to compete with rivals in the front-wheel-drive hot hatch segment. There were also two special editions of the Ibiza Cupra R. The first one was called Nürburgring Edition (2006–2007), distinguished by black painted side mirrors and a "Nürburgring" inscription on the door panels. The second was the Last Edition (2008 only) with a new interior logo on

22820-530: The transfer of the installations of the latter to the City of Sitges was closed, with the Martorell's Design Centre official opening eventually taking place on December 30, 2007. On January 12, 2007, the inauguration of the building of the SEAT Service Centre next to the southern entrance of the Martorell factory was held, the department focused on technical support, after-sales and marketing purposes, and covering

22983-420: The transitional state of the switch as well as the ability to withstand continuous operating currents must be considered. When a switch is in the on state, its resistance is near zero and very little power is dropped in the contacts; when a switch is in the off state, its resistance is extremely high and even less power is dropped in the contacts. However, when the switch is flicked, the resistance must pass through

23146-468: The transportation of vehicles and parts between the two locations. The Martorell industrial complex houses numerous facilities, including Cupra Racing (formerly SEAT Sport), SEAT's Technical Center, Research and Development Center (R&D), Design Center, Prototypes Centre of Development, SEAT Service Center, which includes the After-Sales Service and Customer Services divisions, as well as

23309-407: The turning of a key ( key switch ), linear or rotary movement (a limit switch or microswitch ), or presence of a magnetic field (the reed switch ). Many switches are operated automatically by changes in some environmental condition or by motion of machinery. A limit switch is used, for example, in machine tools to interlock operation with the proper position of tools. In heating or cooling systems

23472-475: The use of modern technologies such as virtual simulation. In September 2023, it was announced that the SEAT brand would be eliminated on passenger cars by 2030 once the current models reach the end of their respective lifespans as a result of poor sales, with resources shifted to the stronger selling Cupra brand. However, Volkswagen did not completely rule out using the SEAT brand for another automotive role. The headquarters and main manufacturing facilities of

23635-466: The voltage potential is sufficient to exceed the breakdown voltage of the air separating the contacts, an arc forms which is sustained until the switch closes completely and the switch surfaces make contact. In either case, the standard method for minimizing arc formation and preventing contact damage is to use a fast-moving switch mechanism, typically using a spring-operated tipping-point mechanism to assure quick motion of switch contacts, regardless of

23798-454: Was all new, with new seats and a new steering wheel, while the gearbox was thoroughly redesigned, and the brakes and steering improved. At the time, the Ibiza was being produced at a rate of 1,100 cars per day, and the cumulative production had reached a half million. A more thorough restyling was launched in 1991 under the name New style , although by now an all-new Ibiza was being developed. The following year, in February 1992, SEAT launched

23961-587: Was an indirect injection unit. The SEAT Ibiza Mk1 took part in several rally events and formed the basis on which the Campeonato SEAT Ibiza de Rallies was organised by the SEAT Sport division in 1985, however its most notable rally version has been the all-wheel-drive Ibiza Bimotor , manufactured in 1986 and equipped with two engines, each delivering power to one axle. In 1997, the Ibiza Mk1 design license

24124-662: Was based on the Volkswagen Polo 6N and Volkswagen Golf Mk3 . In the interior, the pre-facelift Ibiza 6K shared its dashboard with many other models from SEAT and Volkswagen, such as the SEAT Córdoba Mk1, the Volkswagen Polo Classic, the SEAT Inca , the Volkswagen Polo Mk3 , and others. This Ibiza was available in three- and five- door models; the saloon / coupé variant was known as the SEAT Córdoba , and

24287-578: Was bought by a joint venture between Chinese automaker Nanjing Automobile Group and Malaysia's Lion Group . In June 1999, it entered production as the Eagle, and was redeveloped and rebadged into the Nanjing Yuejin Soyat in the late 2003. Chinese Ibiza production came to a final end in 2008, after another facelift in 2007. The Spanish company Emelba produced two derivatives of the SEAT Ibiza Mk1:

24450-469: Was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro 's Italdesign , and it was prepared for industrialisation by the German manufacturer Karmann . It was based on the SEAT Ronda , a small family car , which in turn was based on the Fiat Ritmo . The gearbox and powertrain were developed in collaboration with Porsche , thus named under licence System Porsche . Despite Porsche's direct involvement in the Ibiza's engines, it

24613-491: Was designed by SEAT in collaboration with well-known firms including Italdesign , Karmann , and Porsche . From the second-generation version onwards, SEAT formed part of the German automotive industry concern Volkswagen Group . All subsequent Ibiza generations, and the rest of the SEAT model range, incorporated Volkswagen Group platforms, parts, and technologies. The Ibiza spans five generations, among which it has debuted twice (in its second and in its fourth generations)

24776-481: Was founded on May 9, 1950, under the denomination 'Sociedad Española de Automóviles de Turismo, S.A.' (S.E.A.T.) by the Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI) with a starting capital of 600 million pesetas – equivalent today of almost 3.6 million euros – in the form of 600,000 shares of 1000 pesetas each, and in a time when the country needed remodeling the fundamental structures in its national economy, just after

24939-442: Was made from 2006 to 2008. In 2006, slight cosmetic changes were made to both the interior and exterior, but otherwise the model was very similar to the original Mk3. New trim levels were introduced in 2006 as well: Reference, Stylance, Freerider, Sportrider, Sport, DAB Sport (2006 limited edition), Formula Sport (2007 limited edition), FR, and Cupra, as well as engines with increased power (1.2-litre 12v and 1.4-litre 16v) and

25102-406: Was not prepared to contribute, partially due to the oil crisis of the 1970s and also due to the uncertainty for Fiat's interests following the end of a protectionist policy against GM in Spain. The outcome, in 1982, was an end to the relationship with Fiat after nearly 30 years, a rather surprising decision despite the favourable perspectives for the Spanish economy, with Spain being in the anteroom of

25265-421: Was officially opened the next year on May 5, 1955. Nevertheless, the impact on Spanish society could not be seen immediately since the first model launched by SEAT was considered a luxury car, so it was highly priced and still not affordable to the average Spanish consumer. Consequently, SEAT needed a second, more economical model to compete against simpler, inexpensive designs that appeared in the local market, like

25428-508: Was only after paying a royalty of seven German marks per car sold back to Porsche that SEAT gained the right to put the ' System Porsche ' inscription on the engine blocks. By the time Giugiaro was assigned to the Ibiza project, his previous proposal for the second generation of the Volkswagen Golf had been rejected by Volkswagen . So when SEAT approached him with the proposal for a spacious supermini-class contender, that particular project

25591-401: Was planning to expand into the Chinese market, first with Spanish-produced models, followed later in a second phase by the local assembly of SEAT models in China. SEAT's further expansion plans in more markets outside of Europe have yet to be realised. The company was considering a possible launch in the United States in the past, although this move has never been carried out. Rumours also of

25754-400: Was powered by a 150 PS (110 kW; 148 bhp) 1.4-litre TSI twincharger ( turbo and supercharger ) engine with a seven-speed Direct-Shift Gearbox (DSG), while the Ibiza Cupra and Bocanegra have the same powertrain tuned to 180 PS (132 kW; 178 bhp). In January 2010, SEAT introduced, for the first time in the Volkswagen Group on the Ibiza's specific platform,

25917-449: Was reincarnated as the first generation of the SEAT Ibiza. Using a compact car as a basis, it was larger than most superminis like the Ford Fiesta and Opel Corsa/Vauxhall Nova , but smaller than small family cars such as the Ford Escort and Opel Kadett/Vauxhall Astra . The luggage capacity started from 320 litres, or 1,200 litres after folding rear seats. It was launched in the United Kingdom market in September 1985, along with

26080-423: Was styled by the Italian designer Walter de Silva to have a sporty, performance image. The model lineup included two hot hatch variants, the Ibiza FR and Cupra, which compensated for the lack of Polo hot hatch variants (the Polo GTI wasn't launched until 2006). Its production was initially focused in SEAT's main plant in Martorell, Spain, however in September 2002 a decision was taken by the Volkswagen Group that

26243-439: Was the Landaben plant in Pamplona , but in December 1993 its ownership was transferred to the Volkswagen Group subsidiary "Volkswagen-Audi-Espana, S.A.", and the site today is producing Volkswagen cars in Spain. However, SEAT's Martorell site still provides support to Volkswagen's operations in the Pamplona plant when necessary, as it did after a serious fire in the paint shop in the Landaben VW plant in April 2007. Factories of

26406-430: Was the industrial and aeronautical engineer, pilot, and photographer José Ortiz-Echagüe Puertas , who came from the Spanish aircraft manufacturer Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA , where he had held the position of CEO , and who in 1976 was named the Honorary lifetime president of SEAT. The construction works for SEAT's Zona Franca plant began in 1950, and the opening day came three years later on June 5, 1953, while in

26569-406: Was the production facility where the first SEAT models such as the SEAT 1400 and the 600 were built. In 1993, the car production began to get transferred to the new Martorell plant, and since then, the Barcelona factory has been producing parts such as doors, roofs, fenders and chassis. 80% of the production of the parts for the MQB A0, the compact modular platform of the Volkswagen Group on which

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