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25-496: Participating countries in the agreement sponsor SCOAP journals through the consortium, and contribute according to their scientific output. More productive countries pay more, while lower-output countries pay less. SCOAP supports journals mostly publishing High-Energy Physics content fully, and those articles in other journals that have been submitted by their authors to a High-Energy Physics category on arXiv.org. Each year more than 4,000 articles are published in open access as part of

50-402: A coordinator for the country. Currently, 44 countries as well as 3 intergovernmental organisations ( CERN , IAEA , JINR ) are members of the consortium. Physical Review C Physical Review is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1893 by Edward Nichols . It publishes original research as well as scientific and literature reviews on all aspects of physics . It

75-711: A few scholarly contributions to Egyptology . His wife bequeathed the Samuel A. Goudsmit Collection of Egyptian Antiquities to the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan . In 2017 it was announced that Dutch Egyptologist Nico Staring had identified an object from the collection with an object presumed lost from the Egyptian Museum of Berlin . The fragmentary stela must have been looted from

100-616: A home for and connection between the numerous research communities that make up quantum information science and technology, spanning from pure science to engineering to computer science and beyond. In 2023 PRX Life was launched to advance research from the interdisciplinary communities at the interface of the physical and life sciences. Jacilynn (Brant) Otero Margaret Hudson The term of copyright on volumes published before 1928 has expired. These volumes are available online for free in their entirety: Samuel Goudsmit Samuel Abraham Goudsmit (July 11, 1902 – December 4, 1978)

125-537: A total of 11 supported journals at the moment. The following journals participate currently, or have participated in the first phase of the consortia: In 2022 SCOAP entered into partnerships with leading academic publishers, including Cambridge University Press , Oxford University Press , Springer Nature , Taylor & Francis , and World Scientific , to make over 100 textbooks available open access. Countries are usually represented by one or few library consortia, funding agencies or research organizations that act as

150-755: Is Michael Thoennessen , whose term began in September 2017. To celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the journal, a memoir was published jointly by the APS and AIP. In 1998, the first issue of Physical Review Special Topics: Accelerators and Beams was published, and in 2005, Physical Review Special Topics: Physics Education Research was launched. In January 2016 the names of both journals were changed to remove "Special Topics". Physical Review also started an online magazine, Physical Review Focus , in 1998 to explain and provide historical context for selected articles from Physical Review and Physical Review Letters . This

175-527: Is published by the American Physical Society (APS). The journal is in its third series, and is split in several sub-journals each covering a particular field of physics. It has a sister journal , Physical Review Letters , which publishes shorter articles of broader interest. Physical Review commenced publication in July 1893, organized by Cornell University professor Edward Nichols and helped by

200-597: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology . As scientific head of the Alsos Mission , he successfully reached a German group of nuclear physicists around Werner Heisenberg and Otto Hahn at Hechingen (then French zone) in advance of French physicist Yves Rocard , who had previously succeeded in recruiting German scientists to come to France. Alsos, part of the Manhattan Project , was designed to assess

225-419: The APS launched Physical Review Fluids "to include additional areas of fluid dynamics research", and in 2017 it launched Physical Review Materials "to fill a gap" in the coverage of materials research. In 2019 Physical Review Research was launched to provide a broad fully open-access journal at about the same selectivity level as the older A – E journals. In 2020, PRX Quantum was launched to provide

250-454: The Netherlands and were murdered there. Goudsmit studied physics at the University of Leiden under Paul Ehrenfest , where he obtained his PhD in 1927. After receiving his PhD, Goudsmit served as a professor at the University of Michigan between 1927 and 1946. In 1930 he co-authored a text with Linus Pauling titled The Structure of Line Spectra. During World War II he worked at

275-617: The fact that the totalitarian Soviet state produced the bomb shortly after the book's release. However that statement overlooks the actions of physicist Klaus Fuchs who sent "many intelligence reports directly from Los Alamos". After the war he was briefly a professor at Northwestern University , and from 1948 to 1970 was a senior scientist at the Brookhaven National Laboratory , chairing the Physics Department 1952–1960. He meanwhile became well known as editor-in-chief of

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300-826: The family, Physical Review E , was introduced in 1993 to a large part to accommodate the huge amount of new research in nonlinear dynamics . Combined, these constitute Physical Review Series III . The editorial office moved in 1980 to its present location across the expressway from Brookhaven National Laboratory. Goudsmit retired in 1974 and Pasternack in the mid-1970s. Past Editors in Chief include David Lazarus (1980–1990; University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign ), Benjamin Bederson (1990–1996; New York University ), Martin Blume (1996–2007; Brookhaven National Laboratory), and Gene Sprouse (2007–2015; SUNY Stony Brook ). The current Editor in Chief

325-463: The general-interest articles that appeared as Physical Review Focus . A short-lived journal, also called Physics , was published by Pergamon Press and Physics Publishing Co. from 1964 through 1968, with the goal of printing "a selection of papers which are worth the attention of all physicists." The four volumes of this journal were eventually made freely available online by the APS under the alternative title Physics Physique Физика , reflecting how

350-498: The initiative. In 2012, SCOAP reached agreements with 12 subscription journals to make their articles openly accessible. This agreement would cover 90% of all published particle physics articles from 2014 onwards. Of the original 12 journals, two journals pulled out of the agreement: Physical Review C and Physical Review D . On April 19, 2016, SCOAP3 announced the extension of the initiative until 2019 with 8 journals participating. From 2018 on also APS joined with three journals to

375-640: The journals were managed on an interim basis still in Minnesota by E. L. Hill and J. William Buchta until Samuel Goudsmit and Simon Pasternack were appointed and the editorial office moved to Brookhaven National Laboratory on Eastern Long Island , New York . In July 1958, the sister journal Physical Review Letters was introduced to publish short articles of particularly broad interest, initially edited by George L. Trigg , who remained as editor until 1988. In 1970, Physical Review split into sub-journals Physical Review A , B , C , and D . A fifth member of

400-595: The leading physics journal Physical Review , published by the American Physical Society . In July 1958 he started the journal Physical Review Letters , which offers short notes with attendant brief delays. On his retirement as editor in 1974, Goudsmit moved to the faculty of the University of Nevada, Reno , where he remained until his death four years later. As a student in Leiden he also developed an interest in Ancient Egypt . He collected Egyptian antiquities and made

425-520: The location of editor John Torrence Tate, Sr. at the University of Minnesota . In 1929, the APS started publishing Reviews of Modern Physics , a venue for longer review articles. In 1932, the newly formed American Institute of Physics took over publication of Physical Review . During the Great Depression , wealthy scientist Alfred Loomis anonymously paid the journal's fees for authors who could not afford them. After Tate's death in 1950,

450-801: The museum after its bombardment and had been sold to Goudsmit in 1945. It was returned to Berlin in April 2017. Goudsmit became a corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1939, though he resigned the next year. He was readmitted in 1950. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1947, the American Philosophical Society in 1952, American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1964. Goudsmit married Jaantje Logher, in 1927. Their daughter, Esther Marianne Goudsmit

475-524: The new president of Cornell, J. Gould Schurman . The journal was managed and edited at Cornell in upstate New York from 1893 to 1913 by Nichols, Ernest Merritt , and Frederick Bedell. The 33 volumes published during this time constitute Physical Review Series I . The American Physical Society (APS), founded in 1899, took over its publication in 1913 and started Physical Review Series II . The journal remained at Cornell under editor-in-chief G. S. Fulcher from 1913 to 1926, before relocating to

500-691: The preferred formats. Since 2011, authors can pay an article processing charge to make their papers open access. Such papers are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (CC-BY). Physical Review Letters celebrated their 50th birthday in 2008. The APS has a copyright policy to permit the author to reuse parts of the published article in a derivative or new work, including on Misplaced Pages . The APS has an online publication entitled Physics , aiming to help physicists and physics students to learn about new developments outside of their own subfield. This now includes

525-532: The progress of the Nazi atomic bomb project . In the book Alsos, published in 1947, Goudsmit concludes that the Germans did not get close to creating a weapon. He attributed this to the inability of science to function under a totalitarian state and to Nazi scientists' lack of understanding of how to engineer an atomic bomb. Both of these conclusions have been disputed by later historians (see Heisenberg ) and contradicted by

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550-574: The title was originally printed on the journal covers and how it was sometimes referred to in the years since. It also publishes Physical Review X , an online-only open access journal . It is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes, as timely as possible, original research papers from all areas of pure, applied, and interdisciplinary physics. In 2014 Physical Review Applied began publishing research across all aspects of experimental and theoretical applications of physics, including their interactions with other sciences, engineering, and industry. In 2016

575-522: Was a Dutch-American physicist famous for jointly proposing the concept of electron spin with George Eugene Uhlenbeck in 1925. Goudsmit was born in The Hague , Netherlands, of Dutch Jewish descent. He was the son of Isaac Goudsmit, a manufacturer of water-closets , and Marianne Goudsmit-Gompers, who ran a millinery shop. In 1943, his parents were deported to a concentration camp by the German occupiers of

600-608: Was born in 1933 in Ann Arbor, Michigan. In 1964 she earned a PhD in Zoology from the University of Michigan, and in 1972 became a Professor of Biology at Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan. She retired in 1995. Samuel and Jaantje divorced in 1960, and in the same year Goudsmit married Irene Bejach. Like Goudsmit's parents, Irene's father, a German medical doctor and Berlin public health official, Curt Dietrich Bejach, had been murdered by

625-400: Was merged into Physics in 2011. The Special Topics journals are open access ; Physics Education Research requires page charges from the authors, but Accelerators and Beams does not. Though not fully open access, Physical Review Letters also requires an author page charge, although this is voluntary. The other journals require such a charge only if manuscripts are not prepared in one of

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