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47-607: The Midway class was a class of three United States Navy aircraft carriers . The lead ship , USS  Midway , was commissioned in September 1945 and decommissioned in 1992. USS  Franklin D. Roosevelt was commissioned in October 1945, and taken out of service in 1977. USS  Coral Sea was commissioned in April 1947, and decommissioned in 1990. The CVB-41 -class vessels (then unnamed) were originally conceived in 1940 as

94-418: A commanding officer and subordinate military units . The purpose of a military staff is mainly that of providing accurate, timely information which by category represents information on which command decisions are based. The key application is that of decisions that effectively manage unit resources. While information flow toward the commander is a priority, information that is useful or contingent in nature

141-410: A class often have names linked by a common factor: e.g. Trafalgar -class submarines ' names all begin with T ( Turbulent , Tireless , Torbay ); and Ticonderoga -class cruisers are named after American battles ( Yorktown , Bunker Hill , Gettysburg , Anzio ). Ships of the same class may be referred to as sister ships . The name of a naval ship class is most commonly the name of

188-462: A design study to determine the effect of including an armored flight deck on a carrier the size of the Essex class . The resulting calculations showed that the effect would be a reduction of air group size—the resulting ship would have an air group of 64, compared to 90–100 for the standard Essex -class fleet carriers. As it progressed, the design also became heavily influenced by the wartime experience of

235-506: A properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Also called C2. Source: JP 1". The edition of the Dictionary "As Amended Through April 2010" elaborates, "Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in

282-452: A single letter suffix. After the reunification of Germany the German Navy ( Deutsche Marine ) kept the system. Informally, classes are also traditionally named after their lead ships. The Indonesian Navy has a traditional naming system for its ships. In addition, the ship's type and missions can be identified by the first number on the ship's three-digit hull number , which is placed on

329-419: Is a plethora of derivative terms that emphasize various aspects, uses, and sub-domains of C2. These terms are accompanied by numerous associated abbreviations. For example, in addition to C2, command and control is often abbreviated as C2 and sometimes as C&C "Command and control" have been coupled with: and others. Some of the more common variations include: and others. A command and control center

376-588: Is communicated to lower staffs and units. This term is also in common use within the computer security industry and in the context of cyberwarfare . Here the term refers to the influence an attacker has over a compromised computer system that they control. For example, a valid usage of the term is to say that attackers use "command and control infrastructure" to issue "command and control instructions" to their victims. Advanced analysis of command and control methodologies can be used to identify attackers, associate attacks, and disrupt ongoing malicious activity. There

423-450: Is hoped that this sectionalization, in conjunction with sprinkler and fog foam systems, will effectively prevent fires from spreading throughout the hangar spaces, as occurred on USS  Franklin on 30 October and 19 March. The damage experiences of several British carriers, which unlike our own were fitted with armored flight decks, demonstrated the effectiveness of such armor in shielding hangar spaces from GP bombs and vital spaces below

470-612: Is typically a secure room or building in a government, military or prison facility that operates as the agency's dispatch center, surveillance monitoring center, coordination office and alarm monitoring center all in one. Command and control centers are operated by a government or municipal agency. Various branches of the US military such as the US Coast Guard and Navy have command and control centers. They are also common in many large correctional facilities. A command and control center that

517-469: Is used by a military unit in a deployed location is usually called a "command post". A warship has a combat information center for tactical control of the ship's resources, but commanding a fleet or joint operation requires additional space for commanders and staff plus C4I facilities provided on a flagship (e.g., aircraft carriers), sometimes a command ship or upgraded logistics ship such as USS Coronado . Command and control warfare encompasses all

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564-512: The Confederate States Navy . Generally accepted by military historians and widely used in the more recent books, webpages and papers on the subject matter (most notably the releases of Osprey Publishing ), these latter-day classifications are sometimes considered "semi-official" (although they are not). Contemporary records, such as the " Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in

611-464: The Midway -class ships had an airwing of up to 130 aircraft. It was soon realized that the coordination of so many planes was beyond the effective command and control ability of one ship. However, their size did allow these ships to more easily accommodate the rapid growth in aircraft size and weight that took place in the early jet age. The forward flight deck was designed for launching 13-ton aircraft; and

658-590: The Royal Navy 's armored carriers: As a result of study of damage sustained by various British carriers prior to our entry into the war, two important departures from traditional U.S. Navy carrier design were incorporated in the CVB Class, then still under development. HMS  Illustrious in an action off Malta on 1 January 1941 was hit by several bombs, three of which detonated in the hangar space. Large fires swept fore and aft among parked planes thereby demonstrating

705-470: The lead ship , the first ship commissioned or built of its design. However, other systems can be used without confusion or conflict. A descriptive name may be used; for example it was decided to group destroyers made to the same design as HMS Tomahawk , all named after weapons, as the Weapon rather than Tomahawk class. In European navies, a class is named after the first ship commissioned regardless of when it

752-513: The 1950s, Midway and Franklin D. Roosevelt underwent the SCB-110 modernization program (similar to SCB-125 for the Essex class), which added angled flight decks , steam catapults , mirror landing systems, and other modifications that allowed them to operate a new breed of large, heavy naval jets. Coral Sea had a variant modernization program called SCB-110A with an angled deck 3 degrees greater than

799-458: The Royal Navy's aircraft carriers, for which the armored deck was part of the ship structure, the Midway class retained their "strength deck" at the hangar deck level and the armored flight deck was part of the superstructure . They would be the last USN carriers to be so designed; the immense size of the succeeding Forrestal -class supercarriers would require a new deep-hulled design carrying

846-603: The U.S. against Iraq during Operation Desert Storm . A few months after the campaign, the last of the class left Navy service. Coral Sea was slowly scrapped at Baltimore as legal and environmental troubles continually delayed her fate. Midway spent five years in the mothball fleet at Bremerton, Washington before being taken over by a museum group. The ship is now open to the public at the USS Midway Museum in San Diego, California . Hull codes ; Ship class In

893-505: The US Pacific fleet during World War II, the lead ship of the class, Midway , was not commissioned until 10 September 1945, eight days after the surrender of Japan . While Midway and Coral Sea followed the US Navy's policy of naming aircraft carriers after battles (two Casablanca -class escort carriers gave up their names for the larger ships), USS Franklin D. Roosevelt inaugurated

940-574: The War of the Rebellion " (Series 2, Volume 1, Part 1), show that the modern nomenclature was not in use at the time. The unofficial retro-applying of ship classes can occasionally lead to confusion. For example, while American works consistently adhere to the City - and Columbia -class monikers, works of British origin refer to the same classes as Cairo class and Tennessee class respectively, in compliance with

987-577: The accepted European convention, some classes have been named after a common theme in the included ships' names, e.g., Tribal-class destroyers , and some classes were implemented as an organizational tool, making traditional methods of naming inefficient. For instance, the Amphion class is also known as the A class. Most destroyer classes were known by the initial letter used in naming the vessels, e.g., V and W-class destroyers . Classification by letter also helped to conflate similar smaller classes of ships as in

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1034-435: The accomplishment of a mission . A 1988 NATO definition is that command and control is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated individual over assigned resources in the accomplishment of a common goal. An Australian Defence Force definition, similar to that of NATO, emphasises that C2 is the system empowering designated personnel to exercise lawful authority and direction over assigned forces for

1081-542: The accomplishment of missions and tasks. The Australian doctrine goes on to state: "The use of agreed terminology and definitions is fundamental to any C2 system and the development of joint doctrine and procedures . The definitions in the following paragraphs have some agreement internationally, although not every potential ally will use the terms with exactly the same meaning." The US Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms defines command and control as: "The exercise of authority and direction by

1128-408: The accomplishment of the mission." However, this sentence is missing from the "command and control" entry for the edition "As Amended Through 15 August 2014." Commanding officers are assisted in executing these tasks by specialized staff officers and enlisted personnel. These military staff are a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional flow of information between

1175-443: The aft flight deck was designed for landing 11-ton aircraft, assuming in-flight expenditure of fuel and ordnance. While the resulting ships featured excellent protection and unprecedented airwing size, they also had several undesirable characteristics. Internally, the ships were very cramped and crowded. Freeboard was unusually low for such large carriers; in heavy seas, they shipped large amounts of water (only partially mitigated by

1222-429: The bulges also resulted in a dangerously fast rolling period that prevented Midway from operating aircraft in heavy seas. The bulging was therefore not repeated on Coral Sea . The Reagan era reprieve could not last. In 1990, Coral Sea , which had long since earned the nickname "Ageless Warrior", was decommissioned. Midway had one last war in which to participate, and was one of the six aircraft carriers deployed by

1269-572: The case of the A-class destroyers of 1913 whose names spread across the alphabet. Since the end of the Second World War , Royal Navy ship classes have also been known by their type number (e.g. Type 45 destroyer .) For the United States Navy , the first ship in a class to be authorized by Congress is the designated class leader and gives the name to the class, regardless of the order in which

1316-449: The centerline and four widely separated engine rooms. More extensive use of electric arc-welding than in previous warships reduced the weight by about 10 percent of what would have been required for riveted structural assembly. The resulting Midway -class carriers were very large, with the ability to accommodate more planes than any other carrier in the U.S. fleet (30–40 more aircraft than the Essex class). In their original configuration,

1363-413: The course of building a class of ships, design changes might be implemented. In such a case, the ships of different design might not be considered of the same class; each variation would either be its own class, or a subclass of the original class (see County-class cruiser for an example). If ships are built of a class whose production had been discontinued, a similar distinction might be made. Ships in

1410-648: The current convention to historical naval vessels sharing similarities, such as those of the American Civil War , where the Union Navy built several vessels in series, which can be termed "classes" as presently understood. Common examples include the Passaic -class monitor and the City-class ironclad , among many others, for the Union side, and Columbia class or Richmond class , for those ironclads in service with

1457-402: The desirability of attempting to confine the limits of such explosions and fires by structural sectionalization of the hangar space. On the CVB Class the hangar was therefore divided into five compartments separated by 40 and 50-pound Special Treatment Steel (STS) division bulkheads extending from the hangar deck to the flight deck, each fitted with a large door suitable for handling aircraft. It

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1504-567: The fitting of a hurricane bow during the SCB-110/110A upgrades) and corkscrewed in a manner that hampered landing operations. The follow-up Forrestal -class featured a deeper hull that had more freeboard and better seakeeping. In contrast with the earlier Lexington , Yorktown and Essex -classes, the beam (width) of the Midway -class carriers meant that they could not pass through the Panama Canal . Although they were intended to augment

1551-788: The front bows and the back of the stern. The naming convention is: Russian (and Soviet ) ship classes are formally named by the numbered project that designed them. That project sometimes, but not always, had a metaphorical name, and almost always had a NATO reporting name . In addition, the ships of the class would have a number prefixed by a letter indicating the role of that type of vessel. For example, Project 641 had no name, though NATO referred to its members as Foxtrot-class submarines . The ship classification does not completely correspond common designation, particularly for destroyers, frigates and corvettes. Russia has its own classification system for these ships: The British Royal Navy (RN) has used several methods of naming classes. In addition to

1598-529: The goals of an organization or enterprise, according to a 2015 definition by military scientists Marius Vassiliou , David S. Alberts , and Jonathan R. Agre . The term often refers to a military system. Versions of the United States Army Field Manual 3-0 circulated circa 1999 define C2 in a military organization as the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commanding officer over assigned and attached forces in

1645-424: The hangar deck from semi- armor-piercing (SAP) bombs. Accordingly, the CVB Class was designed with an armored flight deck consisting of 3-1/2-inch STS from frames 46 to 175 with a hangar deck consisting of two courses of 40-pound STS between frames 36 and 192. Although none of the CVB Class carriers were completed in time to take part in war operations, the effectiveness of armored flight decks against Kamikaze attacks

1692-426: The military tactics that use communications technology. It can be abbreviated as C W. An older name for these tactics is "signals warfare", derived from the name given to communications by the military. Newer names include information operations and information warfare . The following techniques are combined: with the physical destruction of enemy communications facilities. The objective is to deny information to

1739-654: The modern Royal Navy naming conventions. By the time the United States entered World War II, the current naming convention was in place, though it remains unclear as to exactly how and when the practice originated. Merchant ships are almost always classed by a classification society . These vessels are said to be in class when their hull, structures, machinery, and equipment conform to International Maritime Organization and MARPOL standards. Vessels out of class may be uninsurable and/or not permitted to sail by other agencies. A vessel's class may include endorsements for

1786-513: The new Grumman F-14 Tomcat fleet defense fighter or the S-3 Viking anti-submarine jet. In 1977, Franklin D. Roosevelt was decommissioned. On her final deployment, Roosevelt embarked AV-8 Harrier jump jets to test the concept of including VSTOL aircraft in a carrier air wing. Coral Sea was rescued from imminent decommissioning by the election of Ronald Reagan as president of the United States in 1980. Reagan's proposed 600-ship Navy gave

1833-611: The other two. All three of the Midway class made combat deployments in the Vietnam War . Coral Sea deployed to the Gulf of Tonkin six times, Midway deployed on three occasions, and Franklin D. Roosevelt made one combat deployment before returning to the Mediterranean. In the late 1960s, Midway underwent an extensive modernization and reconstruction program under SCB 101.66, which proved to be controversial and expensive and thus

1880-864: The policy of naming aircraft carriers after former US Presidents that the US Navy generally follows today. None of the class went on war cruises during the Korean War . As the three ships became essential to the Navy's strategic nuclear weapons role in Europe, they were mainly deployed to the Atlantic and Mediterranean . Until the availability of the Forrestal class, they were the premier commands sought by senior naval aviators. They were "admiral makers" for many of their commanding officers including future Chief of Naval Operations George Whelan Anderson Jr. and David L. McDonald . During

1927-495: The remaining ships a new lease on life. Coral Sea underwent extensive refits to address the ship's poor condition. When the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet became operational in the mid-1980s, the Navy quickly deployed them to the Midway and Coral Sea to replace the older F-4s. A 1986 refit for Midway removed her 6" armor belt and bulged her hull to try to increase freeboard. While successful in this regard,

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1974-459: The ships of that class are laid down, launched or commissioned. Due to numbering conventions, the lead ship often has the lowest hull number of its class. (During World War II , the award of construction contracts was not always congruent with completion, so several ships had higher hull numbers than later ships.) Before the 1920s, naval vessels were classified according to shared characteristics. However, naval historians and scholars retro-apply

2021-508: The strength deck at the flight deck level to produce a stronger and lighter hull. The heavily subdivided arrangement of the machinery spaces was based on that of the Montana -class battleship , while the two inner propeller shafts were partially enclosed in skegs, similar to contemporary battleship construction. While the Essex -class carriers had eight main engineering compartments, the Midway -class had 26, including twelve boiler rooms well off

2068-563: The type of cargo such as "oil carrier", "bulk carrier", "mixed carrier" etc. It may also include class notations denoting special abilities of the vessel. Examples of this include an ice class , fire fighting capability, oil recovery capability, automated machinery space capability, or other special ability. Command and control Command and control (abbr. C2 ) is a "set of organizational and technical attributes and processes ... [that] employs human, physical, and information resources to solve problems and accomplish missions" to achieve

2115-483: Was demonstrated by various carriers attached to the British Pacific Fleet ... The concept went to finding a larger carrier that could support both deck armor and a sufficiently large air group. The weight-savings needed to armor the flight deck were achieved by removing the planned cruiser-caliber battery of 8-inch (203 mm) guns and reducing the 5-inch antiaircraft battery from dual to single mounts. Unlike

2162-495: Was not repeated on the other ships. While $ 82 million had been budgeted for the modernization, the actual cost was $ 202 million, in comparison to $ 277 million for simultaneous construction of the brand-new USS  John F. Kennedy . By the 1970s, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Coral Sea were showing their age. All three retained the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in their air wings, being too small to operate

2209-596: Was ordered or laid down. In some cases this has resulted in different class names being used in European and U.S. references; for example, European sources record the Colorado -class battleships of the United States Navy as the " Maryland class", as USS  Maryland was commissioned before USS  Colorado . The West German Navy ( Bundesmarine ) used a three-digit type number for every class in service or in advanced project state. Modified versions were identified by

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