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98-783: Sam Nazarian (born 1975) is an American businessman, investor and philanthropist. He is the founder, chairman and CEO of SBE Entertainment Group. Nazarian was born to a Persian Jewish family in Tehran in 1975. The Nazarian family immigrated to the United States following the Iranian Revolution . He is the son of Younes Nazarian who was an early investor in Qualcomm . He was raised in Beverly Hills, California , where he attended Beverly Hills High School , graduating in 1993, and later studied at

196-524: A Jew enters a shop for anything, he is forbidden to inspect the goods… Should his hand incautiously touch the goods, he must take them at any price the seller chooses to ask for them... Sometimes the Persians intrude into the dwellings of the Jews and take possession of whatever please them. Should the owner make the least opposition in defense of his property, he incurs the danger of atoning for it with his life... If...

294-728: A Jew shows himself in the street during the three days of the Katel (Muharram)…, he is sure to be murdered. A group of Persian Jewish refugees escaping persecution back home in Mashhad , Qajar Persia, were granted rights to settle in the Sikh Empire around the year 1839. Most of the Jewish families settled in Rawalpindi (specifically in the Babu Mohallah neighbourhood) and Peshawar . In 1868, Jews were

392-565: A Jew, as his vizier . The appointment, however, provoked resentment from the Muslim clergy , and after Arghun's death in 1291, al-Daula was murdered and Persian Jews in Tabriz suffered a period of violent persecutions from the Muslim populace instigated by the clergy. The Syriac Orthodox historian Bar Hebraeus wrote that the violence committed against the Jews during that period "neither tongue can utter, nor

490-514: A central authority over the numerous Jewish subjects, who proceeded to develop their own internal affairs. By the early third century, Persian Empire influences were on the rise again. In the winter of 226 AD, Ardashir I overthrew the last Parthian king ( Artabanus IV ), destroyed the rule of the Arsacids, and founded the dynasty of the Sassanids . While Hellenistic influence had been felt amongst

588-550: A few individuals, the community permanently left Mashhad in 1946, either to Tehran, but also to Bombay and Palestine. Most of them still live as a tightly knit community in Israel today. Bābāʾī ben Nūrīʾel, a ḥāḵām (rabbi) from Isfahan translated the Pentateuch and the Psalms of David from Hebrew into Persian at the behest of Nāder Shah. Three other rabbis helped him in the translation, which

686-476: A frequent target of Palestinian terror attacks . In April 2001, a Palestinian suicide bomber wearing an explosive belt killed a doctor and wounded 50 at a bus stop in Kfar Saba. In March 2002, a Palestinian opened fire on passersby at a major intersection, killing an Israeli girl and wounding 16 before being shot dead. In April 2003, a Palestinian suicide bomber blew himself up at the Kfar Saba train station during

784-572: A local committee and founded the water company and the first bank of the village in the 1920s, is on the corner of Amrami and Rothschild Streets. The cowshed and Amrami's "office" are still standing. Due to the lack of security during World War I, the settlement was abandoned. In 1922, the Nordenstein family returned and built the first defensible stone house. It took another two years for other families to return (mostly from Petah Tikva). The Nordenstein House

882-432: A new capital. Toward the end of his rule, treatment of Jews became more harsh. Shi'a clergy (including a Jewish convert) persuaded the shah to require Jews to wear a distinctive badge on clothing and headgear. In 1656, Shah Abbas II ordered the expulsion from Isfahan of all Jews because of the common belief of their "impurity". They were forced to convert to Islam. The treasury suffered from the loss of jizya collected from

980-466: A peace was negotiated. This attack drew widespread public attention among Jews in Palestine and around the world, and it was subsequently decided to turn Kfar Saba into a permanent settlement, even without building permits. In 1912, the construction of twelve single-story permanent houses began along a route that is now Herzl Street. The houses were camouflaged due to the lack of building permits. Construction

1078-410: A priest wishes to emerge from obscurity and win a reputation for piety, he preaches war against the Jews". In 1901, the riot of Shaykh Ibrahim was sparked against the Jews of Tehran. An imam began preaching on the importance of eliminating alcohol for the sake of Islamic purity, leading to an assault against Jews for refusing to give up the wine they drank for Sabbath. In 1910, there were rumors that

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1176-561: A relaxation of the oppressive laws enacted against the Jews in the Persian Empire . In addition, Raba sometimes referred to his top student Abaye with the term Shvur Malka meaning "Shapur [the] King" because of his bright and quick intellect. With the Islamic conquest of Persia , the government assigned Jews, along with Christians and Zoroastrians, to the status of dhimmis , non-Muslim subjects of

1274-589: A result, Ahasuerus ordered the hanging of Haman and his ten sons. The events of the Book of Esther are celebrated as the holiday of Purim . Jewish sources contain no mention of the Parthian influence; "Parthia" does not appear in the texts. The Armenian prince Sanatroces, of the royal house of the Arsacides, is mentioned in the "Small Chronicle" as one of the successors (diadochoi) of Alexander . Among other Asiatic princes,

1372-425: A similar incident. The Allahdad incident of 1839 was mentioned above. European travellers reported that the Jews of Tabriz and Shiraz continued to practice Judaism in secret despite a fear of further persecutions. Famous Iranian-Jewish teachers such as Mullah Daoud Chadi continued to teach and preach Judaism, inspiring Jews throughout the nation. Jews of Barforush , Mazandaran were forcibly converted in 1866. When

1470-525: Is a widespread use of porches with arches, especially in front of the stores at Weizmann and Rothschild streets. In 2014, the Kfar Saba Municipality decided to oblige every contractor who wants to build in the city area to install "green roofs." The meaning of green roofs is that solar panels will be installed on the roof to generate electricity from solar energy or a vegetable garden will be planted. Kfar Saba has one large industrial zone in

1568-460: Is also the site of Israel's first biofilter project. A Mamluk caravanserai complex, including the mausoleum of Nabi Yamin, is located by the Kfar Saba – Qalqilyah road. The site contains an inscription dated to the 14th century. The site has been associated with the tomb of Benjamin , son of Jacob. North of this complex is a smaller tomb whose cupola has been painted green and is being maintained by local Palestinian Muslims, who consider it

1666-535: Is considered the most proper term; Yahūdī ( یهودی ), which is less formal but correct; Yīsrael ( ישראל ‎ ) the term by which Jewish people refer to themselves. Jews had been residing in Persia since around 727 BC, having arrived in the region as slaves after being captured by the Assyrian and Babylonian kings. According to one Jewish legend, the first Jew to enter Persia was Sarah bat Asher , grand daughter of

1764-702: Is mostly concentrated in the cities of Jerusalem , Tel Aviv , Netanya , Kfar Saba , and Holon . In the United States, there are sizable Iranian Jewish communities in Los Angeles ( Tehrangeles ), Beverly Hills , and in Great Neck . Smaller Iranian Jewish communities also exist in Baltimore and in Minneapolis–Saint Paul . According to the 2016 Iranian census, the remaining Jewish population of Iran stood at 9,826 people; independent third-party estimates have placed

1862-574: Is not known to have written anything else. The advent of the Qajar dynasty in 1794 brought back the earlier persecutions. Lord Curzon described 19th-century regional differences in the situation of the Persian Jews: "In Isfahan, where they are said to be 3,700 and where they occupy a relatively better status than elsewhere in Persia, they are not permitted to wear kolah or Persian headdress, to have shops in

1960-551: Is served by 105 synagogues. Meir Hospital is located in Kfar Saba. Meir Hospital is a major medical center named for Josef Meir, the first head of the General Sick Fund . The hospital accepts all patients, Jews and Palestinians, including patients from cities within the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority , such as Qalqilyah . Kfar Saba has won multiple awards for environment protection efforts. Kfar Saba

2058-519: Is still standing on HaEmek Street, near the central bus station. A stone house on Tel Hai Street designed for defense (outlooks and sharp-shooting parapets) served as the communal dining room of Kibbutz HaKovesh. The pioneers themselves lived in tents. In 1948, the kibbutz moved north to secure the Kalkiliya front. The building now houses the Kfar Saba Civil Guard. Kfar Saba's Park is one of

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2156-553: Is the Aramaic form of the name) was friendly to the Jews. His friendship with Shmuel gained many advantages for the Jewish community. Shapur II 's mother Ifra Hormizd was half-Jewish, and this gave the Jewish community relative freedom of religion and many advantages. He was also friend of a Babylonian rabbi in the Talmud named Raba , Raba's friendship with Shapur II enabled him to secure

2254-678: The 1945 statistics , the town had a population of 4,320 Jews. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in 2001, the ethnic makeup of the city was 99.9% Jewish and 0.1% Others. Additionally, there were 523 immigrant residents. Also according to the CBS, there were 37,000 males and 39,600 females in 2001. The population of the city was spread out, with 31.1% 19 years of age or younger, 16.3% between 20 and 29, 17.7% between 30 and 44, 20.2% from 45 to 59, 3.5% from 60 to 64, and 11.3% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate

2352-743: The Abbasid caliphate. In Persia and surrounding areas, the Mongols established a division of the Mongol Empire known as the Ilkhanate , building a capital city in Tabriz . The Ilkhanate Mongol rulers abolished the inequality of dhimmis, and all religions were deemed equal. It was shortly after this time when one of the Ilkhanate rulers, Arghun Khan, preferred Jews for the administrative positions and appointed Sa'd al-Daula,

2450-549: The Armenian , Georgian , Iraqi , Bukharan , and Mountain Jewish communities. Some of the communities have been isolated from other Jewish communities to the extent that their classification as "Persian Jews" is a matter of linguistic or geographical convenience rather than actual historical relationship with one another. Scholars believe that during the peak of the Persian Empire, Jews may have comprised as much as 20% of

2548-650: The Book of Esther , in the Tanakh , Haman was an Agagite noble and vizier of the empire under Persian King Ahasuerus , generally identified as Xerxes the Great (son of Darius the Great) in the 6th century BC. According to the story, Haman and his wife Zeresh instigated a plot to kill all the Jews of ancient Persia . The plot was foiled by Queen Esther , the Jewish Queen of Persia . As

2646-586: The Jewish diaspora . Dating back to the biblical era , they originate from the Jews who relocated to Iran during the time of the Achaemenid Empire . Books of the Hebrew Bible (i.e., Esther , Isaiah , Daniel , Ezra , and Nehemiah ) bring together an extensive narrative shedding light on contemporary Jewish life experiences in ancient Iran ; there has been a continuous Jewish presence in Iran since at least

2744-592: The Land of Israel . But the reverse was to come about: the Judeans received a Babylonian, Ananel by name, as their high priest, which indicates the importance enjoyed by the Jews of Babylonia. The Parthian Empire was based on a loosely configured system of vassal kings. The lack of rigidly centralized rule over the empire had drawbacks, for instance, allowing the rise of a Jewish robber-state in Nehardea (see Anilai and Asinai ). Yet,

2842-578: The Patriarch Jacob . The biblical books of Isaiah , Daniel , Ezra , Nehemiah , Chronicles , and Esther contain references to the life and experiences of Jews in Persia and accounts of their relations with the Persian kings . In the book of Ezra, the Persian kings are credited with permitting and enabling the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their Temple; its reconstruction was effected "according to

2940-512: The Second Temple in the same place as the first; however, he died before it was completed. Darius the Great came to power in the Persian Empire and ordered the completion of the temple. According to the Bible, the prophets Haggai and Zechariah urged this work. The temple was ready for consecration in the spring of 515 BC, more than twenty years after the Jews' return to Jerusalem . According to

3038-658: The University of Southern California . The Beverly Hills High School basketball court was renamed Sam Nazarian Court after Nazarian made a $ 200,000 donation to the Beverly Hills Athletic Alumni Association. In 1998, Nazarian founded Platinum Wireless, a telecommunications company that distributed Nextel products. He sold the company three years later, and began investing in real estate with his father, and founded 3Wall Development in 1999. In 2002, he founded SBE Entertainment Group. In 2020, Nazarian sold

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3136-405: The "real" tomb. Jews and Muslims venerate Benjamin. Kfar Saba is in the heart of Dan's tribal area, but there are traditions that explain why Benjamin's tomb is located in the land of the tribe of Dan. The traditional burial place of Simeon , son of Jacob, lies close to Kfar Saba. It is a small domed structure that sits in a field not far from kibbutz Eyal . According to Meron Benvenisti , the site

3234-878: The 18 members of the Iranian Academy of Sciences, 80 of the 4,000 university lecturers, and 600 of the 10,000 physicians in Iran were Jews. Prior to the Islamic Revolution in 1979, there were 100,000 Jews in Iran, mostly concentrated in Tehran (60,000), Shiraz (18,000), Kermanshah (4,000), and Isfahan (3,000). Jews were also located in other various cities throughout Iran, including Urmia (800), Salmas (400), Miandoab (60), Baneh , Mashhad , Kashan , Sanandaj , Saqqez , Tazeh Qaleh , Chichakluy-e Bash Qaleh , Garrus , Qaslan , Hamadan , Tuyserkan , Nahavand , Kermanshah , Hashtrud , Zehab , Babol , Siahkal , Damavand , Bushehr , Kazerun , Torbat-e Heydarieh , Sarakhs , Yazd , Arak , and Khorramabad . At

3332-636: The Book", they had some status as fellow monotheists, though they were treated differently depending on the ruler at the time. On the one hand, Jews were granted significant economic and religious freedom when compared to their co-religionists in European nations during these centuries. Many served as doctors, scholars, and craftsman, and gained positions of influence in society. On the other hand, like other non-Muslims, they were treated as somewhat inferior. In 1255, Mongols led by Hulagu Khan invaded parts of Persia, and in 1258 they captured Baghdad putting an end to

3430-500: The French and British ambassadors intervened to allow them to practice their traditional religion, a mob killed 18 Jews. In the middle of the 19th century, J. J. Benjamin wrote about the life of Persian Jews, describing conditions and beliefs that went back to the 16th century: They are obliged to live in a separate part of town…; for they are considered as unclean creatures… Under the pretext of their being unclean, they are treated with

3528-656: The Great . So protective were the Parthians of the minority over whom they ruled, that an old Jewish saying tells, "When you see a Parthian charger tied up to a tomb-stone in the Land of Israel, the hour of the Messiah will be near". The Babylonian Jews wanted to fight in common cause with their Judean brethren against Vespasian ; but it was not until the Romans waged war under Trajan against Parthia that they made their hatred felt; so,

3626-471: The Islamic empire. Dhimmis were allowed to practice their religion, but were required to pay jizya to cover the cost of financial welfare, security and other benefits that Muslims were entitled to ( jizya , a poll tax , and initially also kharaj , a land tax) in place of the zakat , which the Muslim population was required to pay. Like other Dhimmis, Jews were exempt from military draft. Viewed as "People of

3724-490: The Jewish cemetery. In 1383, Timur Lenk started the military conquest of Persia. He captured Herat , Khorasan and all eastern Persia to 1385 and massacred almost all inhabitants of Neishapur and other Iranian cities. When revolts broke out in Persia, he ruthlessly suppressed them, massacring the populations of whole cities. When Timur plundered Persia its artists and artisans were deported to embellish Timur's capital Samarkand . Skilled Persian Jews were imported to develop

3822-615: The Jewish community may not amount to more than 10,000. A 2012 census put the figure at about 8,756. Ayatollah Khomeini met with the Jewish community upon his return from exile in Paris, when heads of the community, disturbed by the execution of one of their most distinguished representatives, the industrialist Habib Elghanian , arranged to meet him in Qom. At one point he said: In the holy Quran, Moses, salutations upon him and all his kin, has been mentioned more than any other prophet. Prophet Moses

3920-511: The Jews of Shiraz had ritually murdered a Muslim girl . Muslims plundered the whole Jewish quarter. The first to start looting were soldiers sent by the local governor to defend the Jews against the enraged mob. Twelve Jews who tried to defend their property were killed, and many others were injured. Representatives of the Alliance Israélite Universelle recorded numerous instances of persecution and debasement of Iranian Jews. In

4018-445: The Jews. There were rumors that the converts continued to practice Judaism in secret. For whatever reason, the government in 1661 allowed Jews to take up their old religion, but still required them to wear a distinctive patch upon their clothing. Nadir Shah (1736–1747) allowed Jews to settle in the Shi'ite holy city of Mashhad . As many Jews were traders, they were able to prosper due to

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4116-622: The Roman rescript in favor of the Jews reached Arsaces as well (I Macc. xv. 22); it is not, however, specified which Arsaces. Not long after this, the Partho-Babylonian country was trodden by the army of a Jewish prince; the Syrian king, Antiochus Sidetes, marched, in company with Hyrcanus I, against the Parthians; and when the allied armies defeated the Parthians (129 BC) at the Great Zab (Lycus),

4214-567: The Shoah given to the city by the Italian painter. Remnants of an ancient Israelite village were discovered east of the city, and are believed to be the ruins of biblical Capharsaba. The Kfar Saba Archaeology Museum exhibits artifacts found in the region. Kfar Saba is characterized by residential buildings with red tiled roofs. The use of red tiled roofs is evident in all types of buildings: private homes, high-rise buildings, businesses and industry. There

4312-637: The United Kingdom, France, Denmark, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland). Some sources put the Iranian Jewish population in the mid and late 1980s as between 50,000 and 60,000. An estimate based on the 1986 census put the figure considerably higher for the same time, around 55,000. From the mid-1990s to the present there has been more uniformity in the figures, with most government sources since then estimating roughly 25,000 Jews remaining in Iran. These less recent official figures are considered bloated, and

4410-508: The archaeology suggests that the return was a "trickle", taking place over perhaps decades, resulting in a maximum population of perhaps 30,000. Philip R. Davies called the authenticity of the decree "dubious", citing Grabbe. Arguing against the authenticity of Ezra 1.1–4 is J. Briend, in a paper given at the Institut Catholique de Paris on 15 December 1993, who denies that it resembles the form of an official document but reflects rather

4508-581: The bazaar, to build the walls of their houses as high as a Moslem neighbour's, or to ride in the street. In Teheran and Kashan they are also to be found in large numbers and enjoying a fair position. In Shiraz they are very badly off. In Bushire they are prosperous and free from persecution." In the 19th century, the colonial powers from Europe began noting numerous forced conversions and massacres, usually generated by Shi'a clergy. Two major blood-libel conspiracies had taken place during this period, one in Shiraz and

4606-630: The biblical decree demonstrate the Persian tendency to co-opt local religious and political traditions in the interest of imperial control." By some accounts, the tomb of the prophet Daniel is located in Susa . The Second Temple was eventually (re)built in Jerusalem , with assistance from the Persians, and the Israelites assumed an important position in the Silk Road trade with China . Cyrus ordered rebuilding

4704-412: The biblical prophetic idiom." Mary Joan Winn Leith believes that the decree in Ezra might be authentic and, along with the Cyrus Cylinder , that Cyrus, like earlier rulers, was through these decrees trying to gain support from those who might be strategically important, particularly those close to Egypt which Cyrus wished to conquer. She also wrote that "appeals to Marduk in the cylinder and to Yahweh in

4802-425: The biggest parks in the Sharon area. It has an area of 250,000 m . The park includes kids playgrounds, water fountains, roller skate arena, fitness facilities, and shaded dining areas. The park is open daily between 6:30 am and 11:00 pm. There is free parking for city residents in different locations around the park. Located in the Kfar Saba's Municipality Center is the Eva Fischer Fund, which displays artworks about

4900-462: The city's economy as new factories were built. Despite this, the city still had thousands of acres of orchards in the late 1960s. During the Six-Day War in 1967, two neighborhoods in Kfar Saba were shelled by Jordanian artillery, and an attack on a factory by Jordanian warplanes killed four workers. Following the war, the population increased as many people moved to Kfar Saba from the Gush Dan area, and during Soviet-Jewish immigration to Israel in

4998-490: The connection of Mashhad to other cities along the Silk Road, most notably in Central Asia. In 1839, in an event known as Allahdad incident , many members of the Jewish community were forced to convert to Islam or left Mashhad, to Herat in Afghanistan or cities such as Bukhara in today's Uzbekistan. They became known as "Jadid al-Islams" (new Muslims) and appeared to superficially accept the new religion, but continued to practice many Jewish traditions, i.e. as Crypto-Jews . Except

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5096-428: The decree of Cyrus , and Darius , and Artaxerxes king of Persia" (Ezra 6:14). This great event in Jewish history took place in the late sixth-century BC, by which time there was a well-established and influential Jewish community in Persia. Jews in ancient Persia mostly lived in their own communities. Iranian Jews lived in the ancient (and until the mid-20th century still extant) communities not only of Iran, but also

5194-431: The early 1970s, the city took in many Soviet immigrants and established an immigrant absorption center. In 1977, Kfar Saba had a population of 35,000. Kfar Saba is located just across the Green Line from the Palestinian city of Qalqilya . During times of relative peace, residents of Kfar Saba would shop in Qalqilya: this practice ended at the start of the First Intifada in 1987. In the following years, Kfar Saba became

5292-484: The empire's textile industry. During the reign of the Safavids (1502–1794), they proclaimed Shi'a Islam the state religion. This led to a deterioration in their treatment of Persian Jews. Safavids Shi'ism assigns importance to the issues of ritual purity – tahara . Non-Muslims, including Jews, are deemed to be ritually unclean – najis . Any physical contact would require Shi'as to undertake ritual purification before doing regular prayers. Thus, Persian rulers, and

5390-433: The events of the Book of Esther are set entirely in Iran. Various biblical accounts say that over forty thousand Jews did return (See Jehoiakim , Ezra , Nehemiah , and Jews ). The historical nature of the "Cyrus decree" has been challenged. Professor Lester L Grabbe argues that there was no decree, but that there was a policy that allowed exiles to return to their homelands and rebuild their temples. He also argues that

5488-476: The figure at around 8,500. Today, the term Iranian Jews is mostly used in reference to Jews who are from the country of Iran . In various scholarly and historical texts, the term is used in reference to Jews who speak various Iranian languages . Iranian immigrants in Israel (nearly all of whom are Jewish) are referred to as Parsim . In Iran, Persian Jews and Jewish people in general are both described with four common terms: Kalīmī ( Persian : کلیمی ), which

5586-414: The films Waiting... , Down in the Valley , Five Fingers , The Last Time , Mr. Brooks and College . Nazarian is married to Albanian-American model Emina Cunmulaj . Persian Jewish Iranian Jews ( Persian : یهودیان ایرانی , romanized :  Yahudiyān-e Irāni ; Hebrew : יהודי איראן , romanized :  Yehudei Iran ) constitute one of the oldest communities of

5684-430: The founding of Israel and its victory in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War drove increased anti-Jewish sentiment in Iran. This continued until 1953, in part because of the weakening of the central government and strengthening of clergy in the political struggles between the shah and prime minister Mohammad Mossadegh . From 1948 to 1953, about one-third of Iranian Jews, most of them poor, immigrated to Israel. David Littman puts

5782-402: The general populace, sought to limit physical contact between Muslims and Jews. Jews were excluded from public baths used by Muslims. They were forbidden to go outside during rain or snow, as an "impurity" could be washed from them upon a Muslim. The reign of Shah Abbas I (1588–1629) was initially benign; Jews prospered throughout Persia and were encouraged to settle in Isfahan, which was made

5880-461: The greatest severity and should they enter a street, inhabited by Mussulmans, they are pelted by the boys and mobs with stones and dirt… For the same reason, they are prohibited to go out when it rains; for it is said the rain would wash dirt off them, which would sully the feet of the Mussulmans… If a Jew is recognized as such in the streets, he is subjected to the greatest insults. The passers-by spit in his face, and sometimes beat him… unmercifully… If

5978-403: The idols suffered great blows and lost credibility. The Jews ( Yahud ), Buddhists ( Shaman ), Hindus ( Brahman ), Nazarenes ( Nasara ), Christians ( Kristiyan ), Baptists ( Makdag ) and Manichaeans ( Zandik ) were smashed in the empire, their idols destroyed, and the habitations of the idols annihilated and turned into abodes and seats of the gods". Shapur I (or Shvor Malka , which

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6076-430: The king ordered a halt of two days on account of the Jewish Sabbath and Feast of Weeks . In 40 BC the Jewish puppet-king, Hyrcanus II , fell into the hands of the Parthians, who, according to their custom, cut off his ears in order to render him unfit for rulership. The Jews of Babylonia, it seems, had the intention of founding a high-priesthood for the exiled Hyrcanus, which they would have made quite independent of

6174-479: The land belonged, refused to give building permits, forcing the first settlers to live in huts made of clay and straw. They earned their living by growing almonds , grapes and olives . It was located approximately 3 km to the west of the Arab village of Kafr Saba , after which it was named. Despite attractive advertisements in Jerusalem and London, initial attempts to sell plots to private individuals were unsuccessful. Starting in 1903, Jewish workers resided on

6272-428: The large number of refugees, and many died due to the harsh sanitary conditions. In the Palestine Campaign of the war, Kfar Saba was on the front line between British General Edmund Allenby 's Egypt Expeditionary Force and the Ottoman Army for almost a year, and by the time of the British victory in September 1918, it had been destroyed. Following Kfar Saba's destruction in World War I, residents began rebuilding

6370-470: The late 19th to early 20th century, thousands of Iranian Jews immigrated to the territory of present-day Israel within the Ottoman Empire to escape such persecution. The Pahlavi dynasty implemented modernizing reforms, which greatly improved the life of Jews. The influence of the Shi'a clergy was weakened, and the restrictions on Jews and other religious minorities were abolished. According to Charles Recknagel and Azam Gorgin of Radio Free Europe , during

6468-565: The local council were held. In August 1947, a Jewish man was found shot to death outside the town. In December 1947, as the civil war between the Arab and Jewish communities got underway, leaders of both sides in the area pledged to keep the peace between the local communities. In the following months, Kfar Saba was attacked by local Arab militia from the nearby Arab village of Kafr Saba. The Arab Liberation Army (ALA), an outfit consisting of volunteers from several neighboring Arab countries, sent troops to aid in these attacks. The village

6566-476: The morning rush hour, killing a security guard and wounding 10 bystanders. On 25th March 2019, a rocket hit a private home injuring 7. On May 26, rockets were fired from Rafah towards Central Israel around 2 pm, one landed in Kfar Saba creating a large crater, no serious injuries were reported. The 1922 census of Palestine listed the population of Kfar Saba as 14 Jews. By the 1931 census it had grown to 1,405 inhabitants, all Jews, in 395 houses. In

6664-420: The most significant minority in Tehran, numbering 1,578 people. By 1884 this figure had risen to 5,571. In 1892, an Ottoman archival record indicates that a group of 200 Iranian Jews who tried to migrate to the Land of Israel were returned to Iran. In 1894, a representative of the Alliance Israélite Universelle , a Jewish humanitarian and educational organization, wrote from Tehran : "...every time that

6762-418: The narrowest point of Israeli territory, with just 14 km from the sea to the West Bank village of Qalqilya . It expanded over the depopulated Arab village of Kafr Saba , the site of which is today located in the Shikun Kaplan area of the city. As it became obvious that agriculture alone could not support the economy, an industrial zone was established. In 1953, the population was about 15,000. Meir Hospital

6860-466: The non-Jewish population. The overwhelming majority of Jews speak Persian as their mother language, and a tiny minority, Kurdish ." According to the biblical account Cyrus the Great was "God's anointed", having freed the Jews from Babylonian rule. After the conquest of Babylonia by the Persian Achaemenid Empire , Cyrus granted all the Jews citizenship. Though he allowed the Jews to return to Israel (around 537 BC), many chose to remain in Persia. Thus,

6958-399: The other in Tabriz. A document recorded after the incident states that the Jews faced two options, conversion to Islam or death. Amidst the chaos, Jews had converted, but most refused to convert to Islam – described within the document was a boy of age 16 named Yahyia who refused to convert to Islam and was subsequently killed. The same year saw a forcible conversion of the Jews of Shiraz over

7056-462: The pen write down". Ghazan Khan 's conversion to Islam in 1295 heralded for Persian Jews in Tabriz a pronounced turn for the worse, as they were once again relegated to the status of dhimmis (Covenant of Omar). Öljeitü , Ghazan Khan's successor, destroyed many synagogues and decreed that Jews had to wear a distinctive mark on their heads; Christians endured similar persecutions. Under pressure, many Jews converted to Islam. The most famous such convert

7154-577: The population. According to Encyclopædia Britannica : "The Jews trace their heritage in Iran to the Babylonian Exile of the 6th century BC[E] and, like the Armenians , have retained their ethnic, linguistic, and religious identity." But the Library of Congress 's country study on Iran states that "Over the centuries the Jews of Iran became physically, culturally, and linguistically indistinguishable from

7252-485: The reign of Reza Shah "the political and social conditions of the Jews changed fundamentally." Reza Shah prohibited mass conversion of Jews and eliminated the concept of uncleanness of non-Muslims. He allowed incorporation of modern Hebrew into the curriculum of Jewish schools and publication of Jewish newspapers. Jews were also allowed to hold government jobs. By 1932, Tehran's Jewish population had risen to 6,568. During World War II , Iran declared itself neutral, but

7350-639: The religiously tolerant Parthians , the Sassanids intensified the Persian side of life, favored the Pahlavi language, and restored the old dualistic religion of Zoroastrianism which became the official state religion . This resulted in the suppression of other religions. A priestly Zoroastrian inscription from the time of King Bahram II (276–293 AD) contains a list of religions (including Judaism, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism etc.) that Sassanid rule claimed to have "smashed". "The false doctrines of Ahriman and of

7448-605: The remaining 50% stake of sbe's hotel platform to Accor Hotels but retained SBE's food and beverage business. From 2008 to 2011, Nazarian served on the board of trustees of the Southern California Institute of Architecture . In July 2009, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa appointed Nazarian to the Board of Airport Commissioners of Los Angeles World Airports . In 2014, Nazarian was named to Fortune ' s 40 Under 40 list. Nazarian served as executive producer for

7546-632: The revolt of the Babylonian Jews helped prevent Rome from becoming master there. Philo speaks of the numerous Jews resident in that country, a population that was likely increased by immigrants after the destruction of Jerusalem. In Jerusalem from early times, Jews had looked to the east for help. With the fall of Jerusalem, Babylonia became a kind of bulwark of Judaism. The collapse of the Bar Kochba revolt likely also added to Jewish refugees in Babylon. In

7644-767: The self-employed was 8,980. 1,015 people received unemployment benefits and 1,682 people received an income guarantee. In May 2004 the exploration company Givot Olam Oil  [ he ] said that the Meged-4 oil well , located northeast of Kfar Saba, has exceeded original predictions and contains an extremely valuable deposit of oil. Currently, in Kfar Saba there are 18 elementary schools (5 of them are religious elementary schools), 8 middle schools (2 of them are religious middle schools) and 11 high schools (4 of them are religious high schools). The high schools in Kfar Saba are divided to 3 groups: urban high schools (5), ORT high schools (2) and religious high schools (4). The city

7742-452: The site of Kfar Saba. A well was dug in 1906. Most of the manual laborers on the land were peasants from Qalqilya . In 1910, an Arab guard employed by Jewish landowners shot at a group of Arab almond thieves from Qalqilya, killing one. An Arab mob then descended on Kfar Saba, beating residents, breaking and looting equipment, and taking two Jewish guards prisoner. The situation was defused when reinforcements from Petah Tikva arrived, and

7840-664: The struggles between the Parthians and the Romans, the Jews had reason to side with the Parthians, their protectors. Parthian kings elevated the princes of the Exile to a kind of nobility, called Resh Galuta . Until then they had used the Jews as collectors of revenue. The Parthians may have given them recognition for services, especially by the Davidic house. Establishment of the Resh Galuta provided

7938-676: The time of Cyrus the Great , who led Achaemenid army's conquest of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and subsequently freed the Judahites from the Babylonian captivity . After 1979, Jewish emigration from Iran increased dramatically in light of the country's Islamic Revolution . Today, the vast majority of Iranian Jews reside in Israel and the United States . The Israeli community of Iranian Jews

8036-420: The time of the 1979 Islamic Revolution , 80,000–100,000 Jews were living in Iran. From then on, Jewish emigration from Iran dramatically increased, as about 20,000 Jews left within several months of the revolution alone. The majority of Iran's Jewish population, some 60,000 Jews, emigrated in the aftermath of the revolution, of whom 35,000 went to the United States, 20,000 to Israel, and 5,000 to Europe (mainly to

8134-520: The tolerance of the Arsacid dynasty was as legendary as that of the first Persian dynasty, the Achaemenids . One account suggests the conversion of a small number of Parthian vassal kings of Adiabene to Judaism . These instances and others show not only the tolerance of Parthian kings, but are also a testament to the extent at which the Parthians saw themselves as the heir to the preceding empire of Cyrus

8232-431: The total figure of Iranian Jews who immigrated to Israel between 1948 and 1978 at 70,000. After the deposition of Mossadegh in 1953, the reign of shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the most prosperous era for the Jews of Iran. By the 1970s, only 1% of Iranian Jews were classified as lower class; 80% were middle class and 10% wealthy. Although Jews accounted for only a fraction of a percent of Iran's population, in 1979 two of

8330-549: The town. During the 1921 Jaffa riots , Kfar Saba, then a small and isolated town, was evacuated on orders of the Haganah . It was attacked during the riots. In May 1921 the original residents returned and found their homes had been looted and burned. They began to rebuild the town for a third time, and it slowly recovered. In 1924 additional settlers joined Kfar Saba. In this period the moshava began to redevelop as cultivation of citrus fruit began, replacing almonds. The first elections for

8428-607: Was Rashid-al-Din Hamadani , a physician of Hamadani origin who was also a historian and statesman; and who adopted Islam in order to advance his career in Öljeitü's court in Tabriz. However, in 1318 he was executed on charges of poisoning Öljeitü and his severed head was carried around the streets of Tabriz , chanting, "This is the head of the Jew who abused the name of God; may God's curse be upon him!" About 100 years later, Miranshah destroyed Rashid al-Din's tomb, and his remains were reburied at

8526-609: Was invaded by Anglo-Soviet forces in 1941 . During the Allied occupation, many Polish and Jewish refugees that escaped Nazi-occupied Poland settled within Iran (see Iran–Poland relations ). At the time of the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, there were approximately 140,000–150,000 Jews living in Iran , the historical center of Iranian Jewry. Over 95% have since migrated abroad. The violence and disruption in Arab life associated with

8624-527: Was 2.0% for that year. The city is ranked high on the socio-economic scale (8 out of 10). Kfar Saba has a listed population surpassing 110,000 as of 2019 . According to CBS, there were 31,528 salaried workers and 2,648 self-employed in Kfar Saba in 2000. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried worker was ILS 7,120, a real change of 10.1% over the course of 2000. Salaried males had a mean monthly wage of ILS 9,343 (a real change of 9.9%) versus ILS 5,033 for females (a real change of 9.7%). The mean income for

8722-488: Was a mere shepherd when he stood up to the might of pharaoh and destroyed him. Moses, the Speaker-to-Allah, represented pharaoh's slaves, the downtrodden, the mostazafeen of his time. At the end of the discussion Khomeini declared, "We recognize our Jews as separate from those godless, bloodsucking Zionists" and issued a fatwa decreeing that the Jews were to be protected. Kfar Saba The village of Kafr Saba

8820-783: Was begun in Rabīʿ II 1153/May 1740, and completed in Jomādā I 1154/June 1741. At the same time, eight Muslim mullahs and three European and five Armenian priests translated the Koran and the Gospels. The commission was supervised by Mīrzā Moḥammad Mahdī Khan Monšī, the court historiographer and author of the Tārīḵ-ejahāngošā-ye nāderī. Finished translations were presented to Nāder Shah in Qazvīn in June, 1741, who, however,

8918-478: Was considered to be ancient Capharsaba, an important settlement during the Second Temple period in ancient Judea. It is mentioned for the first time in the writings of Josephus , in his account of the attempt of Alexander Jannaeus to halt an invasion from the north led by Antiochus , appears in the Talmud in connection to corn tithing and the Capharsaba sycamore fig tree. The Jewish moshava of Kfar Saba

9016-431: Was depopulated of its Arab residents by Jewish forces on May 13, 1948, one day before the new State of Israel was declared . In May 1948, when Israeli independence was declared, Kfar Saba had a population of approximately 5,500. Following the war, it rapidly expanded as many Jewish immigrants from Arab and Muslim countries settled there, and new housing projects were built to accommodate them. The town found itself at

9114-412: Was discovered in the early 1920s. The first well was excavated at this time, followed by many others over the next two decades. The Kfar Saba Water Plant was founded to centralize the water supply system. The city's first well is located in the courtyard of Kfar Saba City Hall. The site of the dairy farm of Baruch Amrami, who transferred the administration of the Kfar Saba settlement from Petah Tikva to

9212-507: Was established in 1898, following the purchase of land from the Arab village of the same name. Acquiring 7,500 dunams (equivalent to 1,668 acres in Ottoman Palestine , where a dunam equals 900 square meters), the endeavor faced initial challenges: the land was desolate, neglected, and distant from other Jewish settlements. Furthermore, the Ottoman pasha of Nablus , to whose governorate

9310-509: Was finished in 1913. When World War I broke out in 1914, the Ottoman authorities harassed the residents, confiscating work animals and crops. The 1915 Palestine locust infestation destroyed vegetation in the area. Before Kfar Saba had fully recovered, about a thousand Jewish refugees of the Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation who were seeking shelter arrived. The town's few houses could not accommodate

9408-436: Was not impressed. There had been previous translations of the Jewish holy books into Persian, but Bābāʾī's translation is notable for the accuracy of the Persian equivalents of Hebrew words, which has made it the subject of study by linguists. Bābāʾī's introduction to the translation of the Psalms of David is unique, and sheds a certain amount of light on the teaching methods of Iranian Jewish schools in eighteenth-century Iran. He

9506-625: Was opened in 1956. The rapid growth of the town meant that its status as a moshava was outdated, and it was granted city status in 1962, with head of the local council, Mordechai Surkis , becoming its first mayor. The city had a population of 19,000 at the time. After receiving its city status, a court, a police branch, and offices of the National Insurance Institute and the Israel Tax Authority were established in Kfar Saba. Agriculture also continued to decline in importance in

9604-503: Was until 1948 only holy to Muslims, and Jews ascribed no holiness to it. Today the dedicated inscriptions from the Mamluk period remain engraved on the stone walls of the tomb but the cloths embroidered with verses from the Qur´an , with which the gravestones were draped, have been replaced by draperies bearing verses from the Hebrew Bible . The modern development of Kfar Saba started when water

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