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33-534: The ITT 465L Strategic Air Command Control System (SACCS) with its IBM AN/FSQ-31 SAC Data Processing Systems attained operational capability on January 1, 1968. On October 6, 1975, it began to be replaced, when the SACCS original IBM 4020 Military Computers were replaced by Honeywell 6080 computers (remaining FSQ-31 components were entirely decommissioned in November.) The Strategic Air Command Digital Information Network

66-644: A HUTE rack or MBCP rack). On February 20, 1987, "SAC declared initial operational capability for the SAC Digital Network when [it] operated successfully between the Headquarters SAC Command Center and the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing Command Post, both located at Offutt AFB, Nebraska, and the 351st Strategic Missile Wing Command Post at Whiteman AFB , Missouri." SACDIN eventually "linked 135 locations and permitted two-way message communications with ICBM launch control centers for

99-594: A Simulation Facility (SIMFAC) in Paramus, New Jersey to model the SAC Command Post using "Command/Control personnel stations, capabilities to produce simulated SACCS hardware printouts…wall displays [and] a soundproof observation deck [booth] in which SIMFAC personnel perform actions necessary to simulate all external occurrences starting from an Intelligence buildup to changes in threat responses" --the 50 ft × 35 ft (15 m × 11 m) "isolation booth"

132-585: A computer in 1957. A SAC Liaison Team was located at the NORAD command post beginning 1 February 1958, and the 2 commands agreed direct land lines should connect SAC bases and Air Defense Direction Centers . After CONAD designated 3 "SAC Base Complexes" (geographical areas) by 1956-- Northwestern United States , Montana-through-North Dakota area, and the largest: a nearly-triangular "South Central Area" from Minnesota to New Mexico to Northern Florida —NORAD's Alert Network Number 1 became operational on July 1, 1958, with

165-573: Is considered the first company of its kind. SDC began as the systems engineering group for the SAGE air-defense system at the RAND Corporation . In April 1955, the government contracted with RAND to help write software for the SAGE project. Within a few months, RAND's System Development Division had 500 employees developing SAGE applications. Within a year, the division had up to 1,000 employees. RAND spun off

198-541: The 1957 SAC nuclear bunker as 1 of the network's 29 transmit/receive stations. On February 11, 1958, Headquarters USAF published General Operational Requirement or GOR 168 for SACCS (the Westover AFB command post was to get a computer system) and on April 1, HQ USAF changed the SACCS designator from Program 133L to 465L. SAC's QOR for the National Survivable Communications System (NSCS)

231-635: The Loral Corporation , although a small portion of it, containing some projects that had originated in SDC, remained with Unisys. In 1996, Loral sold Paramax to Lockheed Martin . In 1997, the Paramax business unit was separated from Lockheed Martin under the control of Frank Lanza (who had been Loral's president and CEO); and became a subsidiary of L-3 Communications . In 2019, L-3 Communications merged with Harris Corporation to form L3Harris Technologies . In

264-1044: The Minimum Essential Emergency Communications Network was being modernized in the Nuclear Command and Control System . By February 2012, USSTRATCOM was using the Integrated Strategic Planning and Analysis Network (ISPAN), and the USSTRATCOM Replacement Facility Fit-Out (PE 0303255F) was to "include secure HEMP-Shielded Command and Control Center, mainframe computer data centers, multiple 24/7 mission operations centers, storage and maintenance areas, labs/workrooms, back-up generators, Uninterruptible Power Source, Technical Control Facility, Fiber Ring, [with funding] beginning in FY13." A Government Accountability Office report on aging and outdated "legacy systems" used by

297-403: The SAC Digital Network when [it] operated successfully between the Headquarters SAC Command Center and the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing Command Post, both located at Offutt AFB, Nebraska, and the 351st Strategic Missile Wing Command Post at Whiteman AFB , Missouri." SACDIN eventually "linked 135 locations and permitted two-way message communications with ICBM launch control centers for

330-693: The " SAC Auto Cmd/Ctl Sys " for several years, the SAC C system continued using that name as part (except for the SACCS Data Processing System) of " USSTRATCOM Command and Control" ( PE 0101316F). By 1995, the " emergency war order (EWO) communication systems consist[ed] of the primary alert system (PAS), SAC digital network (SACDIN), Survivable Low Frequency Communications System (SLFCS), Air Force Satellite Communications System ( AFSATCOM ), ICBM Super High Frequency Satellite Terminal (ISST) and UHF voice radio communication systems" The USSTRATCOM SACCS

363-408: The "Super SAGE type computers", another of the 6 direct subcontractors was AT&T ("end-to-end control" of the communications circuits), Strategic Air Command began using the telephonic Army Command and Administrative Net (ACAN) in 1946 until switching to the 1949 USAF AIRCOMNET "command teletype network" (the independent Strategic Operational Control System or SOCS with telephones and teletype

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396-576: The 1960s, SDC developed the timesharing system for the AN/FSQ-32 (Q32) mainframe computer for Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). The Q-32 was one of the first systems to support both multiple users and inter-computer communications. Experiments with a dedicated modem connection to the TX-2 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology led to computer communication applications such as email . In

429-686: The IBM AN/FSQ-7 [Q-7] computer, and the SAGE System Training Program [SSTP], written for the IBM 701 series of computers. The Q-7 was notable in that it was based on vacuum tubes. Intended as a duplex, with two computers for operational sites, there was a single Q-7 installed at the SDC complex in Santa Monica (2400 and 2500 Colorado; now occupied by the Water Garden). It was said that at the time

462-622: The Offutt bunker and on 7 December I960, the 465L Program was cut to ""a most austere approach" (an austere air defense sector was also established for NORAD, which soon planned a smaller BUIC control system.) "In July 1961, the Department of Defense redirected SACCS 465L to a pre-strike system and established a separate [airborne] post-attack command control system with air and ground elements. by 1962, "SAC installations, inclusive of those overseas and of tenant bases, peaked at 85". "Project 465L,

495-713: The Q-7 building, a separate structure, required half of the air conditioning then used in the entire city of Santa Monica - perhaps in jest, but close to the truth. In late 1961 SDC became the Computer Program Integration Contractor [CPIC] for the Air Force Satellite Control Network, and maintained that role for many years. As a part of that role, SDC wrote software for and delivered it to the AFSCN's then string of satellite tracking stations both in

528-635: The SAC Control System (SACCS) [with] over a million lines, reached four times the size of the SAGE code and consumed 1,400 man-years of programming; SDC invented a major computer language, JOVIAL , specifically for this project." SACCS "was delivered to Strategic Air Command by the contractor in March 1965" and was designed to survive nuclear attack and to provide rapid transmission, processing, and display of information to support command and control of SAC's geographically separated forces. On January 1, 1968,

561-571: The SAC terminals for use with LES-6" for satellite communications . A SACCS remote communications van completed on 12 July 1968 was shipped to Andersen AFB , Guam , e.g., for supporting the SACADVON (30 SAC B-52s had deployed on 17 February 1965 to Guam for the Vietnam War .) On October 6, 1975, SACCS officially integrated with the Worldwide Military Command and Control System when

594-575: The SACCS Data Processing System) . The USSTRATCOM SACCS was later redesignated Strategic Automated Command and Control System with the same acronym. By 1995, the Emergency War Order communication systems "..consist[ed] of the primary alert system (PAS), SAC digital network (SACDIN), Survivable Low Frequency Communications System (SLFCS), Air Force Satellite Communications System (AFSATCOM), [ICBM] Super High Frequency Satellite Terminal (ISST) and [UHF] voice radio communication systems." By 2011,

627-462: The SACCS attained operational capability (maintenance at Offutt and March were by the respective 55th Strategic and 33rd Communications Squadrons .) During construction of NORAD's nuclear bunker , SAC's 1963 plan for construction of a Deep Underground Command Center in Colorado beginning in 1965 was cancelled. In 1968, "after SAC completed its tests during March, AFSC arranged for modification of

660-571: The US and abroad. In 1981, SDC was sold by its board of directors to the Burroughs Corporation . In 1986, Burroughs merged with the Sperry Corporation to form Unisys , and SDC was folded into Unisys Defense Systems. In 1991, Unisys Defense Systems was renamed Paramax, a wholly owned subsidiary of Unisys, so that it could be spun off to reduce Unisys debt. In 1995, Unisys sold Paramax to

693-538: The federal government published in 2016 noted that the SACCS was one of the oldest federal IT investments, running on 1970s-era IBM Series/1 software and 8-inch floppy disks . The report noted that the Department of Defense "plans to update its data storage solutions, port expansion processors, portable terminals, and desktop terminals by the end of fiscal year 2017." ITT 465L Strategic Air Command Control System System Development Corporation (SDC) also built

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726-551: The first time," and the Ground Wave Emergency Network communication system had a Final Environmental Impact Statement issued in September 1987. On May 6, 1988, "software became operational on three Post Attack Command and Control aircraft making the common Airborne Launch Control Center fully capable of launching Peacekeeper and Minuteman missiles ." In 1990 when the 465L System had been entirely replaced by

759-503: The first time," and the Ground Wave Emergency Network communication system had a Final Environmental Impact Statement issued in September 1987. Strategic Air Command was disestablished in the early 1990s. Despite the command's inactivation, the SAC Automated Command and Control System continued using that name for several years. The former SAC C system formed part of " USSTRATCOM Command and Control" ( PE 0101316F)(except for

792-515: The group in 1957 as a non-profit organization that provided expertise for the United States military in the design, integration, and testing of large, complex, computer-controlled systems. SDC became a for-profit corporation in 1969, and began to offer its services to all organizations rather than only to the American military. The first two systems that SDC produced were the SAGE system, written for

825-668: The initial SATIN IV contract over Sylvania .) Instead of SATIN IV, a restructured plan deployed the Strategic Air Command Digital Information Network to replace SACCS "Data Transmission Subsystem and part of the Data Display Subsystem", e.g., on November 5, 1986, " Martin Marietta Corporation technicians began installing SAC Digital Network (SACDIN) equipment in 91st Strategic Missile Wing missile launch control centers (i.e., either

858-602: The original IBM 4020 Military Computers were replaced by Honeywell 6080 computers (remaining FSQ-31 components were entirely decommissioned in November.) Offutt became part of the WWMCCS Intercomputer Network as one of "six initial WIN sites in 1977" (20 sites by 1981). A 1977 plan was for SACCS to be replaced by the ITT SAC Automated Total Information Network (SATIN IV), "a totally new command and control system " (ITT had won

891-570: Was "fully installed by 1 May 1950".) SACE deployed a worldwide communications network in 1958 with a day-to-day telephone system, a teletype system, an SSB HF system, and the Primary Alert System --"a direct line telephone system between the SAC underground command post and all its subordinate command and control centers (numbered air force and wing command posts)." In 1956, CINCSAC determined SAC's leased teleprinter (teletype) circuits and radio links were too slow, and SAC began using

924-408: Was completed in 1962 by International Electric Corporation. The ITT 465L Strategic Air Command Control System ( SACCS , SAC C ontrol S ystem, 465L Project, 465L Program) was a Cold War "Big L" network of computer and communication systems for command and control of Strategic Air Command "combat aircraft, refueling tankers, [and] ballistic missiles". International Telephone and Telegraph

957-408: Was deployed to replace SACCS' "Data Transmission Subsystem and part of the Data Display Subsystem", e.g., on November 5, 1986, " Martin Marietta Corporation technicians began installing SAC Digital Network (SACDIN) equipment in 91st Strategic Missile Wing missile launch control centers (i.e., either a HUTE rack or MBCP rack). On February 20, 1987, "SAC declared initial operational capability for

990-565: Was issued September 13, 1958, and in October 1959 the systems cost had increased from $ 139.7 million to $ 339.8 million in 12 months: the Office of the Secretary of Defense —with "doubts regarding the validity of the entire 465L concept"—cut the program by December 1. In September 1960 the "installation of a SAC display warning system" included 3 consoles (e.g., BMEWS Display Information Processor (DIP) in

1023-405: Was redesignated Strategic Automated Command and Control System with the same acronym on tbd\ and by 2011, the Minimum Essential Emergency Communications Network was being modernized in the Nuclear Command and Control System . By February 2012, USSTRATCOM was using the Integrated Strategic Planning and Analysis Network (ISPAN), and the USSTRATCOM Replacement Facility Fit-Out (PE 0303255F)

Strategic Automated Command and Control System - Misplaced Pages Continue

1056-750: Was the prime contractor for Project 465 , and SACCS had "Cross Tell Links" between command posts at Offutt AFB , March AFB , & Barksdale AFB (SACCS also communicated with the Cheyenne Mountain Complex and Air Force command posts . The 465L System included IBM AN/FSQ-31 SAC Data Processing Systems , Remote (RCC) and Simplex Remote Communication Systems (SRCC), SAC Network Control Office , "4-wire, Schedule 4, Type 4B alternate voice-data operation", and one-way communication with " ICBM launch control centers " (the SAC Digital Network upgraded to two-way communications.) In addition to IBM for

1089-538: Was to "include secure HEMP-Shielded Command and Control Center, mainframe computer data centers, multiple 24/7 mission operations centers, storage and maintenance areas, labs/workrooms, back-up generators, Uninterruptible Power Source, Technical Control Facility, Fiber Ring, [with funding] beginning in FY13." System Development Corporation System Development Corporation (SDC) was a computer software company based in Santa Monica, California . Founded in 1955, it

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