The Daihatsu Zebra is a series of cab over vans and pickup trucks produced and sold by Japanese automaker Daihatsu 's Indonesian subsidiary from 1986 to 2007.
50-560: S90 may refer to: Automobiles [ edit ] Daihatsu Zebra (S90) , a pickup truck and van Honda Sport 90 , a motorcycle Toyota Crown (S90) , a sedan Volvo S90 , an executive car Naval vessels [ edit ] HMS Torbay (S90) , a submarine of the Royal Navy S90 -class torpedo boat , of the Imperial German Navy SMS ; S90 ,
100-420: A cold start . In order to ensure an adequate supply at all times, carburetors include a reservoir of fuel, called a "float chamber" or "float bowl". Fuel is delivered to the float chamber by a fuel pump . A floating inlet valve regulates the fuel entering the float chamber, assuring a constant level. Unlike in a fuel injected engine, the fuel system in a carbureted engine is not pressurized. For engines where
150-467: A venturi (aka "barrel"). Fuel is introduced into the air stream through small tubes (the main jets ) at the narrowest part of the venturi, where the air is at its highest speed. Downstream of the venturi is a throttle (usually in the form of a butterfly valve ) which is used to control the amount of air entering the carburetor. In a car, this throttle is connected to the vehicle's throttle pedal, which varies engine speed. At lesser throttle openings,
200-543: A completely rounded, aerodynamic styling. When it was first introduced, it was powered by the same engine as the seventh generation Hijet-based Zebra, the 1.3-liter 16-valve HC-C engine with carburetor . In December 1996, the Espass Supervan was launched with the 1.6-liter 16-valve HD-C engine (later used on the Terios-based Taruna ), standard air conditioners, audio system with tape and racing wheels. In 2000,
250-429: A flexible diaphragm on one side of the fuel chamber, connected to a needle valve which regulates the fuel entering the chamber. As the flowrate of the air in the chamber (controlled by the throttling valve/butterfly valve) decreases, the diaphragm moves inward (downward), which closes the needle valve to admit less fuel. As the flowrate of the air in the chamber increases, the diaphragm moves outward (upward) which opens
300-440: A low-pressure area in the idle passage/port thus causing fuel to flow through the idle jet. The idle jet is set at some constant value by the carburetor manufacturer, thus flowing a specified amount of fuel. Many carburetors use an off-idle circuit, which includes an additional fuel jet which is briefly used as the throttle starts to open. This jet is located in a low-pressure area behind the throttle. The additional fuel it provides
350-464: A patent for a "gas or vapor engine", which ran on turpentine mixed with air. The design did not reach production. In 1875 German engineer Siegfried Marcus produced a car powered by the first petrol engine (which also debuted the first magneto ignition system). Karl Benz introduced his single-cylinder four-stroke powered Benz Patent-Motorwagen in 1885. All three of these engines used surface carburetors, which operated by moving air across
400-406: A single carburetor shared between all of the cylinders, though some high-performance engines historically had multiple carburetors. The carburetor works on Bernoulli's principle : the static pressure of the intake air reduces at higher speeds, drawing more fuel into the airstream. In most cases (except for the accelerator pump ), the driver pressing the throttle pedal does not directly increase
450-434: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Daihatsu Zebra (S90) The first-generation Daihatsu Zebra was launched on 1 August 1986 as an enlarged seventh-generation Daihatsu Hijet . It was equipped with a 53 PS (39 kW) 1.0-liter 3-cylinder CB engine from previous generation. In October 1989, this received a 1.3-liter 16-valve HC-C engine rather than
500-415: Is held shut by engine vacuum, is often used to do so. As the airflow through the carburetor increases the reduced manifold vacuum pulls the power valve open, allowing more fuel into the main metering circuit. In a two-stroke engine , the carburetor power valve operates in the opposite manner: in most circumstances the valve allows extra fuel into the engine, then at a certain engine RPM it closes to reduce
550-400: Is limited mainly by the fuel's viscosity so that the fuel flow tends to be proportional to the pressure difference. So jets sized for full power tend to starve the engine at lower speed and part throttle. Most commonly this has been corrected by using multiple jets. In SU and other (e.g. Zenith-Stromberg ) variable jet carburetors, it was corrected by varying the jet size. The orientation of
SECTION 10
#1732852565767600-405: Is often used to prevent icing. This system consists of a secondary air intake which passes around the exhaust, in order to heat the air before it enters the carburetor. Typically, the system is operated by the pilot manually switching the intake air to travel via the heated intake path as required. The carburetor heat system reduces the power output (due to the lower density of heated air) and causes
650-641: Is spelled "carburetor" in American English and "carburettor" in British English . Colloquial abbreviations include carb in the UK and North America or Carby in Australia. Air from the atmosphere enters the carburetor (usually via an air cleaner ), has fuel added within the carburetor, passes into the inlet manifold , then through the inlet valve(s) , and finally into the combustion chamber . Most engines use
700-399: Is used to compensate for the reduced vacuum that occurs when the throttle is opened, thus smoothing the transition from the idle circuit to the main metering circuit. In a four-stroke engine it is often desirable to provide extra fuel to the engine at high loads (to increase the power output and reduce engine knocking ). A 'power valve', which is a spring-loaded valve in the carburetor that
750-524: The Carter Carburetor WCFB and the identical Rochester 4GC, introduced in various General Motors models for 1952. Oldsmobile referred the new carburetor as the "Quadri-Jet" (original spelling) while Buick called it the "Airpower". In the United States, carburetors were the common method of fuel delivery for most US-made gasoline (petrol) engines until the late 1980s, when fuel injection became
800-414: The 1970s. EEC legislation required all vehicles sold and produced in member countries to have a catalytic converter after December 1992. This legislation had been in the pipeline for some time, with many cars becoming available with catalytic converters or fuel injection from around 1990. A significant concern for aircraft engines is the formation of ice inside the carburetor. The temperature of air within
850-572: The Taruna) due to changes in excise tax structure. Since then, the ZT van was discontinued. In 2003, the van received the same red and white taillights with ornaments and rear license plate holder as used on the Perodua Rusa, and added two new van variants: ZL9 and ZL Xtra. The ZL9 van variant featured swing-out rear door and face-to-face rear seats instead of lift-up tailgate and front-facing rear seat while retained
900-671: The ZSX van with the 1.5-liter engine with EFI was made available again as an option. The pickup trucks with the same 1.5-liter engine with EFI as the ZSX van were made available as an option as well. Production of the Zebra ended in October 2007 when it was replaced by the Gran Max . Carburetor A carburetor (also spelled carburettor or carburetter ) is a device used by a gasoline internal combustion engine to control and mix air and fuel entering
950-602: The Zebra Espass badge for the van version and the D130 Jumbo badge for the pickup truck version were replaced by the new Zebra badge and the van version was offered in five trim levels: Blind Van, ZT (with swing-out center side doors, swing-out rear door and face-to-face rear seats instead of sliding doors, lift-up tailgate and front-facing rear seat), ZL, ZX and ZSX. It is referred to as the Neo Zebra . The Blind Van, ZT and ZL retained
1000-413: The air speed through the venturi is insufficient to maintain the fuel flow, therefore the fuel is instead supplied by the carburetor's idle and off-idle circuits . At greater throttle openings, the speed of air passing through the venturi increases, which lowers the pressure of the air and draws more fuel into the airstream. At the same time, the reduced manifold vacuum results in less fuel flow through
1050-450: The barrels consist of "primary" barrel(s) used for lower load situations and secondary barrel(s) activating when required to provide additional air/fuel at higher loads. The primary and secondary venturi are often sized differently and incorporate different features to suit the situations in which they are used. Many four-barrel carburetors use two primary and two secondary barrels. A four-barrel design of two primary and two secondary barrels
SECTION 20
#17328525657671100-711: The body now has a 3-door SUV style similar to the Feroza and made from fiberglass . The second-generation Daihatsu Zebra van, known as the Zebra Espass was based on the eighth-generation Hijet and introduced in April 1995. The pickup truck version retained the D130 Jumbo badge, available from January 1996. It was also produced and sold in Malaysia as the Perodua Rusa from 1996. It has
1150-420: The carburetor can be reduced by up to 40 °C (72 °F), due to a combination of the reduced air pressure in the venturi and the latent heat of the evaporating fuel. The conditions during the descent to landing are particularly conducive to icing, since the engine is run at idle for a prolonged period with the throttle closed. Icing can also occur in cruise conditions at altitude. A carburetor heat system
1200-537: The carburetor is a key design consideration. Older engines used updraft carburetors, where the air enters from below the carburetor and exits through the top. From the late 1930s, downdraft carburetors become more commonly used (especially in the United States), along with side draft carburetors (especially in Europe). The main metering circuit consists of a pipe which reduces to a narrows before widening again, forming
1250-466: The choke based on the temperature of the engine's coolant liquid, an electrical resistance heater to do so, or air drawn through a tube connected to an engine exhaust source. A choke left closed after the engine has warmed up increases the engine's fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions, and causes the engine to run rough and lack power due to an over-rich fuel mixture. However, excessive fuel can flood an engine and prevent it from starting. To remove
1300-408: The compression-based combustion of diesel requires the greater precision and pressure of fuel-injection. The name "carburetor" is derived from the verb carburet , which means "to combine with carbon", or, in particular, "to enrich a gas by combining it with carbon or hydrocarbons ". Thus a carburetor mixes intake air with hydrocarbon-based fuel, such as petrol or AutoGas (LPG). The name
1350-517: The earlier one-liter unit, and sales doubled year-on-year. The 1298 cc unit produces 72 PS (53 kW) and was coupled to a four-speed manual transmission. The pickup truck version started using the "D130 Jumbo" badge, available until January 1996. There was a unique front-mid engine SUV-style based from Daihatsu Zebra 1.3 sold only in Indonesia between 1990–1994, known as "Shelby Patriot". This car shared almost everything from Zebra, except
1400-485: The engine in steady-state conditions, the inertia of fuel (being higher than that of air) causes a temporary shortfall as the throttle is opened. Therefore, an accelerator pump is often used to briefly provide extra fuel as the throttle is opened. When the driver presses the throttle pedal, a small piston or diaphragm pump injects extra fuel directly into the carburetor throat. The accelerator pump can also be used to "prime" an engine with extra fuel prior to attempting
1450-647: The engine. The primary method of adding fuel to the intake air is through the Venturi tube in the main metering circuit, though various other components are also used to provide extra fuel or air in specific circumstances. Since the 1990s, carburetors have been largely replaced by fuel injection for cars and trucks, but carburetors are still used by some small engines (e.g. lawnmowers, generators, and concrete mixers) and motorcycles. In addition, they are still widely used on piston engine driven aircraft. Diesel engines have always used fuel injection instead of carburetors, as
1500-418: The excess fuel, many carburetors with automatic chokes allow it to be held open (by manually, depressing the accelerator pedal to the floor and briefly holding it there while cranking the starter) to allow extra air into the engine until the excess fuel is cleared out. Another method used by carburetors to improve the operation of a cold engine is a fast idle cam , which is connected to the choke and prevents
1550-433: The float chamber is located close to the engine, heat from the engine (including for several hours after the engine is shut off) can cause the fuel to heat up to the point of vaporization. This causes air bubbles in the fuel (similar to the air bubbles that necessitate brake bleeding ), which prevents the flow of fuel and is known as 'vapor lock'. To avoid pressurizing the float chamber, vent tubes allow air to enter and exit
S90 - Misplaced Pages Continue
1600-407: The float chamber. These tubes usually extend into the carburetor throat, placed to prevent fuel from sloshing out of them into the carburetor. If an engine must be operated when the carburetor is not in an upright orientation (for example in a chainsaw or airplane), a float chamber and gravity activated float valve would not be suitable. Instead, a diaphragm chamber is typically used. This consists of
1650-414: The flow of air at the entrance to the carburetor. This increases the vacuum in the main metering circuit, causing more fuel to be supplied to the engine via the main jets. Prior to the late 1950s the choke was manually operated by the driver, often using a lever or knob on the dashboard . Since then, automatic chokes became more commonplace. These either use a bimetallic thermostat to automatically regulate
1700-426: The fuel entering the engine. Instead, the airflow through the carburetor increases, which in turn increases the amount of fuel drawn into the intake mixture. The main disadvantage of basing a carburetor's operation on Bernoulli's Principle is that being a fluid dynamic device, the pressure reduction in a venturi tends to be proportional to the square of the intake airspeed. The fuel jets are much smaller and fuel flow
1750-465: The fuel entering the engine. This is done in order to extend the engine's maximum RPM, since many two-stroke engines can temporarily achieve higher RPM with a leaner air-fuel ratio. This is not to be confused with the unrelated exhaust power valve arrangements used on two-stroke engines. A metering rod or step-up rod system is sometimes used as an alternative to a power valve in a four-stroke engine in order to supply extra fuel at high loads. One end of
1800-424: The idle and off-idle circuits. During cold weather fuel vaporizes less readily and tends to condense on the walls of the intake manifold, starving the cylinders of fuel and making cold starts difficult. Additional fuel is required (for a given amount of air) to start and run the engine until it warms up, provided by a choke valve . While the engine is warming up the choke valve is partially closed, restricting
1850-409: The intake air filter to be bypassed, therefore the system is only used when there is a risk of icing. If the engine is operating at idle RPM, another method to prevent icing is to periodically open the throttle, which increases the air temperature within the carburetor. Carburetor icing also occurs on other applications and various methods have been employed to solve this problem. On inline engines
1900-411: The intake air travelling through the carburetor is pressurized (such as where the carburetor is downstream of a supercharger ) the entire carburetor must be contained in an airtight pressurized box to operate. However, this is not necessary where the carburetor is upstream of the supercharger. Problems of fuel boiling and vapor lock can occur in carbureted engines, especially in hotter climates. Since
1950-490: The intake and exhaust manifolds are on the same side of the head. Heat from the exhaust is used to warm the intake manifold and in turn the carburetor. On V configurations, exhaust gases were directed from one head through the intake cross over to the other head. One method for regulating the exhaust flow on the cross over for intake warming was a weighted eccentric butterfly valve called a heat riser that remained closed at idle and opened at higher exhaust flow. Some vehicles used
2000-501: The lead boat of the class Rail and transit [ edit ] S90 (Long Island bus) S90 (New York City bus) serving Staten Island S90 (TILO) , a railway service in Switzerland Other uses [ edit ] Canon PowerShot S90 a digital camera Series 90 (software platform) , for mobile phones SIPA S.90 , a French trainer aircraft Yamaha S90 , a synthesizer [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
2050-480: The needle valve to admit more fuel, allowing the engine to generate more power. A balanced state is reached which creates a steady fuel reservoir level, that remains constant in any orientation. Other components that have been used on carburetors include: The basic design for a carburetor consists of a single venturi (main metering circuit), though designs with two or four venturi (two-barrel and four-barrel carburetors respectively) are also quite commonplace. Typically
S90 - Misplaced Pages Continue
2100-475: The preferred method. One of the last motorsport users of carburetors was NASCAR, which switched to electronic fuel injection after the 2011 Sprint Cup series . NASCAR still uses the four-barrel carburetor in the NASCAR Xfinity Series . In Europe, carburetors were largely replaced by fuel injection in the late 1980s, although fuel injection had been increasingly used in luxury cars and sports cars since
2150-596: The previous 1.3-liter engine with carburetor from the previous model. While the ZX and ZSX which replaced the Espass Supervan retained the 1.6-liter engine with carburetor, from 2001, the 1.6-liter 16-valve HD-E engine with electronic fuel injection (EFI) was also available as an option. Both the 1.6-liter engines with carburetor and EFI were later replaced in January 2002 by the 1.5-liter 16-valve HE-E engine with EFI (also used on
2200-489: The rods is tapered, which sits in the main metering jets and acts as a valve for fuel flow in the jets. At high engine loads, the rods are lifted away from the jets (either mechanically or using manifold vacuum), increasing the volume of fuel can flow through the jet. These systems have been used by the Rochester Quadra jet and in the 1950s Carter carburetors. While the main metering circuit can adequately supply fuel to
2250-448: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S90&oldid=1132450731 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2300-472: The sliding doors. The Zebra was refreshed in late 2004 and is referred to as the Zebra Master , and features an ornament on top of the grille with the larger and bolder chrome Daihatsu symbol emblem used on the recent Daihatsu vehicles, and added two new face-to-face van variants: ZL Xtra9 and ZX9 (replaced the regular ZX EFI trim). The ZSX van received a chrome ornament and the chrome Daihatsu symbol emblem on
2350-497: The steering wheel. The ZX and ZSX vans with the 1.5-liter engine with EFI was replaced by the ZX9 and ZSX vans with the 1.5-liter 16-valve HE-C engine with carburetor. The pickup trucks with the same 1.5-liter engine with carburetor as the ZX9 and ZSX vans were made available. In 2007, the pickup trucks, Blind Van, ZL, ZL9, ZL Xtra and ZL Xtra9 van variants with the 1.3-liter 16-valve HC-E engine with EFI were made available as an option, and
2400-399: The throttle from closing fully while the choke is in operation. The resulting increase in idle speed provides a more stable idle for a cold engine (by better atomizing the cold fuel) and helps the engine warm up quicker. The system within a carburetor that meters fuel when the engine is running at low RPM. The idle circuit is generally activated by vacuum under the throttle plate, which causes
2450-544: The top of a vessel containing the fuel. The first float-fed carburetor design, which used an atomizer nozzle , was introduced by German engineers Wilhelm Maybach and Gottlieb Daimler in their 1885 Grandfather Clock engine . The Butler Petrol Cycle car—built in England in 1888—also used a float-fed carburetor. The first carburetor for a stationary engine was patented in 1893 by Hungarian engineers János Csonka and Donát Bánki . The first four-barrel carburetors were
2500-527: Was commonly used in V8 engines to conserve fuel at low engine speeds while still affording an adequate supply at high. The use of multiple carburetors (e.g., a carburetor for each cylinder or pair of cylinders) also results in the intake air being drawn through multiple venturi. Some high-performance engines have used multiple two-barrel or four-barrel carburetors, for example six two-barrel carburetors on Ferrari V12s. In 1826, American engineer Samuel Morey received
#766233