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69-411: (Redirected from S-300 ) S300 may refer to: Military and aviation [ edit ] S-300 missile system , a Soviet/Russian surface-to-air missile system HNoMS Ula (S300) , a Royal Norwegian Navy submarine Schweizer 300 , formerly Sikorsky S300, a family of light utility helicopters Other uses [ edit ] Canon PowerShot S300 ,

138-404: A hot room . Heat was produced by furnaces which provided hot water and steam , while smoke and hot air was channeled through conduits under the floor . In a modern hammam visitors undress themselves, while retaining some sort of modesty garment or loincloth , and proceed into progressively hotter rooms, inducing perspiration . They are then usually washed by male or female staff (matching

207-538: A camera Lotus Esprit S300 , a car Mercedes-Benz S-300 , a car S300, a Sendo mobile phone model S300, a Victorian Railways S class steam locomotive of Australia See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "S300"  or "S-300" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles containing S300 All pages with titles containing S-300 300 (disambiguation) 300s (disambiguation) 300 series (disambiguation) , including Series 300 [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

276-460: A fourth edition published not long before his death in 1805. It was also translated into German by Michaelis (1801) and Hegewisch (1807). It was highly popular and first placed the subject on a scientific basis. Hahn's writings had meanwhile created much enthusiasm among his countrymen, societies having been everywhere formed to promote the medicinal and dietetic use of water; in 1804 Professor E.F.C. Oertel of Anspach republished them and quickened

345-515: A gendered meeting place for men and for women. Archeological remains attest to the existence of bathhouses in the Islamic world as early as the Umayyad period (7th–8th centuries) and their importance has persisted up to modern times. Their architecture evolved from the layout of Roman and Greek bathhouses and featured a regular sequence of rooms: an undressing room , a cold room , a warm room , and

414-573: A labourer" who became known as the Saint of the Slums . In 1832, during a cholera epidemic, Wilkinson took the initiative to offer the use of her house and yard to neighbours to wash their clothes, at a charge of a penny per week, and showed them how to use a chloride of lime (bleach) to get them clean. She was supported by the District Provident Society and William Rathbone . In 1842, Wilkinson

483-659: A member of one of Urquhart's Foreign Affairs Committees, opened a Turkish bath at 5 Bell Street, near Marble Arch. During the following 150 years, over 700 Turkish baths opened in the British Isles, including those built by municipal authorities as part of swimming pool complexes. It was claimed by Durham Dunlop (and many others) that hot-air bathing was a more effective body-cleanser than water, while Richard Metcalfe meticulously calculated that it would be more cost-effective for local authorities to provide hot-air baths in place of slipper baths. Turkish baths opened in other parts of

552-458: A periscope upgrade. In May 2008, a contract for new sonars was signed, with the first submarine to have new sonar 21 months after that, and the last 52 months later. Furthermore, Kongsberg was contracted in 2012 to upgrade the submarines' combat systems. The 2020 long-term defence plan envisages the Ula class being kept in service until replaced by the new Type 212CD submarines in around 2030. In 2012

621-546: A prominent role in the development of the British spas . In the Middle Ages , bathing commonly took place in public bathhouses . Public baths were also havens for prostitution , which created some opposition to them. Rich people bathed at home, most likely in their bedroom, as "bath" rooms were not common. Bathing was done in large, wooden tubs with a linen cloth laid in it to protect the bather from splinters. Additionally, during

690-504: A recreational activity. Bathing may be used to cool or to warm the body of an individual. Therapeutic use of bathing includes hydrotherapy , healing, rehabilitation from injury or addiction, and relaxation. The use of a bath in religious ritual or ceremonial rites include immersion during baptism in Christianity and to achieve a state of ritual cleanliness in a mikvah in Judaism. It

759-411: A room, often in the form of a small dome, with an exterior firebox known as texictle (teʃict͜ɬe) that heats a small portion of the room's wall made of volcanic rocks; after this wall has been heated, water is poured on it to produce steam, an action known as tlasas . As the steam accumulates in the upper part of the room a person in charge uses a bough to direct the steam to the bathers who are lying on

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828-551: A sewage system can be seen in Xi'an. Bathing grew in importance in the Han Dynasty (202 BC–AD 220) where officials were allowed to take a day's leave for bathing at home every five days, and bathing became the reason for a bank holiday for the first time. An accountable daily ritual of bathing can be traced to the ancient Indians . They used elaborate practices for personal hygiene with three daily baths and washing. These are recorded in

897-440: A social function. Ritual religious bathing is sometimes referred to as immersion . This can be required after sexual intercourse or menstruation (Islam and Judaism), or as baptism (Christianity). By analogy, the term "bathing" is also applied to relaxing activities in which the participant "bathes" in the rays of the sun ( sunbathing ) or in outdoor bodies of water , such as in sea bathing or wild swimming . Although there

966-645: A strong emphasis on hygiene . Despite the denunciation of the mixed bathing style of Roman pools by early Christian clergy, as well as the pagan custom of women bathing naked in front of men, this did not stop the Church from urging its followers to go to public baths for bathing, which contributed to hygiene and good health according to the Church Fathers , Clement of Alexandria and Tertullian . The Church also built public bathing facilities that were separate for both sexes near monasteries and pilgrimage sites; also,

1035-925: A treatise on the cold water cure. In Wörishofen (south Germany), Kneipp developed the systematic and controlled application of hydrotherapy for the support of medical treatment that was delivered only by doctors at that time. Kneipp's own book My Water Cure was published in 1886 with many subsequent editions, and translated into many languages. Captain R. T. Claridge was responsible for introducing and promoting hydropathy in Britain, first in London in 1842, then with lecture tours in Ireland and Scotland in 1843. His 10-week tour in Ireland included Limerick, Cork, Wexford, Dublin and Belfast, over June, July and August 1843, with two subsequent lectures in Glasgow. The acceptance of germ theory in

1104-480: Is an adequate pool of water. The quality of water used for bathing purposes varies considerably. Normally bathing involves use of soap or a soap-like substance, such as shower gel. In southern India people more commonly use aromatic oil and other home-made body scrubs. Bathing in public can also provide occasions for social interaction, such as in Turkish , banya , sauna , hammams , or whirlpool baths. When water

1173-775: Is anticipated in 2029. Six submarines were delivered (1989–1992) to the RNoN. All are based at Haakonsvern in Bergen . The boats are all named after places in Norway, with the exception of Uredd ("Fearless" in English), in honour of the World War II submarine HNoMS  Uredd  (P-41) . The ship prefix for RNoN vessels is KNM ( Kongelig Norsk Marine , Royal Norwegian Navy), in English HNoMS (His Norwegian Majesty's Ship). Bathing Bathing

1242-529: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages HNoMS Ula (S300) The ordering of a new Norwegian submersible design stemmed from a 1972 decision to modernise the Royal Norwegian Navy (RNoN) submarine flotilla, which then consisted of the aging Kobben -class submarines. The contract was signed on 30 September 1982 for six boats with Thyssen Nordseewerke , Emden . An option for two more submarines

1311-474: Is for personal hygiene . It is a means of achieving cleanliness by washing away dead skin cells, dirt, and soil and as a preventative measure to reduce the incidence and spread of disease. It also may reduce body odors , however, some people note that may not be so necessary as commonly thought. Bathing creates a feeling of well-being and the physical appearance of cleanliness. Bathing may also be practised for religious ritual or therapeutic purposes or as

1380-429: Is in short supply or a person is not fit to have a standing bath, a wet cloth or sponge can be used, or the person can wash by splashing water over their body. A sponge bath is usually conducted in hospitals, which involves one person washing another with a sponge , while the person being washed remains lying in bed. This method involves using a small container to scoop water out of a large container and pour water over

1449-615: Is referred to as Ghusl in Arabic to attain ceremonial purity ( Taahir ) in Islam. All major religions place an emphasis on ceremonial purity, and bathing is one of the primary means of attaining outward purity. In Hindu households, any acts of defilement are countered by undergoing a bath and Hindus also immerse in Sarovar as part of religious rites. In the Sikh religion, there is a place at Golden Temple where

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1518-647: Is sometimes overlap, as in sea bathing, most bathing is usually treated as distinct from more active recreations like swimming . Bathing in Ancient China may be traced back to the Shang Dynasty , 3000 years ago (1600–1046 BCE). Archaeological findings from the Yinxu ruins show a cauldron to boil water, smaller cauldrons to draw out the water to be poured into a basin, skin scrapers to remove dirt and dead skin. 2300 year old lavish imperial bathrooms with exquisite tiles and

1587-460: Is the immersion of the body, wholly or partially, usually in water, but often in another medium such as hot air. It is most commonly practised as part of personal cleansing, and less frequently for relaxation or as a leisure activity. Cleansing the body may be solely a component of personal hygiene , but is also a spiritual part of some religious rituals . Bathing is also sometimes used medically or therapeutically, as in hydrotherapy , ice baths , or

1656-589: The Middle East , North Africa , al-Andalus (Islamic Spain and Portugal), Central Asia , the Indian subcontinent , and in Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule . In Islamic cultures the significance of the hammam was both religious and civic: it provided for the needs of ritual ablutions but also provided for general hygiene in an era before private plumbing and served other social functions such as offering

1725-470: The Renaissance and Protestant Reformation , the quality and condition of the clothing (as opposed to the actual cleanliness of the body itself) were thought to reflect the soul of an individual. Clean clothing also reflected one's social status; clothes made the man or woman. Due to Black Death plague, introduced from Asia to Europe, public baths were closed to avoid contagion. In the sixteenth century,

1794-436: The Ula s were the first Norwegian submarines to have enough bunks for the entire crew and a shower . The Ula -class submarines are among the most silent and maneuverable submarines in the world. This, in combination with their relatively small size, makes them difficult to detect from surface vessels and ideal for operations in coastal areas. The Ula class is regarded as both the most effective and cost-effective weapons in

1863-474: The conquest . Bernal Díaz del Castillo describes Moctezuma (the Mexica, or Aztec, king at the arrival of Cortés ) in his Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España as being "...Very neat and cleanly, bathing every day each afternoon...". Bathing was not restricted to the elite, but was practised by all people; the chronicler Tomás López Medel wrote after a journey to Central America that "Bathing and

1932-677: The fall of the Roman Empire , the aqueduct system fell into disrepair and disuse. But even before that, during the Christianization of the Empire, changing ideas about public morals led the baths into disfavor. Before the 7th century, the Japanese were likely to have bathed in the many springs in the open, as there is no evidence of closed rooms. In the 6th to 8th centuries (in the Asuka and Nara periods )

2001-447: The mud bath . People bathe in water at temperatures ranging from very cold to very hot, or in appropriately heated air, according to custom or purpose. Where indoor heated water is available, people bathe more or less daily, at comfortable temperatures, in a private bathtub or shower. Communal bathing , such as that in hammams, sauna, banya, Victorian Turkish baths, and sentō , fulfils the same purpose, in addition to its often having

2070-545: The 1870s as a concession to outraged Western tourists". At the beginning of the Edo period (1603–1868) there were two different types of baths. In Edo, hot-water baths (' 湯屋 yuya ) were common, while in Osaka, steam baths ( 蒸風呂 mushiburo ) were common. At that time shared bathrooms for men and women were the rule. These bathhouses were very popular, especially for men. "Bathing girls" ( 湯女 yuna ) were employed to scrub

2139-629: The British Empire. Dr. John Le Gay Brereton opened one in Sydney, Australia in 1859, Canada had one by 1869, and the first in New Zealand was opened in 1874. Urquhart's influence was also felt outside the Empire when in 1861, Dr Charles H. Shepard opened the first Turkish baths in the United States at 63 Columbia Street, Brooklyn Heights, New York, most probably on 3 October 1863. One purpose of bathing

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2208-414: The Japanese absorbed the religion of Buddhism from China, which had a strong impact on the culture of the entire country. Buddhist temples traditionally included a bathhouse ( yuya ) for the monks. Due to the principle of purity espoused by Buddhism these baths were eventually opened to the public. Only the wealthy had private baths. The first public bathhouse was mentioned in 1266. In Edo (modern Tokyo),

2277-656: The Norwegian MoD set 2014 as a deadline for deciding whether to further extend the operative life of the Ula class after their slated end-of-life in 2020, or to replace them with a new fleet. In December 2014, the Norwegian Ministry of Defence made the decision to begin the process of replacing the Ula s. As part of that decision, the Ula -class submarines would be kept in service for a further five years, but would not exceed 35 years total service as that would be too costly. Given

2346-646: The RNoN. In 1989, while undergoing trials, Ula was damaged by a practice torpedo. In March 1991, Uredd was involved in an accident while docking. In February 1992, Uredd suffered a control room fire. In recent years, several submarines of the Ula class have been deployed in the Mediterranean Sea in support of the NATO Operation Active Endeavour , where their intelligence-gathering ability surpassed expectations. Their operational availability proved to be highest of all ships taking part in

2415-498: The clerics and needy poor people. Public bathing was common in larger towns and cities such as Paris , Regensburg and Naples . The Catholic religious orders of the Augustinians and Benedictines had rules for ritual purification , and inspired by Benedict of Nursia encouragement for the practice of therapeutic bathing; Benedictine monks played a role in the development and promotion of spas . Protestantism also played

2484-431: The considerable labor of drawing, carrying, and heating water, filling the bath and then afterward emptying it. To economize, bath water was shared by all family members. Indoor plumbing became more common in the 20th century and commercial advertising campaigns pushing new bath products began to influence public ideas about cleanliness, promoting the idea of a daily shower or bath. In the twenty-first century challenges to

2553-571: The country to incur expenditure in constructing public swimming baths out of its own funds. The first London public baths was opened at Goulston Square, Whitechapel , in 1847 with the Prince consort laying the foundation stone. By the mid-19th century, the English urbanised middle classes had formed an ideology of cleanliness that ranked alongside typical Victorian concepts, such as Christianity , respectability and social progress . The cleanliness of

2622-556: The custom of washing oneself is so quotidian (common) amongst the Indians, both of cold and hot lands, as is eating, and this is done in fountains and rivers and other water to which they have access, without anything other than pure water..." The Mesoamerican bath, known as temazcal in Spanish , from the Nahuatl word temazcalli , a compound of temaz ("steam") and calli ("house"), consists of

2691-590: The delay in replacing the Ula-class, it was subsequently decided to further life-extend the Ula-class through the 2020s until a new class of submarines entered service. In 2016, two suppliers (DCNS and Thyssen Krupp) were shortlisted to provide competing options to replace the Ula-class boats. In February 2017, Thyssen Krupp was selected to provide four replacement submarines based on the Type 212 -class for service entry in around 2030. A firm build contract had been anticipated in

2760-499: The end of the century, private baths with running hot water were increasingly common in affluent homes in America and Britain. At the beginning of the 20th century, a weekly Saturday night bath had become common custom for most of the population. A half day's work on Saturday for factory workers allowed them some leisure to prepare for the Sunday day of rest . The half day off allowed time for

2829-462: The escape of the heat and steam. There were no windows, so it was very dark inside and the user constantly coughed or cleared their throats in order to signal to new entrants which seats were already occupied. The darkness could be also used to cover sexual contact. Because there was no gender distinction, these baths came into disrepute. They were finally abolished in 1870 on hygienic and moral grounds. Author John Gallagher says bathing "was segregated in

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2898-402: The first sentō was established in 1591. The early steam baths were called iwaburo ( 岩風呂 "rock pools") or kamaburo ( 釜風呂 "furnace baths"). These were built into natural caves or stone vaults. In iwaburo along the coast, the rocks were heated by burning wood, then sea water was poured over the rocks, producing steam. The entrances to these "bath houses" were very small, possibly to slow

2967-567: The first half of 2020. However, as of the end of 2020, the contract had not yet been signed. In March 2021 it was indicated that an agreement had been reached between Norway and Germany to initiate the acquisition program, pending approval by the Bundestag . The contract was signed in July 2021 and construction of the first vessel began in September 2023. Delivery of the first boat to the Royal Norwegian Navy

3036-614: The gender of the visitor) with the use of soap and vigorous rubbing, before ending by washing themselves in warm water. Unlike in Roman or Greek baths, bathers usually wash themselves with running water instead of immersing themselves in standing water since this is a requirement of Islam, though immersion in a pool used to be customary in the hammams of some regions such as Iran . While hammams everywhere generally operate in fairly similar ways, there are some regional differences both in usage and architecture. Victorian Turkish baths (inspired by

3105-493: The ground, with which he later gives them a massage, then the bathers scrub themselves with a small flat river stone and finally the person in charge introduces buckets with water with soap and grass used to rinse. This bath had also ritual importance, and was vinculated to the goddess Toci ; it is also therapeutic when medicinal herbs are used in the water for the tlasas . It is still used in Mexico . Christianity has always placed

3174-444: The guests' backs and wash their hair, etc. In 1841, the employment of yuna was generally prohibited, as well as mixed bathing . The segregation of the sexes, however, was often ignored by operators of bathhouses, or areas for men and women were separated only by a symbolic line. Today, sento baths have separate rooms for men and women. Spanish chronicles describe the bathing habits of the peoples of Mesoamerica during and after

3243-453: The individual became associated with his or her moral and social standing within the community and domestic life became increasingly regulated by concerns regarding the presentation of domestic sobriety and cleanliness. The industry of soapmaking began on a small scale in the 1780s, with the establishment of a soap manufactory at Tipton by James Keir and the marketing of high-quality, transparent soap in 1789 by Andrew Pears of London . It

3312-555: The largest soap businesses, formerly called Lever Brothers and now called Unilever . These soap businesses were among the first to employ large-scale advertising campaigns. Before the late 19th century, water to individual places of residence was rare. Many countries in Europe developed a water collection and distribution network. London water supply infrastructure developed through major 19th-century treatment works built in response to cholera threats, to modern large-scale reservoirs. By

3381-665: The late 1800s provided scientific reasons for frequent bathing. Large public baths such as those found in the ancient world and the Ottoman Empire were revived during the 19th century. The first modern public baths were opened in Liverpool in 1829. The first known warm fresh-water public wash house was opened in May 1842. The popularity of wash-houses was spurred by the newspaper interest in Kitty Wilkinson , an Irish immigrant "wife of

3450-573: The leprosy of Rajni 's husband was cured by immersion into the holy sacred pool, and many pilgrims bathe in the sacred pool believing it will cure their illness as well. Where bathing is for personal hygiene, bathing in a bathtub or shower is the most common form of bathing in Western, and many Eastern, countries. People most commonly bathe in their home or use a private bath in a public bathhouse. In some societies, bathing can take place in rivers, creeks, lakes or water holes, or any other place where there

3519-412: The medical uses of water were published in the 18th century that inaugurated the new fashion for therapeutic bathing . One of these was by Sir John Floyer , a physician of Lichfield , who, struck by the remedial use of certain springs by the neighbouring peasantry, investigated the history of cold bathing and published a book on the subject in 1702. The book ran through six editions within a few years and

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3588-462: The members of the community. They were provided for the public by a benefactor, usually the Emperor. Other empires of the time did not show such an affinity for public works, but this Roman practice spread their culture to places where there may have been more resistance to foreign mores. Unusually for the time, the thermae were not class-stratified, being available to all for no charge or a small fee. With

3657-539: The mid-2nd millennium BC in the palace complex at Knossos , Crete, and the luxurious alabaster bathtubs excavated in Akrotiri , Santorini . A word for bathtub, asaminthos ( ἀσάμινθος ), occurs eleven times in Homer. As a legitimate Mycenaean word (a-sa-mi-to) for a kind of vessel that could be found in any Mycenaean palace, this Linear B term derives from an Aegean suffix -inth- being appended to an Akkadian loan word with

3726-560: The need for soap to effect such everyday cleanliness and whether soap is needed to avoid body odor, appeared in media. A hammam is a type of steam bath or a place of public bathing associated with the Islamic world . It is a prominent feature in the culture of the Muslim world and was inherited from the model of the Roman thermae . Muslim bathhouses or hammams were historically found across

3795-429: The operation. This mission highlighted a need for better temperature regulation for crew comfort in warm waters. As a result, HNoMS Ula was "tropicalized" by the installation of new cooling systems , and two more of the class designated for "tropicalization". During 2006-2008 the Ula class was slated for modernisation. Most notably, new communication equipment ( Link 11 ), new electronic warfare support measures and

3864-893: The popes situated baths within church basilicas and monasteries since the early Middle Ages. Pope Gregory the Great urged his followers on value of bathing as a bodily need. Great bathhouses were built in Byzantine centers such as Constantinople and Antioch , and the popes allocated to the Romans bathing through diaconia , or private Lateran baths, or even a myriad of monastic bath houses functioning in eighth and ninth centuries. The Popes maintained their baths in their residences which described by scholar Paolo Squatriti as "luxurious baths", and bath houses including hot baths incorporated into Christian Church buildings or those of monasteries, which known as " charity baths " because they served both

3933-575: The popular movement by the unqualified commendation of water drinking as a remedy for all diseases. A popular revival followed the application of hydrotherapy around 1829, by Vincenz Priessnitz , a peasant farmer in Gräfenberg , then part of the Austrian Empire . This revival was continued by a Bavarian priest, Sebastian Kneipp (1821–1897), "an able and enthusiastic follower" of Priessnitz, "whose work he took up where Priessnitz left it", after he read

4002-580: The popularity of public bathhouses in Europe sharply declined, perhaps due to the new plague of syphilis which made sexual promiscuity more risky, or stronger religious prohibitions on nudity surrounding the Protestant Reformation . Some Europeans came to believe the false idea that bathing or steaming would open pores to disease. Public opinion about bathing began to shift in the middle and late 18th century, when writers argued that frequent bathing might lead to better health. Two English works on

4071-1087: The root namsû ('washbowl', 'washing tub'). This luxurious item of the Mycenaean palace culture, therefore, was clearly borrowed from the Near East. Later Greeks established public baths and showers within gymnasiums for relaxation and personal hygiene. The word gymnasium (γυμνάσιον) comes from the Greek word gymnos (γυμνός), meaning "naked". Ancient Rome developed a network of aqueducts to supply water to all large towns and population centers and had indoor plumbing, with pipes that terminated in homes and at public wells and fountains. The Roman public baths were called thermae . The thermae were not simply baths, but important public works that provided facilities for many kinds of physical exercise and ablutions, with cold, warm, and hot baths, rooms for instruction and debate, and usually one Greek and one Latin library. They also represented an important moment of socialization and exchange between

4140-449: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S300&oldid=1187252046 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

4209-407: The traditional Islamic bathhouse—the hammam—itself an adaptation of the ancient Roman baths ) were introduced to Britain by David Urquhart , diplomat and sometime Member of Parliament for Stafford. He wanted, for political and personal reasons, to popularize Turkish culture in Britain. In 1850 he wrote The Pillars of Hercules , a book about his travels in 1848 through Spain and Morocco. He described

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4278-460: The translation of this book into German was largely drawn upon by Dr J. S. Hahn of Silesia as the basis for his book called On the Healing Virtues of Cold Water, Inwardly and Outwardly Applied, as Proved by Experience , published in 1738. The other work was a 1797 publication by Dr James Currie of Liverpool on the use of hot and cold water in the treatment of fever and other illness, with

4347-505: The vaporous hot-air baths (little-changed since Roman times) which he visited, both there and in the Ottoman Empire. In 1856 Dr Richard Barter read Urquhart's book and worked with him to construct such a bath, intending to use it at his hydropathic establishment at St Ann(e)'s Hill, near Blarney, County Cork, Ireland. Barter realised that the human body could tolerate the more therapeutically effective higher temperatures in hot air which

4416-421: The works called grihya sutras which date back to 500 BCE and are in practice today in some communities. In Hinduism, “ Prataha Kaal ” (the onset of day) or “ Brahma Muhoortham ” begins with the 4 am “ snanam ” or bath, and was considered extremely auspicious in ancient times. Ancient Greece utilized small bathtubs, wash basins, and foot baths for personal cleanliness. The earliest findings of baths date from

4485-584: Was appointed baths superintendent. In Birmingham, around ten private baths were available in the 1830s. Whilst the dimensions of the baths were small, they provided a range of services. A major proprietor of bath houses in Birmingham was a Mr. Monro who had had premises in Lady Well and Snow Hill. Private baths were advertised as having healing qualities and being able to cure people of diabetes , gout and all skin diseases, amongst others. On 19 November 1844, it

4554-550: Was decided that the working class members of society should have the opportunity to access baths, in an attempt to address the health problems of the public. On 22 April and 23 April 1845, two lectures were delivered in the town hall urging the provision of public baths in Birmingham and other towns and cities. After a period of campaigning by many committees, the Public Baths and Wash-houses Act received royal assent on 26 August 1846. The act empowered local authorities across

4623-547: Was dry rather than steamy. After a number of unsuccessful attempts, he opened the first modern bath of this type in 1856. He called it the "Improved" Turkish or Irish bath, now better known as the Victorian Turkish bath. The following year, the first public bath of its type to be built in mainland Britain since Roman times was opened in Manchester, and the idea spread rapidly. It reached London in July 1860, when Roger Evans,

4692-455: Was in the mid-19th century, though, that the large-scale consumption of soap by the middle classes, anxious to prove their social standing, drove forward the mass production and marketing of soap. William Gossage produced low-priced, good-quality soap from the 1850s. William Hesketh Lever and his brother, James, bought a small soap works in Warrington in 1886 and founded what is still one of

4761-525: Was included in the original deal, however, it was never picked up. The construction of the vessels was an international project. The combat systems were made in Norway by Kongsberg , the attack sonar is German and the flank sonars French . The hull sections were produced in Norway and assembled in Germany by Thyssen Nordseewerke. In Germany, the design is known as the U-Boot-Klasse 210 . When commissioned,

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