64-565: The Communist Party of the Russian Federation ( CPRF ; Russian: Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации; КПРФ , romanized : Kommunisticheskaya partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii; KPRF ) is a communist political party in Russia that officially adheres to Marxist–Leninist philosophy. It is the second-largest political party in Russia after United Russia . The youth organisation of
128-442: A native Russian keyboard layout ( JCUKEN ). In the latter case, they would type using a system of transliteration fitted for their keyboard layout , such as for English QWERTY keyboards, and then use an automated tool to convert the text into Cyrillic. There are a number of distinct and competing standards for the romanization of Russian Cyrillic , with none of them having received much popularity, and, in reality, transliteration
192-769: A Latin alphabet for the Russian language was discussed in 1929–30 during the campaign of latinisation of the languages of the USSR , when a special commission was created to propose a latinisation system for Russian. The letters of the Latin script are named in Russian as following (and are borrowed from French and/or German ): 1995 Russian legislative election Ivan Rybkin Ivan Rybkin Bloc Gennadiy Seleznyov CPRF Legislative election were held in Russia on 17 December 1995. At stake were
256-561: A delegation to North Korea and signed a "protocol on cooperation" with the Workers' Party of Korea . During the visit, a stone was placed in the Juche Tower . In October 2017 the party hosted the 19th International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties in the city of Saint Petersburg, marking the centenary of the October Revolution , with an attendance of over 100 parties from around
320-714: A pluralistic political framework. The CPRF considers the multi-sector socialist market system as developed in China to be a model which should be emulated within Russia. The party supports state ownership over major industries, the renationalization of businesses privatized after the collapse of the Soviet Union , giving out subsidies to currently existing state-owned firms and maintaining large welfare benefits. The CPRF has also maintained stable relationships with many businesses, including small and large private companies, worker cooperatives, and organizations which trace their lineage to
384-586: A relative majority in regional parliaments at the expense of deputies-single-mandate holders. Nevertheless, in Irkutsk Oblast, the party received a relative majority and is the largest faction in the Legislative Assembly. Marxist theoretician Boris Kagarlitsky wrote in 2001: "It is enough to recall that within the Communist movement itself, Zyuganov's party was at first neither the sole organisation, nor
448-472: A sharp decline in the 2003 legislative election , going from 113 seats to 52. Zyuganov called the 2003 elections a "revolting spectacle" and accused the Kremlin of setting up a " Potemkin party", Rodina , to steal its votes. The CPRF was endorsed by Sergey Baburin 's People's Union for the 2007 Russian parliamentary elections . In the 2012 presidential election , Zyuganov denounced election irregularities in
512-537: Is considered to depend on the nostalgia for the Soviet Union , having the largest poll of voters among the elderly. In all presidential elections that have been held in the Russian Federation, the CRPF's candidate has finished second. In 2012, several opposition politicians, including Boris Nemtsov , posited that Dmitry Medvedev admitted to them that Zyuganov would actually have won the 1996 Russian presidential election if not for fraud in favor of Boris Yeltsin . According to
576-577: Is often carried out without any consistent standards. Scientific transliteration, also known as the International Scholarly System , is a system that has been used in linguistics since the 19th century. It is based on the Czech alphabet and formed the basis of the GOST and ISO systems. OST 8483 was the first Soviet standard on romanization of Russian, introduced on 16 October 1935. Developed by
640-405: Is planned to reform the management of enterprises through the creation of councils at various levels. The party also plans to transform Russia into a Soviet republic . In the second stage, the role of councils and trade unions will increase even more. A gradual transition in the economy will be made to a socialist form of economic activity , but a small private equity is still retained. Finally,
704-689: Is the main system of the Oxford University Press, and a variation was used by the British Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975. The Library of Congress system (ALA-LC) is used for newer acquisitions. The BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for Anglophones to read and pronounce. In many publications, a simplified form of the system is used to render English versions of Russian names, typically converting ë to yo , simplifying -iy and -yy endings to -y , and omitting apostrophes for ъ and ь . It can be rendered using only
SECTION 10
#1733104926799768-507: The 2011 legislative election , but he also expressed his opposition to the organisers of the mass demonstrations of December 2011 , which he viewed as orchestrated by ultra-liberals exploiting unrest. The party played only a minor role as a catalyst in the protests. Party rallies on 18 December 2011 in protest of election irregularities in Moscow and Saint Petersburg were attended by only a few thousand, mostly elderly, party supporters. In 2014,
832-649: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), including Roy Medvedev 's Socialist Party of the Working People (of left-socialist orientation), Alexei Prigarin's Union of Communists; and much of the membership of the Stalinist Russian Communist Workers Party (although party leader Viktor Anpilov rejected the new party). The CPRF quickly became the largest party in Russia, with 500,000 members soon after its founding, more than double all
896-512: The Communists and their satellites, the Agrarians and other left-wing deputies, controlled a little less than the half of the seats. The populist LDPR occasionally sided with the left majority, but often supported the government. As in the previous Duma, the parliamentary groups of independent deputies had a significant influence on the balance of power in the parliament. On January 17, 1996
960-719: The October Revolution of 1917. After the CPSU was banned in 1991 by Russian President Boris Yeltsin in the aftermath of a failed coup attempt , the CPRF was founded at the Second Extraordinary Congress of Russian Communists on 14 February 1993 as the successor organisation of the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (CPRSFSR). It was the ruling party in the State Duma ,
1024-509: The Russian All-People's Union , led by Sergey Baburin . Zyuganov was its chairman. It went on to support Zyuganov in the 2000 presidential election . The NPSR was meant to form the basis of a two-party system, with the NPSR opposing the ruling " party of power ". Yeltsin appointed a Yuri Maslyukov to his Cabinet, improve his testy relations with CPRF-dominated legislature. The party suffered
1088-709: The Russian Orthodox Church . Romanization of Russian The romanization of the Russian language (the transliteration of Russian text from the Cyrillic script into the Latin script ), aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in a Latin alphabet, is also essential for computer users to input Russian text who either do not have a keyboard or word processor set up for inputting Cyrillic, or else are not capable of typing rapidly using
1152-522: The 450 seats in the State Duma (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), the lower house of the Federal Assembly . The election law adopted for the 1995 election was similar to that adopted for the 1993 election, with some minor modifications. First, to secure a place on the proportional representation ballot, parties had to have registered with the Ministry of Justice no later than six months before the election, and
1216-456: The British Library since 1975. The formal, unambiguous version of the system for bibliographic cataloguing requires some diacritics, two-letter tie characters , and prime marks. The standard is also often adapted as a "simplified" or "modified Library of Congress system" for use in text for a non-specialized audience, omitting the special characters and diacritics, simplifying endings, and modifying iotated initials. British Standard 2979:1958
1280-569: The CPRF considers it necessary to reform the country in three phases. In the first phase, it is needed to achieve workers' power through representation by a coalition led by the CPRF. Achieving this goal will help eliminate the devastation from the standpoint of the party, the consequences conducted in the past decade of reforms, in particular by the nationalisation of property privatised in the 1990s. However, in this case small producers will remain and moreover will be organised to protect them from robbery by "big business, bureaucrats, and mafia groups". It
1344-410: The CPRF, in 2006 the party received ₽127,453,237 rubles (3,998,835 US$ ): In 2006, the party spent 116,823,489 rubles (3,665,328 US$ ): On 19 October 2008, the leader of the party Gennady Zyuganov appealed to the citizens of Russia to financially support the party to implement its policy goals. The CPRF is strong in large cities and major industrial and scientific centers (" naukograds ") as well as in
SECTION 20
#17331049267991408-469: The CPSU, with the party being led by a Central Committee with a commitment to democratic centralism . It has regional offices in 81 federal subjects. Each regional office is controlled by the local (oblast, city, etc.) committee, headed by the First Secretary. The headquarters of the party is in Moscow . The Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation is the youth organisation of the party. In 1993,
1472-608: The Communist Party declared that the party is guided by Marxism–Leninism , based on the experience and achievements of domestic and world science and culture. According to the party, there comes a "confrontation between the New World Order and the Russian people with its thousand-year history, and with its qualities", "communality and great power, deep faith, undying altruism and decisive rejection of lures mercantile bourgeois liberal-democratic paradise". According to its program,
1536-468: The Games with a Soviet Victory Banner . In 2021, the party's headquarters were raided by Russian authorities and a party official was barred from entering his office in the State Duma after it refused to accept the results of an online parliamentary election vote and attempting to file a lawsuit against the results. Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , the CPRF published a statement in support of
1600-529: The Latin Alphabet is an adoption of ISO 9:1995 . It is the official standard of both Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). GOST 52535.1-2006 Identification cards. Machine readable travel documents. Part 1. Machine readable passports is an adoption of an ICAO standard for travel documents. It was used in Russian passports for a short period during 2010–2013 ( see below ). The standard
1664-653: The National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography at the USSR Council of Ministers , GOST 16876-71 has been in service since 1973. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000. This standard is an equivalent of GOST 16876-71 and was adopted as an official standard of the COMECON . GOST 7.79-2000 System of Standards on Information, Librarianship, and Publishing–Rules for Transliteration of the Cyrillic Characters Using
1728-451: The Russian army. Two members out of 57 of CPRF's Duma caucus, Vyacheslav Markhaev and Mikhail Matveev , have expressed opposition to the war, although they support the "protection of the people of Donbass". A few younger members of the CPRF spoke publicly against the war in Ukraine, although their criticisms only refer to Russia's military campaign outside of Donbass, while they fully support
1792-466: The Soviet era. In 2002, it was described as left-wing nationalist . The CPRF's current programme was adapted in 2008, where the CPRF declared that it is the only political organisation that consistently upholds the rights of the workers and national interests. According to the programme, the strategic goal of the party is to build in Russia a "renewed socialism, Socialism of the 21st century ". The program of
1856-499: The ban on the "promotion of non-traditional sexual relations to minors", commonly known as the Russian gay propaganda law . During the Russian invasion of Ukraine , the party has taken a pro-war stance. The party leader, Gennady Zyuganov , called in the Duma for a general mobilization. Since its founding the CPRF has had several distinct internal factions: The CPRF is legally registered in Russia. In organisational terms, it largely mirrors
1920-599: The basic letters and punctuation found on English-language keyboards: no diacritics or unusual letters are required, although the interpunct character (·) may be used to avoid ambiguity. This particular standard is part of the BGN/PCGN romanization system which was developed by the United States Board on Geographic Names and by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use . The portion of
1984-523: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, he became active in the Russian "national-patriotic" movement, being the chairman of the National Salvation Front (some authors call him a nationalist ). Following the CPRF's success in the 1995 legislative election , it emerged as the primary opposition to incumbent President Boris Yeltsin for the 1996 presidential election , whose approval rating
Communist Party of the Russian Federation - Misplaced Pages Continue
2048-535: The election, the Our Home Is Russia bloc took 10.1% of the vote, enough to form a faction in the State Duma but not enough to serve as a dominant or pivotal force in parliament or in the regions. At its peak, the party claimed the membership of around one third of Russia's governors. However, both the center and regional elites made only ephemeral commitments to Our Home is Russia. As a result of these elections,
2112-409: The globe. Pravda is the newspaper of the Communist Party; it has 81 regional editions. Left-wing nationalist newspaper Sovetskaya Rossiya has also friendly ties with the Communist Party, but is not officially affiliated with it. Ultra-nationalist newspaper Zavtra used to support the Communist Party, but in 2005 it switched its support to Rodina . According to the financial report of
2176-420: The growth of small and medium enterprises in the private/non-state sector. Former parties Former parties Former parties The CPRF was founded on 14 February 1993 at the Second Extraordinary Congress of Russian Communists, where it declared itself to be the successor of the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (CPRSFSR). It formed through the merger of successor groups to
2240-662: The gubernatorial election in Irkutsk Oblast . In the 2018 gubernatorial elections , Communist Party candidates Andrey Klychkov and Valentin Konovalov won the gubernatorial elections in the Oryol Oblast and Khakassia , respectively. In addition, in the election in Primorsky Krai , the party's candidate Andrey Ishchenko could pass in the second round of election in which lost, by official results. The result of those elections
2304-443: The introduction of a dedicated Latin alphabet for writing the Russian language. Such an alphabet would not necessarily bind closely to the traditional Cyrillic orthography. The transition from Cyrillic to Latin has been proposed several times throughout history (especially during the Soviet era), but was never conducted on a large scale, except for informal romanizations in the computer era. The most serious possibility of adoption of
2368-635: The invasion and accused NATO of planning "to enslave Ukraine" and thus creating "critical threats to the security of Russia". It called for the "demilitarization and denazification" of Ukraine. The party framed the conflict as that between the Ukrainian Banderites and fascists, who have been perpetrating genocide against Russian speakers, and liberating Russian forces. The CPRF also accused the United States and NATO of deploying European fascist sympathizers and Middle Eastern terrorists to Ukraine to fight
2432-405: The largest. Bit by bit, however, all other Communist organisations were forced out of political life. This occurred not because the organisations in question were weak, but because it was the CPRF that had received the Kremlin's official approval as the sole recognised opposition". Andrei Brezhnev, grandson of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev , has criticised the CPRF's Zyuganov's rapprochement with
2496-466: The lower house of the Russian Federal Assembly from 1998 to 1999. The party's stated goal is to establish a new, modernized form of socialism in Russia through peaceful means. Immediate goals of the party include the nationalisation of natural resources , agriculture , and large industries within the framework of a mixed economy , with socialist relations of production that allow for
2560-595: The narrative that Ukraine is governed by "neo-Nazis". As a result of the party's actions of endorsing the invasion of Ukraine, 55 of the 57 CPRF lawmakers, including Zyuganov, have been sanctioned by the United States Department of Treasury , HM Treasury of the United Kingdom, Global Affairs Canada , Japan, Australia and the European Commission . In July 2022, CPRF leader Gennady Zyuganov allowed
2624-473: The new system and the old one, citizens who wanted to retain the old version of a name's transliteration, especially one that had been in the old pre-2010 passport, could apply to the local migration office before they acquired a new passport. The standard was abandoned in 2013. In 2013, Order No. 320 of the Federal Migration Service of Russia came into force. It states that all personal names in
Communist Party of the Russian Federation - Misplaced Pages Continue
2688-444: The nickname of "party of power" for its reliance on elite political and economic office holders. It was also referred to as "Our Home Is Gazprom" for its close ties to Gazprom's substantial financial resources. Most of the cabinet ministers joined the bloc, and a number of business leaders and regional political elites affiliated with it. However, almost no other parties entered it, and many SMD candidates who had initially affiliated with
2752-468: The number of signatures they had to gather rose from 100,000 to 200,000. Second, invalid votes were now included in the calculation of the 5.0 percent threshold. Third, on the single-member district ballot, party endorsements of candidates were indicated. Out of the forty three parties and coalitions contesting the elections, only four cleared the 5% threshold to qualify for the proportional seats. Our Home – Russia had weightier resources and soon acquired
2816-455: The official results, Zyuganov received 17.18% of the votes in the 2012 Russian presidential election . According to independent observers, there was large-scale fraud in favor of Vladimir Putin . Zyuganov called the election "one of thieves, and absolutely dishonest and unworthy". In February 2005, the CPRF defeated the ruling pro-Kremlin party United Russia in elections to the regional legislature of Nenets Autonomous Okrug , obtaining 27% of
2880-469: The other parties membership combined. Gennady Zyuganov , a co-founder of the party along with senior former Soviet politicians Yegor Ligachev , Anatoly Lukyanov , Andrew Konstant and others, was elected to be party leader at the Second Extraordinary Congress. Zyuganov had been a harsh critic of Alexander Yakovlev , the so-called "godfather of glasnost ", on the CPSU Central Committee . After
2944-468: The party called for Russia to formally recognise the separatist Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic , something that would happen in 2022 preceding Russia's invasion of Ukraine. After Russia was sanctioned for systematic doping in the run-up to the 2018 Winter Olympics , Gennady Zyuganov , leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, proposed sending Russian fans to
3008-684: The party founded the Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Since 2001, the organisation has been led by Gennady Zyuganov and it became part of the Central Committee. The party has friendly relations with the Party of the European Left , but it is not a member of it. The party also has friendly relations with the Chinese Communist Party . On 24 March 2017, the party sent
3072-609: The party is the Leninist Young Communist League . The CPRF can trace its origin to the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which was established in March 1898. The party split in 1903 into a Menshevik (minority) and Bolshevik (majority) faction; the latter, led by Vladimir Lenin , is the direct ancestor of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and is the party that seized power in
3136-578: The party soon left it. One of the early parties to enter the bloc, Sergei Shakhrai's Party of Russian Unity and Accord , also deserted it in August. The party program called for "stability and development, democracy and patriotism, confidence and order" as well as "pragmatism" and "a civilized market". Other proposals were contradictory as the party proposed, among other things, to encourage foreign investment while protecting Russian manufacturers, and to promote agricultural reform while regulating land ownership. In
3200-426: The party to propose a merger with the left-conservative party A Just Russia — For Truth , but only if the new party adopted the communist program. The day before, the leader of the A Just Russia Sergey Mironov said that he "does not see any obstacles to the creation in Russia of a large coalition of left-wing patriotic forces". The party advocates for a socialist transformation of Russia through peaceful means within
3264-502: The passports must be transliterated by using the ICAO system , which is published in Doc 9303 " Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 3 ". The system differs from the GOST R 52535.1-2006 system in two things: ц is transliterated into ts (as in pre-2010 systems), ъ is transliterated into ie (a novelty). In a second sense, the romanization or Latinization of Russian may also indicate
SECTION 50
#17331049267993328-611: The popular vote. In the Moscow Duma election held on 4 December 2005, the party won 16.75% and 4 seats, the best ever result for the CPRF in Moscow. In the opinion of some observers, the absence of the Rodina party contributed to the Communists' success. On 11 March 2007, elections took place for 14 regional and local legislatures. The CPRF performed very well and increased its votes in most of
3392-451: The present conditions in the Russian Federation, the CPRF calls for the following proposals: The party is in favour of cooperation with the Russian Orthodox Church . According to the words of Zyuganov , the CPRF is a party of scientific, but not militant atheism . Propaganda of any religion is banned inside the party. The CPRF celebrates the rule of Joseph Stalin . Zyuganov and the party support social conservatism and voted in favor of
3456-494: The small towns and cities around Moscow . One of the few polling stations that gave a success to the CPRF during the 2007 Russian legislative election was at Moscow State University . The CPRF is also strong in the far east of Russia , in Siberia , and the Ural . Supporters of the CPRF include those who suffered economically and politically from the collapse of the Soviet Union. The party
3520-494: The system pertaining to the Russian language was adopted by BGN in 1944 and by PCGN in 1947. In Soviet international passports , transliteration was based on French rules but without diacritics and so all names were transliterated in a French-style system . In 1997, with the introduction of new Russian passports , a diacritic-free English-oriented system was established by the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs , but
3584-447: The system was also abandoned in 2010. In 2006, GOST R 52535.1-2006 was adopted, which defines technical requirements and standards for Russian international passports and introduces its own system of transliteration. In 2010, the Federal Migration Service of Russia approved Order No. 26, stating that all personal names in the passports issued after 2010 must be transliterated using GOST R 52535.1-2006. Because of some differences between
3648-531: The territories; it came second in Oryol Oblast (23.78%), Omsk Oblast (22.58%), Pskov Oblast (19.21%) and Samara Oblast (18.87%), Moscow Oblast (18.80%), Murmansk Oblast (17.51%) and Tomsk Oblast (13.37%). These results testify that the CPRF is the most significant opposition party in Russia. On 21 May 2007, the CPRF obtained an important success in the Volgograd 's mayoral election. Communist candidate Roman Grebennikov won election as mayor with 32.47% of
3712-404: The third phase is to build socialism . The First Secretary Gennady Zyuganov also expressed that they should learn from China's successful example and build Russian socialism. He also encouraged all party members to read "Selected works of Deng Xiaoping". He said during his visit to China in 2008: "Had we learned from the success of China earlier, the Soviet Union would not have dissolved". Under
3776-657: The use of diacritics) that faithfully represents the original and allows for reverse transliteration for Cyrillic text in any contemporary language. The UNGEGN , a Working Group of the United Nations , in 1987 recommended a romanization system for geographical names, which was based on the 1983 version of GOST 16876-71 . It may be found in some international cartographic products. American Library Association and Library of Congress (ALA-LC) romanization tables for Slavic alphabets are used in North American libraries and in
3840-510: The vote and became the youngest mayor of a regional capital. In 2008, Roman Grebennikov switched his allegiance to United Russia, angering many Communists who accused him of using the CPRF as a tool to become elected. On 7 April 2011, the CPRF candidate Ilya Potapov won the mayoral election in the town of Berdsk with a landslide victory over the United Russia candidates. In 2015 gubernatorial elections, party's nominee Sergey Levchenko won
3904-414: Was declared invalid due to a large number of violations in connection with which recall election were scheduled for December 2018, but the Communist Party decided not to nominate its candidate for the new election. In the 2018 elections to the regional parliaments, the Communist Party took first place in the voting on party lists in three regions. However, in two regions, United Russia still managed to get
SECTION 60
#17331049267993968-480: Was in single digits. In order to oppose Yeltsin, Zyuganov organised a "popular-patriotic bloc" of nationalist organisations to support his candidacy. After the election—which Yeltsin won with 54% of the vote—on 7 August 1996 the coalition supporting Zyuganov was transformed into an official organisation, the People's Patriotic Union of Russia (NPSR), consisting of more than 30 left-wing and nationalist organisations, including
4032-458: Was substituted in 2013 by GOST R ISO/ IEC 7501-1-2013, which does not contain romanization, but directly refers to the ICAO romanization ( see below ). Names on street and road signs in the Soviet Union were romanized according to GOST 10807-78 (tables 17, 18), which was amended by newer Russian GOST R 52290-2004 (tables Г.4, Г.5), the romanizations in both the standards are practically identical. ISO/R 9, established in 1954 and updated in 1968,
4096-559: Was the adoption of the scientific transliteration by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It covers Russian and seven other Slavic languages. ISO 9:1995 is the current transliteration standard from ISO. It is based on its predecessor ISO/R 9:1968, which it deprecates; for Russian, the two are the same except in the treatment of five modern letters. ISO 9:1995 is the first language-independent, univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by
#798201