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54-415: The Don usually stands 15.1 to 15.3  hands (61 to 63 inches, 155 to 160 cm), and may be bay , black , gray or chestnut . They have a clean head with a straight or dished profile, well set onto a well-formed neck, high withers, and a wide, deep chest. Their shoulders can be straight, limiting the length of their stride, but are often well-formed. The back is long and straight, flowing into

108-463: A byte . Additionally, groups of eight bytes are often separated by a hyphen. In countries with a decimal comma, the decimal point is also common as the "international" notation because of the influence of devices, such as electronic calculators , which use the decimal point. Most computer operating systems allow selection of the decimal separator; programs that have been carefully internationalized will follow this, but some programs ignore it and

162-450: A decimal mark , decimal marker , or decimal sign . Symbol-specific names are also used; decimal point and decimal comma refer to a dot (either baseline or middle ) and comma respectively, when it is used as a decimal separator; these are the usual terms used in English, with the aforementioned generic terms reserved for abstract usage. In many contexts, when a number is spoken,

216-440: A base 4 radix numbering system, where a hand is four inches. The hand, sometimes also called a handbreadth or handsbreadth, is an anthropic unit , originally based on the breadth of a male human hand, either with or without the thumb, or on the height of a clenched fist. On surviving Ancient Egyptian cubit-rods , the royal cubit is divided into seven palms of four digits or fingers each. Five digits are equal to

270-451: A croup that is long and sloping. The legs are long, well-muscled, and clean with broad joints, strong tendons, and tough hooves. The first type of Don horse, generally called the "Old Don," evolved from semi-feral Russian steppe horses and Oriental horse breeds such as the Karabakh horse , Turkmenian , and Arabian that were brought to Russia as a product of Cossack raids. The Old Don was

324-418: A full space can be used between groups of four digits, corresponding to a nibble , or equivalently to a hexadecimal digit. For integer numbers, dots are used as well to separate groups of four bits. Alternatively, binary digits may be grouped by threes, corresponding to an octal digit. Similarly, in hexadecimal (base-16), full spaces are usually used to group digits into twos, making each group correspond to

378-480: A hand, which are inches. Thus, 62 inches is fifteen and a half hands, or 15.2 hh (normally said as "fifteen-two", or occasionally in full as "fifteen hands two inches"). "Hands" may be abbreviated to "h", or "hh". The "hh" form is sometimes interpreted as standing for "hands high". When spoken aloud, hands are stated by numbers, 15.0 is "fifteen hands", 15.2 is alternately "fifteen-two" or "fifteen hands, two inches", and so on. To convert inches to hands,

432-528: A hand, with thumb; and six to a closed fist. The royal cubit measured approximately 525 mm, so the width of the ancient Egyptian hand was about 94 mm. In Biblical exegesis the hand measurement, as for example in the Vision of the Temple, Authorized Version Ezekiel 40:43 , is usually taken to be palm or handbreadth, and in modern translations may be rendered as "handbreadth" or "three inches". The hand

486-449: A mask (an input mask or an output mask). Common examples include spreadsheets and databases in which currency values are entered without such marks but are displayed with them inserted. (Similarly, phone numbers can have hyphens, spaces or parentheses as a mask rather than as data.) In web content , such digit grouping can be done with CSS style . It is useful because the number can be copied and pasted into calculators (including

540-540: A medium-sized, agile horse with immense endurance; a result of the survival-of-the-fittest selection methods that guided the development of many Russian breeds. This hardy horse was used as the foundation for the current Russian Don, and was also used to improve the Orlov, Orlov-Rostopchin, and Thoroughbred breeds. Cossack cavalry mounted on the Old Don horses were instrumental in the destruction of Napoleon 's Russian campaign, and

594-470: A radix character may be used for the same purpose. When used with the binary ( base 2 ) representation, it may be called "binary point". The 22nd General Conference on Weights and Measures declared in 2003, “The symbol for the decimal marker shall be either the point on the line or the comma on the line.” It further reaffirmed, ( 1 000 000 000 for example). This use has therefore been recommended by technical organizations, such as

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648-522: A separator (it's usually ignored, i.e. also allows 1_00_00_000 aligning with the Indian number style of 1,00,00,000 that would be 10,000,000 in the US). In mathematics and computing , a radix point or radix character is a symbol used in the display of numbers to separate the integer part of the value from its fractional part . In English and many other languages (including many that are written right-to-left),

702-449: A web browser's omnibox ) and parsed by the computer as-is (i.e., without the user manually purging the extraneous characters). For example, Misplaced Pages content can display numbers this way, as in the following examples: In some programming languages , it is possible to group the digits in the program's source code to make it easier to read; see Integer literal: Digit separators . Julia , Swift , Java , and free-form Fortran 90 use

756-503: Is a traditional unit in the UK. It was standardised at four inches by a statute of King Henry VIII , the Horses Act 1540 ( 32 Hen. 8 . c. 13), but some confusion between the various types of hand measurement, and particularly between the hand and the handsbreadth, appears to have persisted. Phillips's dictionary of 1706 gives four inches for the length of the handful or hand, and three inches for

810-651: Is particularly common in handwriting. In the United States , the full stop or period (.) is used as the standard decimal separator. In the nations of the British Empire (and, later, the Commonwealth of Nations ), the full stop could be used in typewritten material and its use was not banned, although the interpunct (a.k.a. decimal point, point or mid dot) was preferred as a decimal separator, in printing technologies that could accommodate it, e.g. 99·95 . However, as

864-475: Is permissible. Below is shown an example of Kotlin code using separators to increase readability: The International Bureau of Weights and Measures states that "when there are only four digits before or after the decimal marker, it is customary not to use a space to isolate a single digit". Likewise, some manuals of style state that thousands separators should not be used in normal text for numbers from 1000 to 9999 inclusive where no decimal fractional part

918-498: Is shown (in other words, for four-digit whole numbers), whereas others use thousands separators and others use both. For example, APA style stipulates a thousands separator for "most figures of 1000 or more" except for page numbers, binary digits, temperatures, etc. There are always "common-sense" country-specific exceptions to digit grouping, such as year numbers, postal codes , and ID numbers of predefined nongrouped format, which style guides usually point out. In binary (base-2),

972-723: The International Bureau of Weights and Measures since 1948 (and reaffirmed in 2003) stating as well as of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the American Medical Association 's widely followed AMA Manual of Style , and the Metrication Board , among others. The groups created by the delimiters tend to follow the usages of local languages, which varies. In European languages, large numbers are read in groups of thousands, and

1026-485: The Middle Ages , before printing, a bar ( ¯ ) over the units digit was used to separate the integral part of a number from its fractional part , as in 9 9 95 (meaning 99.95 in decimal point format). A similar notation remains in common use as an underbar to superscript digits, especially for monetary values without a decimal separator, as in 99 . Later, a "separatrix" (i.e., a short, roughly vertical ink stroke) between

1080-432: The underscore (_) character for this purpose; as such, these languages allow seven hundred million to be entered as 700_000_000. Fixed-form Fortran ignores whitespace (in all contexts), so 700 000 000 has always been accepted. Fortran 90 and its successors allow (ignored) underscores in numbers in free-form. C++14 , Rebol , and Red all allow the use of an apostrophe for digit grouping, so 700'000'000

1134-556: The 10th century. The practice is ultimately derived from the decimal Hindu–Arabic numeral system used in Indian mathematics , and popularized by the Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi , when Latin translation of his work on the Indian numerals introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world. His Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing presented

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1188-665: The International Language Ido) officially states that commas are used for the decimal separator whilst full stops are used to separate thousands, millions, etc. So the number 12,345,678.90123 (in American notation), for instance, would be written 12.345.678,90123 in Ido. The 1931 grammar of Volapük uses the comma as its decimal separator but, somewhat unusually, the middle dot as its thousands separator (12·345·678,90123). In 1958, disputes between European and American delegates over

1242-581: The Russian Don breed in past times was as the mount of the Cossack cavalry. Known for their endurance and stamina, these horses could cover long distances in short amounts of time, with reserves of energy left for battle. Today, the Don is widely used as a saddle horse, and is also used in harness, often in the traditional Russian tachanka , where four horses are hitched side-by-side. The Don played an important role in

1296-581: The UK. In other parts of the world, including continental Europe and in FEI -regulated international competition, horses are measured in metric units, usually metres or centimetres. In South Africa , measurements may be given in both hands and centimetres, while in Australia, the equestrian regulations stipulate that both measurements are to be given. In those countries where hands are the usual unit for measuring horse height, inches rather than hands are commonly used in

1350-511: The United States’ National Institute of Standards and Technology . Past versions of ISO 8601 , but not the 2019 revision, also stipulated normative notation based on SI conventions, adding that the comma is preferred over the full stop. ISO 80000-1 stipulates, “The decimal sign is either a comma or a point on the line.” The standard does not stipulate any preference, observing that usage will depend on customary usage in

1404-624: The base of the last true hairs of the mane rather than at the withers. For international competition regulated by the Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI) and for USEF competition in the US, a horse can be measured with shoes on or off. In the United Kingdom, official measurement of horses is overseen by the Joint Measurement Board (JMB). For JMB purposes, the shoes must be removed and

1458-415: The breadth of a human hand. The adoption of the international inch in 1959 allowed for a standardized imperial form and a metric conversion. It may be abbreviated to "h" or "hh". Although measurements between whole hands are usually expressed in what appears to be decimal format, the subdivision of the hand is not decimal but is in base 4 , so subdivisions after the radix point are in quarters of

1512-483: The breadth of the four fingers of the hand, or three inches", but the Encyclopædia Perthensis of 1816 gives under Palm (4): "A hand, or measure of lengths comprising three inches". Today the hand is used to measure the height of horses , ponies , and other equines . It is used in the US and also in some other nations that use the metric system, such as Australia , New Zealand , Canada , Ireland and

1566-551: The characteristic color of chestnut with a gold sheen. Dons were also gaining popularity outside of Russia, and many were exported. During the 1920s, after much of the Don stock had been wiped out in World War I and the Russian Revolution , the remaining horses were reassembled at several military studs, as well as within the Cossack population, and with concentrated breeding the stock was fairly quickly restored. The main use of

1620-584: The comma and the Decimal Currency Board advocated for the point. In the event, the point was chosen by the Ministry of Technology in 1968. When South Africa adopted the metric system , it adopted the comma as its decimal separator, although a number of house styles, including some English-language newspapers such as The Sunday Times , continue to use the full stop. Previously, signs along California roads expressed distances in decimal numbers with

1674-445: The comma was chosen. Many other countries, such as Italy, also chose to use the comma to mark the decimal units position. It has been made standard by the ISO for international blueprints. However, English-speaking countries took the comma to separate sequences of three digits. In some countries, a raised dot or dash ( upper comma ) may be used for grouping or decimal separator; this

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1728-494: The correct representation of the decimal separator nearly stalled the development of the ALGOL computer programming language. ALGOL ended up allowing different decimal separators, but most computer languages and standard data formats (e.g., C , Java , Fortran , Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) ) specify a dot. C and a couple of others permit a quote (') as thousands separator, and many others like Python and Julia, (only) allow ‘_’ as such

1782-410: The data or as a mask through which the data is displayed. This is an example of the separation of presentation and content , making it possible to display numbers with spaced digit grouping in a way that does not insert any whitespace characters into the string of digits in the content . In many computing contexts, it is preferred to omit digit group separators from the data and instead overlay them as

1836-425: The decimal part in superscript, as in 3 , meaning 3.7. Though California has since transitioned to mixed numbers with common fractions , the older style remains on postmile markers and bridge inventory markers. The three most spoken international auxiliary languages , Ido , Esperanto , and Interlingua , all use the comma as the decimal separator. Interlingua has used the comma as its decimal separator since

1890-489: The decimal point is in the astronomical tables compiled by the Italian merchant and mathematician Giovanni Bianchini in the 1440s. Tables of logarithms prepared by John Napier in 1614 and 1619 used the period (full stop) as the decimal separator, which was then adopted by Henry Briggs in his influential 17th century work. In France , the full stop was already in use in printing to make Roman numerals more readable, so

1944-447: The delimiter – 10,000 – and other European countries employed periods or spaces: 10.000 or 10 000 . Because of the confusion that could result in international documents, in recent years the use of spaces as separators has been advocated by the superseded SI/ISO 31-0 standard , as well as by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry , which have also begun advocating

1998-400: The delimiter—which occurs every three digits when it is used—may be called a "thousands separator". In East Asian cultures , particularly China , Japan , and Korea , large numbers are read in groups of myriads (10 000s) but the delimiter commonly separates every three digits. The Indian numbering system is somewhat more complex: It groups the rightmost three digits together (until

2052-513: The development of many other USSR -developed breeds, including the Budyonny . Hand (unit) The hand is a non- SI unit of measurement of length standardized to 4 in (101.6 mm). It is used to measure the height of horses in many English-speaking countries, including Australia , Canada , Ireland , the United Kingdom , and the United States . It was originally based on

2106-469: The first systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations in Arabic. Gerbert of Aurillac marked triples of columns with an arc (called a "Pythagorean arc"), when using his Hindu–Arabic numeral-based abacus in the 10th century. Fibonacci followed this convention when writing numbers, such as in his influential work Liber Abaci in the 13th century. The earliest known record of using

2160-523: The function of the separator is assumed by the spoken name of the symbol: comma or point in most cases. In some specialized contexts, the word decimal is instead used for this purpose (such as in International Civil Aviation Organization -regulated air traffic control communications). In mathematics, the decimal separator is a type of radix point , a term that also applies to number systems with bases other than ten. In

2214-456: The handsbreadth; Mortimer gives the same, three inches for the Hand's-breadth, and four for the "Handful, or simply, Hand", but adds "The hand among horse-dealers, &c. is four-fingers' breadth, being the fist clenched, whereby the height of a horse is measured", thus equating "hand" with both the palm and the fist. Similarly, Wright's 1831 translation of Buffon mentions "A hand breadth (palmus),

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2268-479: The hooves correctly prepared for shoeing prior to measurement. Radix point A decimal separator is a symbol that separates the integer part from the fractional part of a number written in decimal form (e.g., "." in 12.45 ). Different countries officially designate different symbols for use as the separator. The choice of symbol also affects the choice of symbol for the thousands separator used in digit grouping. Any such symbol can be called

2322-504: The horses were important in proving the supremacy of Cossack cavalry over their European counterparts. During the early 19th century, the breed was improved into the newer type through the addition of Orlov Trotter , Arabian, Thoroughbred, and Karabakh blood. During the second half of the 19th century, the Don breed was in high demand as cavalry horses. Private breeders began to focus on the Dons, and bred for conformation, endurance, height, and

2376-427: The hundreds place) and thereafter groups by sets of two digits. For example, one American trillion (European billion ) would thus be written as 10,00,00,00,00,000 or 10 kharab . The convention for digit group separators historically varied among countries, but usually seeking to distinguish the delimiter from the decimal separator. Traditionally, English-speaking countries (except South Africa) employed commas as

2430-405: The integer part is at the left of the radix point, and the fraction part at the right of it. A radix point is most often used in decimal (base 10) notation, when it is more commonly called the decimal point (the prefix deci- implying base 10 ). In English-speaking countries , the decimal point is usually a small dot (.) placed either on the baseline, or halfway between the baseline and

2484-477: The language concerned, but adds a note that as per ISO/IEC directives, all ISO standards should use the comma as the decimal marker. For ease of reading, numbers with many digits (e.g. numbers over 999) may be divided into groups using a delimiter , such as comma "," or dot ".", half-space (or thin space ) " ", space " " , underscore "_" (as in maritime "21_450") or apostrophe «'». In some countries, these "digit group separators" are only employed to

2538-550: The left of the decimal separator; in others, they are also used to separate numbers with a long fractional part . An important reason for grouping is that it allows rapid judgement of the number of digits, via telling at a glance (" subitizing ") rather than counting (contrast, for example, 100 000 000 with 100000000 for one hundred million). The use of thin spaces as separators, not dots or commas (for example: 20 000 and 1 000 000 for "twenty thousand" and "one million"), has been official policy of

2592-430: The measurement of smaller equines including miniature horses /ponies, miniature mules , donkeys , and Shetland ponies . A horse is measured from the ground to the top of the highest non-variable point of the skeleton, the withers . For official measurement, the spinous process of the fifth thoracic vertebra may be identified by palpation, and marked if necessary. Some varieties of Miniature horses are measured at

2646-558: The mid dot was already in common use in the mathematics world to indicate multiplication, the SI rejected its use as the decimal separator. During the beginning of British metrication in the late 1960s and with impending currency decimalisation , there was some debate in the United Kingdom as to whether the decimal comma or decimal point should be preferred: the British Standards Institution and some sectors of industry advocated

2700-500: The number in inches is divided by four, then the remainder is added after the radix point . Thus, a horse that measures 60 inches is 15 hands high (15 × 4 = 60) and a horse halfway between 15 and 16 hands is 15.2 hands, or 62 inches tall (15 × 4 + 2 = 62) Because the subdivision of a hand is a base 4 system, a horse 64 inches high is 16.0 hands high, not 15.4. A designation of "15.5 hands" is not halfway between 15 and 16 hands, but rather reads 15 hands and five inches, an impossibility in

2754-475: The publication of the Interlingua Grammar in 1951. Esperanto also uses the comma as its official decimal separator, whilst thousands are usually separated by non-breaking spaces (e.g. 12 345 678,9 ). It is possible to separate thousands by a full stop (e.g. 12.345.678,9 ), though this is not as common. Ido's Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza di la Linguo Internaciona Ido (Complete Detailed Grammar of

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2808-587: The top of the digits ( · ) In many other countries, the radix point is a comma (,) placed on the baseline. These conventions are generally used both in machine displays ( printing , computer monitors ) and in handwriting . It is important to know which notation is being used when working in different software programs. The respective ISO standard defines both the comma and the small dot as decimal markers, but does not explicitly define universal radix marks for bases other than 10. Fractional numbers are rarely displayed in other number bases , but, when they are,

2862-521: The units and tenths position became the norm among Arab mathematicians (e.g. 99 ˌ 95), while an L-shaped or vertical bar (|) served as the separatrix in England. When this character was typeset , it was convenient to use the existing comma (99 , 95) or full stop (99 . 95) instead. Positional decimal fractions appear for the first time in a book by the Arab mathematician Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi written in

2916-515: The use of a " thin space " in "groups of three". Within the United States, the American Medical Association 's widely followed AMA Manual of Style also calls for a thin space. In programming languages and online encoding environments (for example, ASCII -only) a thin space is not practical or available, in which case an underscore, regular word space, or no delimiter are the alternatives. Digit group separators can occur either as part of

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