The Interregnum was the period between the execution of Charles I on 30 January 1649 and the arrival of his son Charles II in London on 29 May 1660, which marked the start of the Restoration . During the Interregnum, England was under various forms of republican government.
109-509: The Rupertinoe was an advanced naval gun designed by, and named after, Prince Rupert of the Rhine in the 17th century. The name is actually a mis-transcription of the words "Rupert inv" found on one of the cannon. Naval warfare in the Restoration period placed an emphasis on naval firepower ; as one writer has put it, warships had evolved into "floating artillery emplacements". The Rupertinoe gun
218-581: A mareschal de camp , subject to Rupert being free to leave French service to fight for King Charles, should he be called upon to do so. In 1647, Rupert fought under Marshal Jean de Gassion against the Spanish. After a three-week siege, Rupert took the powerful fortress of La Bassée through quiet negotiations with the enemy commander—an impressive accomplishment, and one that won him favour in French court circles. Gassion and Rupert were ambushed shortly afterwards by
327-616: A Moorish servant boy, who remained in his service for many years. Rupert also explored 150 miles up the Gambia River , taking two Spanish vessels as prizes and contracting malaria in the process. Rupert then finally made a successful crossing into the Caribbean, landing first at Saint Lucia , before continuing up the chain of the Antilles to the Virgin Islands . There the fleet was hit by
436-611: A hurricane , which scattered the ships and sank the Defiance , this time with Prince Maurice on board. It was a while before Maurice's death became certain, which came as a terrible blow to Rupert. He was forced to return to Europe, arriving in France in March 1653 with a fleet of five ships. It became clear, as the profits and losses of the piracy campaign were calculated, that the venture had not been as profitable as hoped. This complicated tensions in
545-502: A "Lapland Lady" transformed into a white dog; Boy was able, apparently, to find hidden treasure, possessed invulnerability to attack, could catch bullets fired at Rupert in his mouth, and could prophesy as well as the 16th-century soothsayer , Mother Shipton . Similar stories from the period relate to Rupert's pet monkey. Like his dog, the monkey was featured in newsprint of the day and was also reputed to have shapeshifting powers, being able to disguise itself behind enemy lines. After
654-409: A Spanish party; during the resulting fight, Rupert was shot in the head and seriously injured. Afterwards, Gassion noted: "Monsieur, I am most annoyed that you are wounded." "And me also," Rupert is recorded as replying. Gassion was himself killed shortly afterwards, and Rupert returned to St Germain to recuperate. In 1648, the relatively brief Second English Civil War broke out, and Rupert informed
763-493: A bellicose statement in itself. During the second half of the war, political opposition within the Royalist senior leadership against Prince Rupert continued to grow. His personality during the war had made him both friends and enemies. He enjoyed a "frank and generous disposition", showed a "quickness of... intellect", was prepared to face grave dangers, and could be thorough and patient when necessary. However, Prince Rupert lacked
872-519: A child, Rupert was at times badly behaved, "fiery, mischievous, and passionate" and earned himself the nickname Robert le Diable , or "Rupert The Devil". Nonetheless, Rupert proved to be an able student. By the age of three, he could speak some English, Czech, and French, and mastered German while still young; however, he had little interest in Latin and Greek. He excelled in art, being taught by Gerard van Honthorst , and found mathematics and science easy. By
981-686: A child, fighting alongside Dutch forces against Habsburg Spain during the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), and against the Holy Roman Emperor in Germany during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). Aged 23, he was appointed commander of the Royalist cavalry during the English Civil War , becoming the archetypal "Cavalier" of the war and ultimately the senior Royalist general. He surrendered after
1090-468: A fever along the way and was buried in an unmarked grave. Rupert had lost his father at the age of 13, and Gustavus' death at the Battle of Lützen in the same month deprived the family of a critical Protestant ally. With Frederick gone, King Charles proposed that the family move to England; Rupert's mother declined, but asked that Charles extend his protection to her remaining children instead. Rupert spent
1199-499: A few stylish prints in the technique, mostly interpretations of existing paintings, and introduced the form to England after the Restoration , though it was Wallerant Vaillant , Rupert's artistic assistant or tutor, who first popularised the process and exploited it commercially. Rupert's most famous and largest art work, The Great Executioner , produced in 1658, is still regarded by critics such as Arthur Hind and Antony Griffiths as full of "brilliance and energy", "superb" and "one of
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#17328482781621308-450: A final argument over the fate of his friend Richard Willis , the governor of Newark, who had let Rupert into the royal court to begin with, Rupert resigned and left the service of King Charles, along with most of his best cavalry officers. Earlier interpretations of this event focused on Rupert's concern for his honour in the face of his initial dismissal by the King; later works have highlighted
1417-601: A hero. Rupert finally retired from active seagoing command later that year. Interregnum (England) The politics of the period were dominated by the wishes of the Grandees (senior officers) of the New Model Army and their civilian supporters. They encouraged (or at least tolerated) several republican regimes. From 1649 until 1653 executive powers lay with the Council of State , while legislative functions were carried out by
1526-512: A high-specification, annealed and lathe -produced gun of his own design, the Rupertinoe . The cost of the weapon—three times that of a normal gun—prevented its wider deployment in the fleet. The French role in the conflict proved a problem when Charles turned to the appointment of an admiral. Rupert's objection to the French alliance was well known, and accordingly the King appointed the Duke of York to
1635-529: A key arms producing town, was taken in April 1643, and Rupert faced allegations—probably untrue—of wilfully burning the town to the ground (see the Battle of Camp Hill ). Shortly afterwards Rupert attempted to take the town of Lichfield , whose garrison had executed Royalist prisoners, angrily promising to kill all the soldiers inside. Only the urgent call for assistance from the King prevented him from doing so, forcing him to agree to more lenient terms in exchange for
1744-459: A key port. Rupert took Bristol in July with his brother Maurice using Cornish forces and was appointed governor of the city. By mid-1643, Rupert had become so well known that he was an issue in any potential peace accommodation—Parliament was seeking to see him punished as part of any negotiated solution, and the presence of Rupert at the court, close to the King during the negotiations, was perceived as
1853-465: A large degree, encouraged the radical political groups which emerged when the usual social controls broke down during the civil war. It had also unwittingly established a new political force when it set up the New Model Army. Not surprisingly, all these groups had their own hopes for the new Commonwealth. Led by John Lilburne , Levellers drew their main support from London and the New Model Army. In
1962-453: A large white hunting poodle which accompanied Rupert everywhere from 1642 up until the dog's death at Marston Moor and which was suspected of being a witch's familiar . There were numerous accounts of Boy's abilities; some suggested that he was the Devil in disguise, come to help Rupert. Pro-Royalist publications ultimately produced parodies of these, including one which listed Rupert's dog as being
2071-480: A late summer storm, leading to the sinking of the Constant Reformation with the loss of 333 lives—almost including Rupert's brother, Prince Maurice , who only just escaped — and a great deal of captured treasure. Turning back to regroup, repair and re-equip in early 1652, Rupert's reduced force moored at Cape Blanc , an island near what is now Mauritania . Rupert took the opportunity to explore and acquired
2180-612: A number of professional soldiers, ran the gauntlet across the sea from the United Provinces , and after one initial failure, evaded the pro-Parliamentary navy and landed in Newcastle . Riding across country, he found the King with a tiny army at Leicester Abbey , and was promptly appointed General of Horse , a coveted appointment at the time in European warfare. Rupert set about recruiting and training: with great effort he had put together
2289-421: A number of the King's councillors. By May 1645, and now desperately short of supplies, Rupert captured Leicester , but suffered a severe reversal at the Battle of Naseby a month later. Although Rupert had counselled the King against accepting battle at Naseby, the opinions of Digby had won the day in council: nonetheless, Rupert's defeat damaged him, rather than Digby, politically. After Naseby, Rupert regarded
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#17328482781622398-417: A partially trained mounted force of 3,000 cavalry by the end of September. Rupert's reputation continued to rise and, leading a sudden, courageous charge, he routed a Parliamentarian force at Powick Bridge , the first military engagement of the war. Although a small engagement, this had a propaganda value far exceeding the importance of the battle itself, and Rupert became an heroic figure for many young men in
2507-587: A prompt surrender. Towards the end of the war, practices were changing for the worse across all sides; a rebellious Leicester was retaken by the Prince in May 1645, and no attempt was made to limit the subsequent killing and plunder. Rupert was accordingly a prominent figure in Parliamentary propaganda. He faced numerous accusations of witchcraft , either personally or by proxy through his pet dog, Boy, sometimes called Pudel,
2616-411: A range of associates that he had conceived of the mezzotint process through having watched a soldier scrape the rust from the barrel of his musket during a military campaign. John Evelyn credited Rupert as the inventor of the technique in 1662, and Rupert's story was further popularised by Horace Walpole during the 18th century. Considerable academic debate surrounds the issue, but the modern consensus
2725-620: A royalty of £20 per ton and as there were no perceived advantages purchase was soon discontinued. The cost of the gun led to a fraud investigation by the Naval Commissioner Samuel Pepys , although no evidence to support the claim was discovered. Prince Rupert of the Rhine Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Duke of Cumberland , KG , PC , FRS (17 December 1619 ( O.S. ) [27 December 1619 (N.S.)] – 29 November 1682 (O.S.) [9 December 1682 (N.S)])
2834-461: A suitable estate, and the two parted on bad terms in 1657, Rupert refusing ever to return to the Palatinate again and taking up employment under Ferdinand III in his Kingdom of Hungary . During this period Rupert became closely involved in the development of mezzotint , a "negative" or intaglio printmaking process which eventually superseded the older woodcut process. Rupert appears to have told
2943-513: A wealthy state, and Frederick lived in great luxury. Frederick's mother, Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau , was daughter of William the Silent and half-sister of Maurice, Prince of Orange , who as stadtholders of Holland and other provinces were the leaders of the Dutch Republic . Rupert's mother was Elizabeth Stuart , daughter of King James VI of Scotland and I of England . Thus Rupert
3052-703: Is considered to have been a quick-thinking and energetic cavalry general, but ultimately undermined by his youthful impatience in dealing with his peers during the Civil War. In the Interregnum , Rupert continued the conflict against Parliament by sea from the Mediterranean to the Caribbean, showing considerable persistence in the face of adversity. As the head of the Royal Navy in his later years, he showed greater maturity and made impressive and long-lasting contributions to
3161-460: Is probably best remembered today for his role as a Royalist commander during the English Civil War . He had considerable success during the initial years of the war, his drive, determination and experience of European techniques bringing him early victories. As the war progressed, Rupert's youth and lack of maturity in managing his relationships with other Royalist commanders ultimately resulted in his removal from his post and ultimate retirement from
3270-497: Is that mezzotint was instead invented in 1642 by Ludwig von Siegen , a German lieutenant-colonel who was also an amateur artist. Siegen may or may not have met Rupert: Siegen had worked as chamberlain , and probably part-tutor, to Rupert's young cousin William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel , with whom Rupert discussed the technique in letters from 1654. Rupert did, however, become a noted artist in mezzotint in his own right. He produced
3379-477: Is understood to have rejected the assassination proposal, but three conspirators—who implicated Rupert in the plan—were arrested and confessed in London. Rupert's presence at the royal court continued to be problematic; as in 1643, he was regarded by Edward Hyde (later Earl of Clarendon ) and others as a bellicose figure and an obstacle to peace negotiations; in 1655 Rupert left for Germany. After his quarrel with
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3488-567: The Battle of Schooneveld in June and the Battle of Texel in August, a controversial sequence of engagements in which, at a minimum, poor communications between the French and English commanders assisted the Dutch victories. Many English commentators were harsher, blaming the French for failing to fully engage in the battles and Rupert—having cautioned against the alliance in the first place—was popularly hailed as
3597-533: The Battle of Vlotho (17 October 1638) during the invasion of Westphalia ; Rupert escaped death, but was captured by the forces of the Imperial General Melchior von Hatzfeldt towards the end of the battle. After a failed attempt to bribe his way free of his guards, Rupert was imprisoned in Linz. Lord Craven, also taken in the battle, attempted to persuade his captors to allow him to remain with Rupert, but
3706-596: The Battle of White Mountain . Rupert's parents were thus mockingly termed the "Winter King and Queen". Rupert was almost left behind in the court's rush to escape Ferdinand's advance on Prague, until courtier Kryštof z Donína (Christopher Dhona) tossed the prince into a carriage at the last moment. Rupert accompanied his parents to The Hague , where he spent his early years at the Hof te Wassenaer (the Wassenaer Court). Rupert's mother paid her children little attention even by
3815-662: The Convertine and the Swallow , accompanied by four smaller vessels. Rupert sailed to Lisbon taking several prizes en route, where he received a warm welcome from King John IV , the ruler of recently independent Portugal, who was a supporter of Charles II. Blake arrived shortly afterwards with a Parliamentary fleet, and an armed stand-off ensued. Tensions rose, skirmishes began to break out and King John became increasingly keen for his Royalist guests to leave. In October 1650, Rupert's fleet, now comprising six vessels, broke out and headed into
3924-722: The Duke of Brunswick at the Anglo-German siege of Rheinberg , and by 1635 he was acting as a military lifeguard to Prince Frederick. Rupert went on to fight against imperial Spain in the successful campaign around Breda in 1637 during the Eighty Years' War in the Netherlands. By the end of this period, Rupert had acquired a reputation for fearlessness in battle, high spirits and considerable industry. In between these campaigns, Rupert had visited his uncle's court in England. The Palatinate cause
4033-454: The Duke of Cumberland and Earl of Holderness , he led the relief of Newark and York and its castle . Having marched north, taking Bolton and Liverpool along the way in two bloody assaults, Rupert then intervened in Yorkshire in two highly effective manoeuvres, in the first outwitting the enemy forces at Newark with speed; in the second, striking across country and approaching York from
4142-479: The Duke of Cumberland , resumed his seat in the House of Lords . For the first time in his life, Rupert's financial position was relatively secure, and he had matured. Near-contemporaries described how "his temper was less explosive than formerly and his judgement sounder". Rupert continued to serve as an admiral in the Royal Navy throughout the period, ultimately rising to the rank of "General at Sea and Land". Rupert
4251-497: The English Civil War . Despite attempts by a Franco-Swedish army to seize Linz and free Rupert, his release was ultimately negotiated through Leopold and the Empress Maria Anna ; in exchange for a commitment never again to take up arms against the emperor, Rupert would be released. Rupert formally kissed the emperor's hand at the end of 1641, turned down a final offer of an imperial command and left Germany for England. Rupert
4360-620: The Mediterranean . Still pursued by Blake, the Royalist fleet manoeuvred up the Spanish coast, steadily losing vessels to their pursuers. The second phase of the campaign then began. Rupert crossed back into the Atlantic and, during 1651, cut west to the Azores , capturing vessels as he went. He intended to continue on to the West Indies , where there would be many rich targets. Instead he encountered
4469-633: The Peace of Westphalia , leaving him badly short of money, although he still remained responsible under the Imperial laws of apanage for providing for his younger brother and had offered the sum of £375 per annum, which Rupert had accepted. Rupert travelled on to Vienna , where he attempted to claim the £15,000 compensation allocated to him under the Peace of Westphalia from the Emperor. Ferdinand III warmly welcomed him, but
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4578-668: The Rump Parliament . In 1653, the Grandees, with Oliver Cromwell leading these reformists, dismissed the Rump Parliament, replacing it with a Nominated Assembly (nicknamed the Parliament of Saints or Barebone's Parliament ). This Barebone's Parliament was composed of 140 nominees, 129 from England and Wales, five from Scotland and six from Ireland. It proved to be as difficult for the executive to work with this Parliament as it had with
4687-611: The fall of Bristol and was banished from England. He served under King Louis XIV of France against Spain, and then as a Royalist privateer in the Caribbean Sea . Following the Restoration , Rupert returned to England, becoming a senior English naval commander during the Second Anglo-Dutch War and Third Anglo-Dutch War , and serving as the first governor of the Hudson's Bay Company . He died in England in 1682, aged 62. Rupert
4796-602: The first Protectorate Parliament , ushering in a period of military Rule of the Major-Generals . The Instrument of Government was replaced in May 1657 by England's second, and last, codified constitution, the Humble Petition and Advice . However Cromwell died the next year, and his nominated successor as Lord Protector, his son Richard , proved unable to govern effectively as various political parties strove to gain power. The Protectorate came to an end in May 1659 when
4905-497: The "chosen ones"; and Fifth Monarchy Men , who opposed all "earthly" governments, believing they must prepare for God's kingdom on earth by establishing a "government of saints". Despite greater toleration, extreme sects were opposed by the upper classes as they were seen as a threat to social order and property rights. Catholics were also excluded from the toleration applied to the other groups. Conservatives were still dominant in both central government and local government . In
5014-459: The 1649 An Agreement of the People , they asked for a more representative and accountable Parliament, to meet every two years; a reform of law so it would be available to and fair to all; and religious toleration. They wanted a more democratic society, although their proposed franchise did not extend to women or to the lowest orders of society. Levellers saw the Rump Parliament as little better than
5123-533: The 17th century, England was embroiled in conflict with commercial rival Holland through the Anglo-Dutch Wars . Rupert became closely involved in these as a senior admiral to King Charles II, rising to command the Royal Navy by the end of his career. Although several famous admirals of the day had previously been army commanders, including Blake and Monck , they had commanded relatively small land forces and Rupert
5232-687: The Commonwealth Parliament. Rabbi Menasseh Ben Israel met Cromwell in 1655 in order to discuss the admission of Jews into England. Cromwell did not agree to all the rights that Ben Israel requested, but the opening of Jewish synagogues and burial grounds was tolerated under Cromwell's Protectorate. The Jewish faith was still not practised openly in England, since Cromwell's move had been controversial and many in England were still hostile toward Jews. Life for Jews in England improved in that they could no longer be prosecuted if caught worshipping, yet discrimination continued. Parliament had, to
5341-470: The Dutch back to the negotiating table. The following year, Rupert was made joint commander of the fleet with Monck and given the opportunity to put this plan into practice. In June 1666, they fought the Dutch at the Four Days' Battle , one of the longest naval battles in history; the battle saw the new aggressive tactics of Rupert and Monck applied, resulting in "a sight unique till then in sailing-ship warfare,
5450-548: The English beating upwind and breaking the enemy's line from leeward." However, the Four Days' Battle was considered a victory for the Dutch, but the St. James's Day Battle the following month allowed Rupert and Monck to use the same tactics to inflict heavy damage on the Dutch and the battle resulted in a significant English victory. The Dutch however would see a favourable end to the war with
5559-647: The Foreign Affairs Committee, show him taking a full and active role in proceedings. In 1668, the King appointed Rupert to be the Constable of Windsor Castle . Rupert was already one of the Knights of the Garter , who had their headquarters at the castle, and was a close companion of the King, who would wish to be suitably entertained at the castle. Rupert immediately began to reorder the castle's defences, sorting out
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#17328482781625668-525: The French King that he would be returning to King Charles's service. The Parliamentary navy mutinied in favour of the King and sailed for Holland, providing the Royalists with a major fleet for the first time since the start of the civil conflict; Rupert joined the fleet under the command of the Duke of York , who assumed the rank of Lord High Admiral . Rupert argued that the fleet should be used to rescue
5777-526: The Garter in 1642. Throughout the period Rupert was inconvenienced by his lack of secure income, and his ongoing feuds with other leading members of the Royalist circle. Rupert first travelled to the Royal court in exile at St Germain but found it still dominated by the Queen and her favourite, Rupert's enemy Digby. Instead, Rupert moved on, accepting a well paid commission from Anne of Austria to serve Louis XIV as
5886-409: The Grandees recalled the Rump Parliament, which authorised a Committee of Safety to replace Richard's Council of State. This ushered in a period of unstable government, which did not come to an end until February 1660 when General George Monck , the English military governor of Scotland, marched to London at the head of his troops, and oversaw the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II. After
5995-408: The King at Newark with Prince Maurice and around a hundred men, fighting their way through smaller enemy units and evading larger ones. King Charles attempted to order Rupert to desist, fearing an armed coup, but Rupert arrived at the royal court anyway. After a difficult meeting, Rupert convinced the King to hold a court-martial over his conduct at Bristol, which exonerated him and Maurice. After
6104-575: The King left for the north. After the ensuing siege and surrender of Oxford in 1646, Parliament banished both Rupert and his brother from England. Rupert's contemporaries believed him to have been involved in some of the bloodier events of the war. Rupert had grown up surrounded by the relatively savage customs of the Thirty Years' War in Europe. Shortly after his arrival in England he caused consternation by following similar practices; one of his early acts
6213-623: The King, then being held prisoner on the Isle of Wight , while others advised sailing in support of the fighting in the north. The fleet itself rapidly lost discipline, with many vessels' crews focussing on seizing local ships and cargoes. This underlined a major problem for the Royalists—the cost of maintaining the new fleet was well beyond their means. Discipline continued to deteriorate and Rupert had to intervene personally several times, including defusing one group of mutinous sailors by suddenly dangling
6322-612: The Levellers were closer to espousing). They advocated a lifestyle that bore many similarities to later understandings of communism and anarchism , with communal ownership of land, and equality for males and females in law and education. They existed in only very small numbers and faced a very strong opposition, even from the Levellers. The breakdown of religious uniformity and incomplete Presbyterian Settlement of 1646 enabled independent churches to flourish. The main sects of English Dissenters were Baptists , who advocated adult rebaptism ; Ranters , who claimed that sin did not exist for
6431-399: The Palatinate and Bohemia. By the early 1630s, Frederick had built a close relationship with King Gustavus of Sweden , the dominant Protestant leader in Germany. In 1632, however, the two men disagreed over Gustavus' insistence that Frederick provide equal rights to his Lutheran and Calvinist subjects after regaining his lands; Frederick refused and set off to return to The Hague. He died of
6540-591: The Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War , the Puritan views of the majority of Parliament and its supporters began to be imposed on the rest of the country. The Puritans advocated an austere lifestyle and restricted what they saw as the excesses of the previous regime. Most prominently, holidays such as Christmas and Easter were suppressed. Pastimes such as the theatre and gambling were also banned. However, some forms of art that were thought to be "virtuous", such as opera, were encouraged. These changes are often credited to Cromwell, though they were introduced by
6649-408: The Royal Navy's doctrine and development. As colonial governor, Rupert shaped the political geography of modern Canada: the English possession of Rupert's Land was created for him to administer as its first governor and one of the founders of the Hudson's Bay Company . Rupert's varied and numerous scientific and administrative interests, combined with his considerable artistic skills, made him one of
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#17328482781626758-426: The Royalist camp. Rupert joined the King in the advance on London, playing a key role in the resulting Battle of Edgehill in October. Once again, Rupert was at his best with swift battlefield movements; the night before, he had undertaken a forced march and seized the summit of Edgehill, giving the Royalists a superior position. When he quarrelled with his fellow infantry commander, Robert Bertie , however, some of
6867-489: The Royalist cause as lost, and urged Charles to conclude a peace with Parliament. Charles, still supported by an optimistic Digby, believed he could win the war. By late summer, Prince Rupert had become trapped in Bristol by Parliamentary forces. Faced with an impossible military situation on the ground, Rupert surrendered Bristol in September 1645, and Charles dismissed him from his service and command. Rupert responded by making his way across Parliamentary held territory to
6976-400: The Royalist court in exile, Rupert travelled to Heidelberg to visit his brother Charles Louis , now partially restored as Elector Palatine , where the two had an ambivalent reunion. Charles Louis and Rupert had not been friendly as children and had almost ended up on opposite sides during the Civil War. To make matters worse, Charles Louis had been deprived of half the old Palatinate under
7085-420: The Royalist court, and Charles II and Rupert eventually split the spoils, after which Rupert, tired and a little bitter, returned to France to recuperate from the long campaign. In 1654, Rupert appears to have been involved in a plot to assassinate Oliver Cromwell , an event that would then have been followed by a coup , the landing of a small army in Sussex , and the restoration of Charles II. Charles himself
7194-401: The Rump Parliament, so after sitting for five months, members friendly to the Grandees engendered its dissolution on 12 December 1653. The Instrument of Government was adopted on 15 December 1653, Cromwell was installed as Lord Protector on the following day. The Instrument of Government granted executive power to the Lord Protector. Although this post was elective, not hereditary, it
7303-466: The advice of the Archduke Leopold , Ferdinand's younger brother, who met and grew to like Rupert. Rupert practised etching, played tennis, practised shooting, read military textbooks and was taken on accompanied hunting trips. He also entered into a romantic affair with Susan Kuffstein, the daughter of Count von Kuffstein, his gaoler. He received a present of a rare white poodle that Rupert called Boy or sometimes Pudel , and which remained with him into
7412-399: The beginning of his teenage years between the courts of The Hague and that of his uncle, King Charles I , before being captured and imprisoned in Linz during the middle stages of the Thirty Years' War. Rupert had become a soldier early; at the age of 14 he attended the Dutch pas d'armes with the Protestant Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange . Later that year he fought alongside him and
7521-418: The commander of the White Squadron, Rupert fought at the Battle of Lowestoft in 1665, breaking through the enemy defences at a critical moment; Rupert's leg was injured in the battle, an injury that caused him ongoing pain. Recalled to accompany the King during the plague that was sweeping London, Rupert continued to argue in favour of the fleet's seeking a set-piece engagement with the Dutch that would force
7630-431: The decisive Raid on the Medway . Rupert also played a prominent role in the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–74). This time Louis XIV of France was a key English ally against Holland, and it was decided that the French would form a squadron in a combined fleet. The English fleet had been much expanded, and Rupert had three ships, HMS Royal Charles , HMS Royal James and HMS Royal Oak , equipped with
7739-408: The end of the First English Civil War Rupert was employed by the young King Louis XIV of France to fight the Spanish during the final years of the Thirty Years' War. Rupert's military employment was complicated by his promises to the Holy Roman Emperor that had led to his release from captivity in 1642, and his ongoing commitment to the English Royalist faction in exile. He also became a Knight of
7848-460: The end, it was impossible to make all the political factions happy. During the Interregnum, Cromwell lost much of the support he had gained during the civil war. Edward Sexby , previously a supporter of Cromwell's, felt disenfranchised by Cromwell's failure to abolish the aristocracy . In 1657, Silius Titus called for Cromwell's assassination in a co-authored pamphlet Killing No Murder under
7957-513: The former, the Rump Parliament was anxious not to offend the traditional ruling class whose support it needed for survival, so it opposed radical ideas. In the latter, that ruling class dominated through the influence of traditional regional gentry. The Interregnum was a relatively short but important period in the history of the British Isles. There were several political experiments without any stable form of government emerging, largely because of
8066-515: The garrison's accommodation, repairing the Devil's Tower, reconstructing the real tennis court and improving the castle's hunting estate. Rupert acquired his own apartments in the castle, which were recorded as being "very singular" with some decorated with an "extraordinary" number of "pikes, muskets, pistols, bandoliers, holsters, drums, back, breast, and head pieces", and his inner chambers "hung with tapisserie, curious and effeminate pictures". King Charles II and Rupert spent much time together over
8175-548: The greatest mezzotints" ever produced; other important works by Rupert include the Head of Titian and The Standard Bearer . Following the Restoration of the monarchy under Charles II in 1660, Rupert returned to England, where Charles had already largely completed the process of balancing the different factions across the country in a new administration. Since most of the better government posts were already taken, Rupert's employment
8284-542: The lethargic but politically significant Royalist leader of the South-West. Most critically, he fell out with George Digby , a favourite of both the King and the Queen. Digby was a classic courtier and Rupert fell to arguing with him repeatedly in meetings. The result was that towards the end of the war Prince Rupert's position at court was increasingly undermined by his enemies. Rupert continued to impress militarily. By 1644, now
8393-507: The monarchy it had replaced, and they showed their displeasure in demonstrations, pamphlets and mutinies. While their numbers did not pose a serious threat to the government, they scared the Rump Parliament into action, and a Treasons Act was passed against them in 1649. Led by Gerrard Winstanley , Diggers wanted an even more coercively equal society than the Levellers (in the sense of "equality of outcome", not "equality of opportunity" which
8502-576: The more colourful public figures in England of the Restoration period . Rupert's father was Frederick V of the Palatinate , of the Palatinate-Simmern branch of the House of Wittelsbach . As Elector Palatine , Frederick was one of the most important princes of the Holy Roman Empire . He was also head of the Protestant Union , a coalition of Protestant German states. The Palatinate was
8611-489: The north. Rupert then commanded much of the royalist army at its defeat at Marston Moor , with much of the blame falling on the poor working relationship between Rupert and the Marquess of Newcastle , and orders from the King that wrongly conveyed a desperate need for a speedy success in the north. In November 1644, Rupert was appointed general of the entire Royalist army, which increased already marked tensions between him and
8720-500: The possession of Charles Louis' wife Charlotte , who believed it was written to her. Charlotte was keen to engage in an affair with Rupert and became unhappy when she was declined and the mistake explained. Degenfeld was uninterested in Rupert, but was engaged in an affair with Charles Louis; this was discovered in due course, leading to the annulment of the marriage. Rupert, for his part, was unhappy that Charles Louis could not endow him with
8829-534: The practical importance of the courts martial to Rupert's future employability as a mercenary in Europe, given that Rupert knew that the war by this point was effectively lost. Rupert and Maurice spent the winter of 1645 in Woodstock , examining options for employment under the Republic of Venice , before returning to Oxford and the King in 1646. Rupert and the King were reconciled, the Prince remaining to defend Oxford when
8938-494: The pseudonym of William Allen. Sexby was captured when he returned to England and attempted to carry out the assassination described in Titus' book. Cromwell coerced Sexby into confessing authorship of the pamphlet and then imprisoned him in the Tower of London , where Sexby was driven to insanity, dying there less than a year later. High taxes required by the large standing army , kept due to
9047-399: The ranks of general and vice admiral of England. During the winter of 1672, however, Charles—still (legitimately) childless—decided that the risk to the Duke, his heir, was too great and made Rupert supreme Allied commander in his place. Rupert began the 1673 campaign against the Dutch knowing the logistical support for his fleet remained uncertain, with many ships undermanned. The result was
9156-532: The region. One of the obstacles that this plan faced was the growing strength of the Parliamentary fleet and the presence of Robert Blake , one of the finest admirals of the period, as Rupert's opponent during the campaign. Rupert's naval campaign formed two phases. The first involved the Royalist fleet sailing from Kinsale in Ireland to Lisbon in Portugal. He took three large ships, HMS Constant Reformation ,
9265-453: The ringleader over the side of his vessel and threatening to drop him into the sea. Most of the fleet finally switched sides once more, returning to England in late 1648. Then, following a degree of reconciliation with Charles, Rupert obtained command of the Royalist fleet himself. The intention was to restore Royalist finances by using the remaining vessels of the fleet to conduct a campaign of organised piracy against English shipping across
9374-528: The role instead. Rupert was instead instructed to take over the Duke's work at the Admiralty, which he did with gusto. The Allied naval plans were stalled after the Duke's inconclusive battle with the Dutch at Solebay . The English plan for 1673 centred on first achieving naval dominance, followed by landing an army in Zeeland . The King appointed the Duke as supreme commander, with Rupert as his deputy, combining
9483-413: The social gifts of a courtier , and his humour could turn into a "sardonic wit and a contemptuous manner": with a hasty temper, he was too quick to say whom he respected and whom he disliked. The result was that, while he could inspire great loyalty in some, especially with his men, he also made many enemies at the Royal court. When Prince Rupert took Bristol , he also slighted the Marquess of Hertford ,
9592-472: The standards of the day, apparently preferring her pet monkeys and dogs. Instead, Frederick employed a French couple, Monsieur and Madame de Plessen, as governors to his children. They were raised with a positive attitude towards the Bohemians and the English, and as strict Calvinists . The result was a strict school routine including logic , mathematics, writing, drawing, singing, and playing instruments. As
9701-446: The subsequent battle Rupert's men made a dramatic cavalry charge, but despite his best efforts a subsequent scattering and loss of discipline turned a potential victory into a stalemate. After Edgehill, Rupert asked Charles for a swift cavalry attack on London before the Earl of Essex 's army could return. The King's senior counsellors, however, urged him to advance slowly on the capital with
9810-548: The time he was 18 he stood about 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) tall. Rupert's family continued their attempts to regain the Palatinate during their time in The Hague. Money was short, with the family relying upon a relatively small pension from The Hague, the proceeds from family investments in Dutch raids on Spanish shipping, and revenue from pawned family jewellery. Frederick set about convincing an alliance of nations—including England, France and Sweden — to support his attempts to regain
9919-491: The war. Throughout the conflict, however, Rupert also enjoyed a powerful symbolic position: he was an iconic Royalist Cavalier and as such was frequently the subject of both Parliamentarian and Royalist propaganda, an image which has endured over the years. Rupert arrived in England following his period of imprisonment and final release from captivity in Germany. In August 1642, Rupert, along with his brother Prince Maurice and
10028-413: The weaknesses of Rupert's character began to display themselves. Rupert vigorously interjected—probably correctly, but certainly tactlessly—that Lindsey should deploy his men in the modern Swedish fashion that Rupert was used to in Europe, which would have maximised their available firepower. The result was an argument in front of the troops and Lindsey's resignation and replacement by Sir Jacob Astley . In
10137-486: The whole army. By the time they arrived, the city had organised defences against them. Some argue that, in delaying, the Royalists had perhaps lost their best chance of winning the war, although others have argued that Rupert's proposed attack would have had trouble penetrating a hostile London. Instead, early in 1643, Rupert began to clear the South-West, taking Cirencester in February before moving further against Bristol ,
10246-560: The wide diversity in religious and political groups that had been allowed to flourish after the regicide of Charles I. The Puritan movement had evolved as a rejection of both real and perceived "Catholicisation" of the Church of England . When the Church of England was quickly disestablished by the Commonwealth government, the question of what church to establish became a hotly debated subject. In
10355-421: The years hunting and playing tennis together at Windsor, and Rupert was also a close companion of James, the Duke of York. Rupert was considered by Pepys to be among the four best tennis players in England. Rupert became romantically engaged to Frances Bard (1646–1708), the daughter of the English explorer and Civil War veteran Henry Bard . Frances claimed to have secretly married Rupert in 1664, although this
10464-428: Was a popular Protestant issue in England, and in 1637 a general public subscription helped fund an expedition under Charles Louis to try to regain the electorate as part of a joint French campaign. Rupert was placed in command of a Palatinate cavalry regiment, and his later friend Lord Craven , an admirer of Rupert's mother, assisted in raising funds and accompanied the army on the campaign. The campaign ended badly at
10573-414: Was a response to this challenge. Designed by Prince Rupert, an experienced naval commander and senior admiral of the Royal Navy , the gun was intended for use against the Dutch during the Anglo-Dutch Wars . The Rupertinoe was a high specification, annealed and lathe produced gun made - experimentally - at Rupert's foundry at Windsor Castle reflecting Rupert's scientific interests in metallurgy —he
10682-464: Was an English-German army officer , admiral , scientist , and colonial governor. He first rose to prominence as a Royalist cavalry commander during the English Civil War . Rupert was the third son of the German Prince Frederick V of the Palatinate and Elizabeth , eldest daughter of King James VI and I of England and Scotland. Prince Rupert had a varied career. He was a soldier as
10791-704: Was appointed to the King's Privy Council in 1662, taking roles on the Foreign Affairs Committee, the Admiralty Committee and the Tangier Committee. Accounts vary of Rupert's role in all these committees of government. Samuel Pepys , no friend of Rupert's, sat on the Tangier Committee with him and later declared that all Rupert did was to laugh and swear occasionally: other records, such as those of
10900-525: Was declared a prince by the principality of Lusatia . His father had just been elected king by the largely Protestant estates of Bohemia. This was perceived as an act of rebellion by the Catholic House of Habsburg , who had been kings of Bohemia since 1526, and initiated the Thirty Years' War . Frederick was not supported by the Protestant Union, and in 1620 was defeated by Emperor Ferdinand II in
11009-442: Was denied by him and no firm proof exists to support the claim. Rupert acknowledged the son he had with Frances, Dudley Bard (1666–86), often called "Dudley Rupert", who was schooled at Eton College . In 1673, Rupert was urged by Charles Louis to return home, marry and father an heir to the Palatinate, as it appeared likely that Charles Louis's own son would not survive childhood. Rupert refused, and remained in England. For much of
11118-402: Was limited, although Charles rewarded him with the second highest pension he had granted, £4,000 a year. Rupert's close family ties to King Charles were critical to his warm reception; following the deaths of the Duke of Gloucester and Princess Mary , Rupert was the King's closest adult relation in England after his brother, the Duke of York , and so a key member of the new regime. Rupert, as
11227-448: Was nephew of King Charles I of England and Scotland , and first cousin of King Charles II of England and Scotland , who made him Duke of Cumberland and Earl of Holderness . His sister Electress Sophia was the mother of George I of Great Britain . Rupert was named in honour of Rupert, King of Germany , a famous Wittelsbach ancestor. Rupert was born in Prague , Bohemia, in 1619, and
11336-487: Was refused. Rupert's imprisonment was surrounded by religious overtones. His mother was deeply concerned that he might be converted from Calvinism to Catholicism ; his captors, encouraged by Emperor Ferdinand III , deployed Jesuit priests in an attempt to convert him. The emperor went further, proffering the option of freedom, a position as an Imperial general and a small principality if Rupert would convert. Rupert refused. Rupert's imprisonment became more relaxed on
11445-428: Was still relatively unusual for the period in having both practical experience of commanding large land armies and having extensive naval experience from his campaigns in the 1650s. At the start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–1667), Rupert was appointed as one of the three squadron commanders of the English fleet, under the overall command of the Duke of York, taking HMS Royal James as his flagship. As
11554-764: Was the third founding member of the Royal Society . Unfortunately the high cost of the gun—three times the price of a regular weapon—meant that by the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-4) only three ships had been equipped with it: the Royal Charles , the Royal James and the Royal Oak . Later guns were produced in the Weald by John Browne and his son but led to their financial downfall. The guns cost £60 per ton as Rupert received
11663-463: Was to be held for life. It also created a one chamber Parliament with its members chosen from redrawn districts that ultimately favored the gentry and required the calling of triennial Parliaments, with each sitting for at least five months. This would also mark the permanent disenfranchisement of Roman Catholics and all the participants of the Irish Rebellion . In January 1655, Cromwell dissolved
11772-411: Was to demand two thousand pounds from the people of Leicester for the King as the price of not sacking Leicester. Although in keeping with European practices, this was not considered appropriate behaviour in England and Rupert was reprimanded by the King. Rupert's reputation never truly recovered, and in subsequent sieges and attacks he was frequently accused of acting without restraint. Birmingham ,
11881-999: Was unable to pay such a sum immediately—instead, he would have to pay in installments, to the disadvantage of Rupert. Over the next twelve months, Rupert was asked by the Duke of Modena in Northern Italy to raise an army against the Papal States —having done so, and with the army stationed in the Palatinate, the enterprise collapsed, with the Duke requesting that Rupert invade Spanish held Milan instead. Rupert moved on, having placed his brother Charles Louis in some diplomatic difficulties with Spain. Rupert travelled onwards, continuing to attempt to convince Ferdinand to back Charles II's efforts to regain his throne. In 1656, relations between Rupert and Charles Louis deteriorated badly. Rupert had fallen in love with Louise von Degenfeld , one of his sister-in-law's maids of honour . One of Rupert's notes proffering his affections accidentally fell into
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