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53-527: Rudolph George Perpich Sr. (born Rudolph George Prpić ; June 27, 1928 – September 21, 1995) was an American politician who served as the governor of Minnesota from 1976 to 1979 and again from 1983 to 1991. A member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party , he is labeled as Minnesota's 34th and 36th governor. He was also the state's only Roman Catholic governor and the only one to serve non-consecutive terms. Rudolph George Prpić

106-637: A business consulting position. He returned to Minnesota in 1993. In 1995, at the age of 67, Perpich died of colon cancer in the Minneapolis suburb of Minnetonka . He is buried in Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis. Governor of Minnesota Similar to the U.S. president , the governor has veto power over bills passed by the Minnesota State Legislature . As in most states, but unlike

159-469: A length of 30 centimeters (12 in) or more, and may be looped together with a string at the top. They are usually made from bamboo . For deep frying, however, metal chopsticks with bamboo handles are preferred, as tips of regular bamboo chopsticks become discolored and greasy after repeated use in hot oil. The bamboo handles protect against heat. Similarly, Vietnamese cooks use Đũa cả ( 𥮊奇 ) or "grand chopsticks" in cooking, and for serving rice from

212-457: A native staple food of glutinous porridge made from sago . A pair of candas is typically adjoined at the back. In Indonesian chospticks may be called sumpit . In Malaysia they may be called penyepit . Lifelong users and adult learners alike, around the world, hold chopsticks in more than one way. But there is a general consensus on a standard grip being the most efficient way to grip and wield chopsticks. Regardless of whether users wield

265-433: A pen. The three fingers, using this tripod-like hold, can wiggle and twirl the top stick, as if it were an extension of them. The rear end of the top stick rests on the base of the index finger. The bottom chopstick, however, generally remains immobile. It is secured by the base of the thumb, which presses the stick against the knuckle of the ring finger, and against the purlicue. The thumb therefore does double duty. It holds

318-453: A small, flat rectangular shape are paired with a spoon, made of the same material. The set is called sujeo , a portmanteau of the Korean words for spoon and chopsticks. This (the historical extensive use of a spoon in addition to chopsticks) is also a feature unique to Korea; most chopstick-using countries have either eliminated the use of spoons, or have limited their use as eating utensils. It

371-539: A variety of learning aids that parents purchase to help their children learn to use chopsticks properly. Adult learners, on the other hand, may acquire the skill through personal help from friends, or from instructions printed on wrapper sleeves of some disposable chopsticks. Various video hosting platforms also provide a plethora of how-to videos on learning to use chopsticks. All the same, adult learners too, often find their own alternative grips to using chopsticks. In general, learning aids attempt to steer learners towards

424-692: A wide variety of styles, with differences in geometry and material. Depending on the country and the region some chopstick styles are more common than others. Chinese chopsticks tend to be longer than other styles, at about 27 centimeters (11 in). They are thicker, with squared or rounded cross-sections. They end in either wide, blunt, flat tips or tapered pointed tips. Blunt tips are more common with plastic or melamine varieties, whereas pointed tips are more common in wood and bamboo varieties. Chinese restaurants more commonly offer melamine chopsticks for its durability and ease of sanitation. Within individual household, bamboo chopsticks are more commonly found. It

477-452: Is also a pidgin word stemming from Southeast Asia meaning "food". Thus chopsticks would simply mean "food sticks". In Tibetan , chopsticks are called "kho-ze" ཁོ་ཙེ. In Japanese , chopsticks are called hashi ( 箸 ) . A common misconception is that they are referred as otemoto ( おてもと ) , a phrase commonly on the wrappers of disposable chopsticks. Te means hand and moto means the area under or around something. The preceding o

530-628: Is believed that the uses of metallic chopsticks evolved from the royal practice of using silver chopsticks to detect poison in food, but the exact reason is debated. Depending on the historical era, the metallic composition of Korean chopsticks varied. In the past, such as during the Goryeo era, chopsticks were made of bronze . During the Joseon era, chopsticks used by royalty were made of silver, as its oxidizing properties could often be used to detect whether or not food intended for royals had been tampered with. In

583-670: Is common for Japanese sticks to be of shorter length for women, and children's chopsticks in smaller sizes are common. Many Japanese chopsticks have circumferential grooves at the eating end, which helps prevent food from slipping. Japanese chopsticks are typically sharp and pointed, in order to dissect fish and seafood. They are traditionally made of wood or bamboo, and are lacquered. Lacquered chopsticks are known in Japanese as nuribashi , in several varieties, depending on where they are made and what types of lacquers are used in glossing them. Japanese traditional lacquered chopsticks are produced in

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636-513: Is difficult. The earliest evidence of chopsticks uncovered so far consists of six chopsticks, made of bronze, 26 centimeters (10 in) long, and 1.1 to 1.3 centimeters (0.43 to 0.51 in) wide, excavated from the Ruins of Yin near Anyang ( Henan ). These are dated roughly to 1200 BCE, during the Shang dynasty. They were supposed to have been used for cooking. The earliest known textual reference to

689-491: Is frowned upon, though such feelings are generally lesser than they once were. Chopsticks have been around and used since at least the Shang dynasty (1766–1122 BCE). However, the Han dynasty historian Sima Qian wrote that it is likely that chopsticks were also used in the preceding Xia dynasty and even the earlier Erlitou culture , although finding archeological evidence from this era

742-500: Is linked to the aphorism "the honorable and upright man keeps well away from both the slaughterhouse and the kitchen… And he allows no knives on his table". Confucius' reference to chopsticks in his Book of Rites suggests these items were widely known in the Warring States period (c. 475–221 BC). The first chopsticks were used for cooking, stirring the fire, serving or seizing bits of food, and not as eating utensils. One reason

795-646: Is located in Saint Paul , at 1006 Summit Avenue . The line of succession for the Governor is established by Article V, Section 5 of the Minnesota Constitution and Minnesota Statute 4.06. The Minnesota Governor's Fishing Opener is a tradition that dates back to 1948. The event was designed to promote the development of Minnesota's recreation industry. The Governor goes to a selected lake in Minnesota to fish on

848-516: Is preserved in Chinese languages such as Hokkien and Teochew , as the Min Chinese languages are directly descended from Old Chinese rather than Middle Chinese. The Standard Chinese term for chopsticks is kuàizi ( 筷子 ). The first character ( 筷 ) is a pictophonetic (semantic-phonetic) compound created with a phonetic part meaning "quick" ( 快 ), and a semantic part meaning "bamboo" ( 竹 ), using

901-422: Is the Chinese way." In ancient written Chinese , the character for chopsticks was zhu ( 箸 ; Middle Chinese reconstruction: d̪jwo- ). Although it may have been widely used in ancient vernacular Chinese, its use was eventually replaced by the pronunciation for the character kuài ( 快 ), meaning "quick". The original character, though still used in writing, is rarely used in modern spoken Mandarin. It, however,

954-711: Is the non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of 箸 . An alternative character is 𥮊 . In Mongolian , chopsticks are called "savkh" which is written as "савх" in Mongolian and as "ᠰᠠᠤᠬᠠ" in Old Mongolian . In Cambodian (Khmer), chopsticks are called chang keuh (ចង្កឹះ). In such Malay-speaking countries , in Indonesian , chopsticks are called sumpit , from Baba Malay sumpit , from Hokkien 栓筆／栓笔 (sng-pit, “holding pin”). In Borneo , bamboo chopsticks called candas . In Malaysia they may be called penyepit . Chopsticks come in

1007-543: Is traditional to rest sujeo on spoon and chopstick rest , so chopsticks and the spoon do not touch the table surface. In the past, materials for sujeo varied with social class: Sujeo used in the court were made with gold , silver , or cloisonné , while commoners used brass or wooden sujeo . Today, sujeo is usually made with stainless steel , although bangjja is also popular in more traditional settings. Mongolian chopsticks were usually made of bones, and their tips were covered with silver, every rich man kept

1060-569: Is used for politeness. Otemoto therefore can refer to any small plate or serving utensil placed at a serving table. In Okinawan , chopsticks are called mēshi ( めーし ) as a vulgar word, umēshi ( うめーし ) as a polite word, or 'nmēshi ぅんめーし( 御箸 , ʔNmeesi). A special type of chopsticks made from the himehagi ( Polygala japonica ) stem is called sōrō 'nmēshi ( そーろーぅんめーし , sooroo ʔNmeesi 精霊御箸 ). These are used at altars of offerings in Kyū Bon (old Bon Festival ). In Korean , 저 ( 箸 , jeo )

1113-473: Is used in the compound jeotgarak ( 젓가락 ), which is composed of jeo ("chopsticks") and garak ("stick"). Jeo cannot be used alone, but can be found in other compounds such as sujeo ( 수저 ) ("spoon and chopsticks"). In Taiwanese Hokkien , which is derived from Hokkien , chopsticks are called tī , written as 箸 . In Vietnamese , chopsticks are called đũa , which is written as 箸 in Chữ Nôm. Đũa

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1166-547: The Minnesota Senate , representing the old 63rd District, which included portions of Saint Louis County in the northeastern part of the state. He was reelected in 1966. In 1970, Perpich was elected the 39th lieutenant governor of Minnesota . He was reelected in 1974 on a ticket with Governor Wendell R. Anderson . (Before 1974, the governor and lieutenant governor were elected separately in Minnesota.) He became governor when Anderson resigned in 1976 to accept appointment to

1219-786: The Minnesota World Trade Center in Saint Paul , the Perpich Center for Arts Education in Golden Valley , the Center for Victims of Torture in Minneapolis, the University of Minnesota Duluth Natural Resources Research Institute , and the Mall of America in Bloomington . Additionally, he worked to promote Minnesota on the international stage by traveling to 17 countries in 1984, and bringing

1272-562: The United States Army . He then attended Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and graduated from Marquette University Dental School in 1954, and returned to Hibbing to practice dentistry. Perpich first entered politics by serving on the Hibbing school board in 1955–1956. The board gained notability for instituting equal pay for male and female workers. In 1962, he was elected to

1325-534: The United States Senate seat vacated by Walter Mondale , who had been elected Vice President of the United States . Perpich was the first Iron Range resident to hold the office. Most of the statewide DFL Party ticket was defeated in 1978 ; the defeated candidates included Perpich, the candidates for both U.S. Senate seats, and Auditor Robert Mattson. Anderson's arrangement to have himself appointed to

1378-728: The West , especially in cities with significant East Asian diaspora communities. The use of chopsticks has also spread to the rest of Southeast Asia either via the Chinese diaspora or through some dishes such as noodles that may require chopsticks. Chopsticks are smoothed, and frequently tapered. They are traditionally made of wood , bamboo , metal , ivory , and ceramics , and in modern days, increasingly available in non-traditional materials such as plastic , stainless steel , and even titanium . Chopsticks are often seen as requiring practice and skill to master to be used as an eating utensil. In some countries, failing to follow etiquette in their use

1431-456: The governor's mansion in Saint Paul as a cost-saving measure. Newsweek brought Perpich national attention by bestowing on him the nickname "Governor Goofy", crystallizing the combination of affection and resentment his habits elicited. During his last years in office, commentators wondered whether he would shoot to stardom as a presidential hopeful or, as governor, sour Minnesota voters on

1484-550: The radical (⺮). The English word "chopstick" may have derived from Chinese Pidgin English , in which chop chop meant "quickly". According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the earliest published use of the word is in the 1699 book Voyages and Descriptions by William Dampier : "they are called by the English seamen Chopsticks". Another possibility, is that the term is derived from chow (or chow chow ) which

1537-733: The Chairman of the Midwestern Governors Association in 1984. Perpich was reelected in 1986, but lost to Arne Carlson in 1990, a bizarre campaign in which Carlson replaced the Independent-Republican Party's candidate Jon Grunseth , who had beaten Carlson in the primary . (After Carlson's surprise primary defeat, a bipartisan, grassroots group, Minnesotans for the WRITE Choice, launched a noisy, media-intensive campaign urging Carlson to re-challenge Grunseth.) Grunseth

1590-497: The DFL party with questionable public relations. But Perpich's activist vision of the governor's role was later cited as an important contribution to the Minnesota economy, even by such unlikely admirers as his 1990 rival and successor Arne Carlson , who said in 2005 that Perpich "was the first person that I was aware of to focus on the international role that states are going to have to play." Perpich's legacy of projects in Minnesota include

1643-570: The Han Chinese traditionally consume all food with chopsticks, while ethnic Indians and Malays (especially in Singapore ) use chopsticks primarily to consume noodle dishes. Overall, the use of either chopsticks, a spoon, or a fork, is interchangeable in these regions. In Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Nepal chopsticks are generally used only to consume noodles. Similarly, chopsticks have become more accepted in connection with East Asian cuisine around

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1696-574: The Senate and Perpich's role in that appointment were deemed major factors in those defeats. Perpich worked at Control Data Corporation in New York and Austria for several years. In 1982 , he challenged the DFL Party's endorsed candidate for governor, Warren Spannaus , in the primary election, and won. He then defeated Independent-Republican nominee Wheelock Whitney in the general election. Perpich served as

1749-442: The U.S. president, the governor can also make line-item vetoes , where specific provisions in bills can be stripped out while allowing the overall bill to be signed into law. The governor of Minnesota must be 25 years old upon assuming office, and must have been a Minnesota resident for one year before the election. Since a 1958 amendment to the Minnesota Constitution , governors are elected to four-year terms, with no limits on

1802-416: The amount of pinching ( compression ) power they can generate. Some grips can generate substantial, outward extension force, while others are unable to do so. The standard grip calls for the top chopstick to be held by the tip of the thumb, the tip of the index finger, and the middle finger knuckle. These three fingers surround the top stick from three sides, and firmly secure the stick as if they were holding

1855-412: The bottom stick immobile, and at the same time, it also moves the top stick. The thumb must be flattened, in order to perform this double duty. In chopstick-using cultures, learning to use chopsticks is part of a child's development process. The right way to use chopsticks is usually taught within the family. But many young children find their own ways of wielding chopsticks in the process. There exists

1908-637: The chopsticks in a sheath. At the same time, sticks were not often used directly for eating, being, for the most part, an element of decor and confirmation of the status of the carrier. Apart from the Khalkha Mongols and Mongols from Inner Mongolia of China , chopsticks have also been found in old traditional Buryat and Kalmyk knives' sets. Historically, Thais tended to use their hands when eating their native cuisine. Ethnic Chinese immigrants introduced chopsticks for foods that require them. Restaurants serving other Asian cuisines that utilize chopsticks use

1961-767: The city of Obama in Fukui Prefecture, and come in many colors coated in natural lacquer. They are decorated with mother-of-pearl from abalone , and with eggshell to impart a waterproof coating to the chopsticks, extending their life. Edo Kibashi chopsticks have been made by Tokyo craftspeople since the beginning of the Taishō period (1912–1926) roughly 100 years ago. These chopsticks use high-grade wood (ebony, red sandalwood, ironwood, Japanese box-trees, or maple), which craftspeople plane by hand. Edo Kibashi chopsticks may be pentagonal, hexagonal or octagonal in cross-section. The tips of these chopsticks are rounded to prevent damage to

2014-527: The dish or the bowl. In Japan, chopsticks for cooking are known as ryoribashi ( 料理箸 りょうりばし ), and as saibashi ( 菜箸 さいばし ) when used to transfer cooked food to the dishes it will be served in. The earliest uses of chopsticks in Korea seem to date back to the Three Kingdoms of Korea with the oldest chopsticks excavated from the royal tomb of Baekje . Chopsticks used by Koreans are often made of metal. It

2067-623: The foreign leaders Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union and Dr. Franjo Tuđman of Croatia to the state in 1990. Perpich opposed the Reagan proxy war against Nicaragua in the 1980s and was one of several governors who objected to sending their National Guard units to train in U.S. bases in Honduras , where the U.S.-backed Contras were based. The Contras carried out atrocities in Nicaragua to topple

2120-414: The leftist government there. Perpich was the plaintiff in the 1990 U.S. Supreme Court case Perpich v. Department of Defense , which established that the U.S. Department of Defense could send state National Guard units overseas over the governor's objection. After leaving office in 1991, Perpich went to Zagreb , Croatia, to assist its post-communist government. In 1992 he moved to Paris , France, for

2173-619: The number of terms they may serve. The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state departments. The governor appoints these department heads, who, other than the head of the Department of Military Affairs and the chairs of the Metropolitan Council and the Metropolitan Sports Facilities Commission, are called commissioners . Cabinet members include: The Minnesota Governor's Residence

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2226-602: The opening weekend of the fishing season. Chopstick Soups & stews Banchan Tteok Chopsticks are shaped pairs of equal-length sticks that have been used as kitchen and eating utensils in most of East Asia for over three millennia. They are held in the dominant hand, secured by fingers, and wielded as extensions of the hand, to pick up food. Originating in China , chopsticks later spread to other parts of continental Asia. Chopsticks have become more accepted in connection with East Asian food in

2279-605: The pot. Chopsticks began to be used as eating utensils during the Han dynasty , as rice consumption increased. During this period, spoons continued to be used alongside chopsticks as eating utensils at meals. It was not until the Ming dynasty that chopsticks came into exclusive use for both serving and eating. They then acquired the name kuaizi and the present shape. The use of chopsticks as both cooking and eating utensils spread throughout East and Southeast Asia over time. Scholars such as Isshiki Hachiro and Lynn White have noted how

2332-452: The present day, the majority of Korean metal chopsticks are made of stainless steel. Due to metal's slippery nature, the chopsticks are stamped flat for better gripping. High-end sets, such as those intended as gifts, are often made of sterling silver. Chopsticks made of varying woods (typically bamboo) are also common in Korea. Many Korean chopsticks are ornately decorated at the grip. In North and South Korea, chopsticks of medium-length with

2385-606: The standard grip, or one of many alternative grips, their goals are the same. They hold the two sticks in the dominant hand, secured by various fingers and parts of the hand, such that the sticks become an extension of the hand. Tsung-Dao Lee , a Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics, summarized it thus: "Although simple, the two sticks perfectly use the physics of leverage. Chopsticks are an extension of human fingers. Whatever fingers can do, chopsticks can do, too." Alternative grips differ in their effectiveness in picking up food. They differ in

2438-548: The style of chopstick, if any, appropriate for that cuisine. Fork and spoon , adopted from the West, are now the most commonly used. Vietnamese chopsticks are long sticks that taper to a blunt point. They are usually big and thick at one end and thinner at the other, thin ends are often used to pick up food. They are traditionally made of bamboo or lacquered wood. Today, plastic chopsticks are also used due to their durability. However, bamboo or wooden chopsticks are often more used in

2491-536: The use of chopsticks comes from the Han Feizi , a philosophical text written by Han Fei (c. 280–233 BCE) in the 3rd century BCE. The wide diffusion of chopsticks in the Chinese culture is sometimes attributed to the Confucian philosophy that emphasizes family harmony as the basis for civil order. Confucius himself allegedly said that knives are for warriors, but chopsticks are for scholars, and his successor Mencius

2544-555: The village countryside ( quê ). Vietnam has a number of specialized chopsticks for cooking and stirring rice such as Đũa cả ( 箸奇 ) are large, flat chopsticks used to serve rice from a pot and there is a specialized type of chopsticks for stir-frying, they are usually 10–20 cm longer than normal chopsticks called Đũa xào (箸炒). In Malay-speaking countries , there may be several names for chopsticks. In Borneo, bamboo chopsticks called candas are used to eat ambuyat or linut in Borneo ,

2597-500: The world was split among three dining customs, or food cultural spheres. There are those that eat with their fingers, those that use forks and knives, and then there is the "chopsticks cultural sphere", consisting of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. As Han Chinese emigration percolated, they spread the usage of chopsticks as eating utensils to South and Southeast Asian countries including Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Nepal, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore and Thailand. In Singapore and Malaysia,

2650-676: The world, in Hawaii , the West Coast of North America, and cities with Overseas Asian communities all around the globe. The earliest European reference to chopsticks comes in the Portuguese Suma Oriental by Tomé Pires, who wrote in 1515 in Malacca: "They [the Chinese] eat with two sticks and the earthenware or china bowl in their left hand close to the mouth, with the two sticks to suck in. This

2703-584: Was born in Carson Lake, Minnesota, which is now part of Hibbing . His father, Anton Prpić, was a miner who had immigrated to Minnesota's Mesabi Iron Range from Croatia , and his mother, Mary (Vukelich), was an American of Croatian descent . Perpich did not learn to speak English until at least the first grade of elementary school. At 14, he began working for the Great Northern Railway . He graduated from Hibbing High School in 1946 and served two years in

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2756-420: Was forced to withdraw amid allegations of a sex scandal just two weeks before the election. Perpich was Minnesota's last DFL governor until Mark Dayton took office in 2011. Perpich had a reputation for colorful behavior. At one point while governor, he donated his $ 25,000 pay raise to help promote bocce . He also pitched an idea for a chopstick factory to be built in northern Minnesota, and proposed selling

2809-649: Was that before the Han dynasty , millet was predominant in North China, Korea and parts of Japan. While chopsticks were used for cooking, millet porridge was eaten with spoons at that time. The use of chopsticks in the kitchen continues to this day. Ryōribashi ( 料理箸 ) are Japanese kitchen chopsticks used in Japanese cuisine . They are used in the preparation of Japanese food , and are not designed for eating. These chopsticks allow handling of hot food with one hand, and are used like regular chopsticks. These chopsticks have

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