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20-537: Mutara III Rudahigwa (March 1911 – 25 July 1959) was King ( umwami ) of Rwanda between 1931 and 1959. He was the first Rwandan king to be baptised, bringing Catholicism to the country. His Christian name was Charles Léon Pierre and he is sometimes referred to as Charles Mutara III Rudahigwa . Rudahigwa was born in March 1911, in the royal capital of Rwanda , Nyanza , to King Yuhi V Musinga , and Queen Kankazi (later Queen Mother Radegonde Nyiramavugo III Kankazi),

40-653: A Christian, in a church wedding on 13 January 1942. After Rudahigwa's death, Rosalie Gicanda remained in Rwanda. She was murdered in 1994 during the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi on the orders of Ildéphonse Nizeyimana . He was later detained, convicted by a UN war crimes court , and sentenced to life imprisonment. In 1953 the American writer John Gunther interviewed the Mwami in preparation for his book Inside Africa . In this work Rudahigwa

60-551: A group of Hutu scholars wrote the " Bahutu Manifesto ". This political manifesto denounced the "exploitation" of the Hutus by the ethnic Tutsi and called for their liberation from first Tutsi, and then Belgian, rule. Hutu political parties quickly formed after that, with future-president Gregoire Kayibanda forming the Hutu Social Movement (soon renamed MDR-PARMEHUTU ), and Joseph Gitera creating Association for Social Promotion of

80-412: Is caused by demyelination by advanced syphilis infection ( tertiary syphilis ) when the primary infection by the causative spirochete bacterium , Treponema pallidum , is left untreated for an extended period of time (past the point of blood infection by the organism). The spirochete invades large myelinated fibers, leading to the involvement of the dorsal column medial leminiscus pathway rather than

100-422: Is characterized by sudden, intense eye pain, tearing of the eyes and sensitivity to light . "Tabes dorsalgia" is a related lancinating back pain. "Tabetic gait" is a characteristic ataxic gait of untreated syphilis where the person's feet slap the ground as they strike the floor due to loss of proprioception . In daylight the person can avoid some unsteadiness by watching their own feet. Tabes dorsalis

120-467: Is hypotonic due to destruction of the sensory limb of the spindle reflex. The deep tendon reflexes are also diminished or absent; for example, the "knee jerk" or patellar reflex may be lacking ( Westphal's sign ). A complication of tabes dorsalis can be transient neuralgic paroxysmal pain affecting the eyes and the ophthalmic areas, previously called "Pel's crises" after Dutch physician P.K. Pel . Now more commonly called "tabetic ocular crises", an attack

140-429: Is important. Left untreated, tabes dorsalis can lead to paralysis , dementia , and blindness . Existing nerve damage cannot be reversed. The disease is more frequent in males than in females. Onset is commonly during mid-life. The incidence of tabes dorsalis is rising, in part due to co-associated HIV infection. Although there were earlier clinical accounts of this disease, and descriptions and illustrations of

160-682: The regnal name Yuhi VI. Tabes Signs and symptoms may not appear for decades after the initial infection and include weakness , diminished reflexes , paresthesias (shooting and burning pains, pricking sensations, and formication ), hypoesthesias (abnormally diminished sense of touch), tabetic gait ( locomotor ataxia ), progressive degeneration of the joints, loss of coordination , episodes of intense pain and disturbed sensation (including glossodynia ), personality changes, urinary incontinence , dementia , deafness , visual impairment , positive Romberg's test , and impaired response to light ( Argyll Robertson pupil ). The skeletal musculature

180-557: The Masses (APROSOMA). On 24 July 1959, Rudahigwa arrived in Usumbura (now Bujumbura), Urundi , for a meeting with Belgian colonial authorities arranged by Father André Perraudin . The following day, he visited his Belgian doctor at the colonial hospital, where he died. The Belgian authorities put out conflicting explanations for his death. One was that he complained of a severe headache and had been treated by his doctor, but collapsed as he left

200-702: The first of his eleven wives. He was a member of the Tutsi Abanyiginya clan. In 1919 he began his education at the Colonial School for Chiefs' Sons in Nyanza, subsequently becoming his father's secretary in 1924. In January 1929 he was appointed a chief and administered a province. Rudahigwa became king on 16 November 1931, the Belgian colonial administration having deposed his father, Yuhi V Musinga, four days earlier for alleged contact with German agents. Rudahigwa took

220-610: The head of the Rwandan Catholic Church. He was groomed by the Belgians to replace his father. In 1946, he dedicated the country to Christ, effectively making Christianity a state religion. His conversion spearheaded a wave of baptisms in the protectorate. His reign coincided with the worst recorded period of famine in Rwanda between 1941 and 1945, which included the Ruzagayura famine (1943–1944), during which time 200,000 out of

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240-441: The hospital of what was later determined, by three doctors, to be a cerebral haemorrhage . Another Belgian explanation was that he died from a reaction to a penicillin shot. An autopsy was not carried out due to the objections of Queen Mother Kankazi. Rumours that he had been deliberately killed by the Belgian authorities were rife, and tensions rose: ordinary Rwandans gathered along routes and stoned Europeans' cars. Rumours that he

260-632: The inter-war social reforms, and also an increasing sympathy for the Hutu within the Catholic Church. Although in 1954, Rudhahigwa abolished the ubuhake system of indentured service that exploited Hutus, this had little real practical effect. The monarchy and prominent Tutsi sensed the growing influence of the Hutu and began to agitate for immediate independence on their own terms, culminating in Rudahigwa's demand for independence from Belgium in 1956. In 1957,

280-521: The monarchy and Rwanda became a republic (retroactively approved by a Hutu led referendum held on 25 September of the same year). Afterwards, Kigeli V Ndahindurwa continued to maintain his claim to the throne until his death on 16 October 2016 in Washington, D.C. On 9 January 2017, the Royal Council of Abiru announced Prince Emmanuel Bushayija as the new heir to the throne. Prince Emmanuel adopted

300-586: The nation's population of around two million perished. During Rudahigwa's reign there was a marked stratification of ethnic identity within Ruanda-Urundi , the Belgian-ruled mandate of which Rwanda formed the northern part. In 1935, the Belgian administration issued identity cards formalising the ethnic categories, Tutsi, Hutu and Twa . After World War II , a Hutu emancipation movement began to grow throughout Ruanda-Urundi , fueled by increasing resentment of

320-572: The royal name Mutara, becoming Mutara III Rudahigwa. He is sometimes referred to as Charles Mutara III Rudahigwa. In 1943, Rudahigwa was the first Rwandan king to convert to Catholicism , taking the Christian name Charles Léon Pierre. His father had refused to convert to Christianity: the Rwandan Catholic Church saw him as anti-Christian, an impediment to their civilising mission. From 1929, Rudahigwa had been instructed in Christianity by Léon Classe ,

340-640: The spinothalamic tract. Routine screening for syphilis. Treponemal antibody usually positive both in blood and in CSF also. In CSF lymphocytosis and elevated protein found. Serological tests are usually positive. Intravenously administered penicillin is the treatment of choice. Associated pain can be treated with opiates , valproate , or carbamazepine . Those with tabes dorsalis may also require physical therapy and occupational therapy to deal with muscle wasting and weakness. Preventive treatment for those who come into sexual contact with an individual with syphilis

360-470: Was described as a sombre and sober personality, lean and handsome in appearance, and six foot nine in height. He spoke excellent French and professed loyalty to Belgium and indifference to the United Nations trusteeship of that period. List of kings of Rwanda This article contains a list of kings of Rwanda . The Kingdom of Rwanda was ruled by sovereigns titled mwami (plural abami ), and

380-530: Was in poor health, suffering from the effects of excessive drinking, as well as the effects of untreated syphilis , are claims unverified by any evidence. A Twa attendant of the king said he was in great health at the time, which is supported by his active engagement in sporting activities then, including vigorous games of tennis. Rudahigwa was succeeded by his half-brother, Jean-Baptiste Ndahindurwa, as Kigeli V . Mutara married Nyiramakomali on 15 October 1933 and they divorced in 1941. He married Rosalie Gicanda ,

400-584: Was one of the oldest and the most centralized kingdoms in the history of Central and East Africa . Its state and affairs before King Gihanga I are largely unconfirmed and highly shrouded in mythical tales. On 28 January 1961, in the coup of Gitarama during what was dubbed the Rwandan Revolution by the Belgian-favored Hutu extremist party Parmehutu , the Belgian colonial overseers abolished

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