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47-564: The Ruak originates within the hills of the Daen Lao Range , Shan State ( Burma ), and becomes the boundary river between Thailand and Burma at the confluence with the Mae Sai River near the northernmost point of Thailand. It then meanders eastwards until it empties into the Mekong River at Ban Sop Ruak , Tambon Wiang, Chiang Saen District , Chiang Rai Province . The boundary section of

94-661: A stupa in Mongton . Until the 1990s one of the main crops at elevations above 1,000 m was opium . On the side of the range controlled by the Thai government, construction of roads reaching remote areas and increasingly efficient policing ensured a measure of success of the opium replacement programs in recent years. Owing to the unrest in Burma, the National Democratic Alliance Army (NDAA) and other groups sought refuge and

141-467: A Burmese fleet to defend those cities, but arrived too late and was defeated by a combined Thai fleet. Additionally, Burmese troops marching from Mottama were ambushed by the combined Chakri and Khlang force, resulting in the capture of 11 Burmese commanders, many elephants, horses, men, arms, and ammunition. In 1593, Naresuan then launched a successful campaign to subjugate Cambodia . He was said to have executed its king Nakphra Sattha , but this account

188-472: A base for their insurgency in these mountains. Fighting and the ensuing persecution by the Tatmadaw have caused part of the original population to flee. Some refugee camps have been established for cross-border refugees on the Thai side of the range. Some Kayah and Karen communities, like the "long-necked Karen", are regularly visited by organized tourist groups. The Ang Khang Royal Agricultural Station

235-540: A command to defend Ayutthaya. The Cambodian besieged Ayutthaya for 3 days, but the city stood strong. The Cambodian army was forced to retreat back to Cambodia and took a large number of prisoners with them. In 1574, when the Ayutthayan Army under the command of King Maha Thammarachathirat and King Naresuan was assisting Bayinnaung in his campaign to attack Lanxang, Baraminreachea took the opportunity to attack Ayutthaya again. Luckily, King Naresuan contracted smallpox and

282-440: A formal duel. In November 1592, Nanda Bayin ordered his son to attack Ayutthaya again. Mingyi Swa, Natshinnaung the son of the viceroy of Taungoo, and the viceroy of Prome formed three divisions. Mingyi Swa went through Three Pagodas Pass while the other two divisions came via Mae Lamao. The chief of Chiang Mai sent a boat force. Naresuan had been planning to attack Cambodia because of its border incursions, but then adjusted to

329-538: A hitch." During the battle, Naresuan's elephant got surrounded by the Burmese forces. During that crucial moment, a Burmese war elephant went musth, and attacked Swa's elephant. Seeing that Swa was in difficulty, Naresuan "closed in, and he (or one of the warriors riding with him, maybe a Portuguese) fired a gun which mortally wounded the crown prince" Swa. Naresuan was "lucky to escape from a very dangerous situation" but also quick to take advantage of it. According to Terwiel,

376-483: A massive army, invading the country and laying siege to Phitsanulok. Maha Thammarachathirat came to believe that the city would not be able to withstand a long siege due to a scarcity of food and a smallpox outbreak, so he surrendered the city. King Bayinnaung took Phitsanulok and Ayutthaya, and made Thailand a Burmese tributary state . He required Maha Thammarachathirat to send his son—the Black Prince—to Bago as

423-472: A prominence of 1,596 m, one of the ultra prominent peaks of Southeast Asia . On the Thai side the highest point is 2,285 m Doi Pha Hom Pok . Doi Chiang Dao (2,175 m), Doi Puk Phakka (1,794 m), Doi Nang Non , a karstic formation in Chiang Rai Province , Doi Tung , Doi Ang Khang and Doi Wao , where Wat Phra That Doi Wao  [ th ] is located, as well as the mountains surrounding

470-612: A residence when he visited his parents. In 1570, after seeing the fall of Ayutthaya to the Burmese, Baraminreachea , the Khmer King, took the opportunity to retake the lands lost to the Siamese. He amassed an army of 20,000 men and captured Nakhon Nayok . He continued to march to Ayutthaya and set up camp at Ban Krathum sub-district. After setting up camp, he also planned to attack the city. The Cambodian navy of 50 ships soon arrived at Bangkok and besieged it. King Maha Thammarachathirat issued

517-584: A royal hostage to ensure the king's fidelity. The War of the first fall was ended by Bayinnaung, who installed Maha Thammaracha as a vassal king of Ayutthaya. After six years in Pegu, c. 1570, Prince Naret and his brother the White Prince returned to Ayutthaya. While in Burma, "he followed the best of Burmese military training," studying alongside the "elite of Burmese youth, sons of princes and nobles." "Besides being gifted in military prowess, Naresuan who

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564-643: Is a mountain range of the Shan Hills in eastern Burma and northern Thailand . Most of the range is in Shan State , with its northern limit close to the border with China , and runs southwards across the Thai border, at the northern end of Thailand. Geologically in the Daen Lao Range, as in the other southern subranges of the Shan Hills, layers of alluvium are superimposed on hard rock. The range extends east of

611-539: Is in the mountains of the range. It was founded in 1969 by the King of Thailand and is notable for its temperate climate that allows the cultivation of flowers and fruits characteristic of cooler climates. In March 2011 there was a magnitude 5 earthquake in the Burmese side of the range with the epicenter north of Chiang Rai town. There were over 70 deaths and more than hundred wounded. Naresuan Naresuan (1555/1556 – 25 April 1605), commonly known as Naresuan

658-639: Is unlikely to be true since there is no evidence to support this claim, and historical accounts in Cambodia as well as from Spanish and Portuguese explorers say that Nakphra Sattha escaped to Vientiane where he remained until he died. Naresuan then brought Khmer families to populate his northern provinces. As Burmese control over the tributaries had weakened, the Mons took this opportunity to free themselves. The Mon governor of Mawlamyine rebelled against Bago and requested Siamese support. Naresuan sent troops to help and

705-898: The Salween until almost reaching the Golden Triangle area, separating the Salween watershed from the Mekong watershed. At its southern end the Thanon Thong Chai Range (เทือกเขาถนนธงชัย) subrange stretches further southwards into Thailand between the Sai River in the east and the Pai River in the west; the latter separating the Daen Lao from the Thanon Thong Chai Range. Some geographers include

752-574: The "Black Prince" ( Thai : พระองค์ดำ ), had a younger brother Ekathotsarot , known as the "White Prince", and an elder sister, Suphankanlaya . During the siege of Ayutthaya during the Burmese–Siamese War (1563–64) , King Bayinnaung of the Toungoo dynasty of Bago, Burma (formerly known in Burmese as Hanthawaddy ( Burmese : ဟံသာဝတီ and in Thai as RTGS :  Hongsawadi หงสาวดี ) led

799-431: The "Burmese and European accounts stayed closer to what actually may have happened", and "Naresuan's much repeated challenge to hold a duel, even though it looms large in many Thai history books, should be relegated to a legendary tale." In 1593, Naresuan sent Chao Phraya Chakri and Phraya Phra Khlang to attack Tanintharyi and Dawei, a Mon city, which fell after 15 and 20 day sieges respectfully. Nanda Bayin launched

846-696: The Burmese Empire, Naresuan decided to attack Bago again in 1599, using Arakan and Taungoo as allies. However, before Naresuan arrived at the city, the forces of Arakan and Taungoo had already invested the city. The Viceroy of Taungoo ended up taking the populace back to Taungoo, abandoning the city to the forces of Arakan to loot what property was left behind, and then setting flames to the palace and monasteries. Naresuan occupied Bago while Minye Thihathu II , Viceroy of Taungoo, had already taken Nanda Bayin to Taungoo. Naresuan requested Minye Thihathu send Nanda Bayin back to him but Minye Thihathu refused, stating he

893-501: The Burmese abandoned their garrison at Martaban. Nanda Bayin then sent the viceroy of Taungoo to suppress the uprising, but his force was defeated. The Mon provinces then became subject to the Siamese Kingdom. Naresuan then decided to attack Bago in 1595. He laid siege on the city for three months before retreating when the viceroys of Prome, Taungoo, and Ava sent relief forces. Naresuan did take back many prisoners of war, lessening

940-554: The Burmese threat. Naresuan marched towards Suphan Buri and encamped his armies at Nong Sarai near the Thakhoi River. Naresuan formed a battle plan which involved a retreat, allowing the Burmese to follow, and then attack the disordered advance with his main army. During the battle, in January 1593, the war elephants of Naresuan, Chaophraya Chaiyanuphap , and Ekathotsarot, Chaophraya Prap Traichak , were "in musth " and charged into

987-515: The Dutch. Prince Naret ( Thai : พระนเรศ ) was born in Phitsanulok in 1555–56. He was the son of King Mahathammarachathirat of Phitsanulok and his queen consort, Wisutkasat . His mother was a daughter of Maha Chakkraphat and queen consort Suriyothai . His father was a Sukhothai noble who had defeated Worawongsathirat in 1548 and put Maha Chakkraphat on the throne. Prince Naret, also known as

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1034-742: The Great , or Sanphet II was the 18th king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and 2nd monarch of the Sukhothai dynasty . He was the king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom from 1590 and overlord of Lan Na from 1602 until his death in 1605. Naresuan is one of Thailand's most revered monarchs as he is known for his campaigns to free Ayutthaya from the vassalage of the Taungoo Empire . During his reign, numerous wars were fought against Taungoo Burma. Naresuan also welcomed

1081-528: The Maha Uparat to attack Naresuan from the rear while Maha Uparat attacked from the front. Naresuan called a council, which included priests, Phraya Kiat, Phraya Ram, and other Mons . Naresuan then "poured water on the earth from a gold goblet to proclaim to the devatas in the presence of the persons assembled, that from that day forth Siam had severed friendship with Hongsawadi and was no longer in amity as of yore." According to Damrong, Naresuan then levied

1128-458: The Mons to join his campaign and marched onto Bago, intending to free the Siamese families held captive there. However, Nanda Bayin had already defeated the viceroy of Inwa and was returning to his capital. Naresuan then retreated after freeing about 10,000 families. Mingyi Swa pursued with Surakamma in the advance element. The Burmese caught up with the Siamese at the Satong River . There Surakamma

1175-529: The Siamese and Burmese courts. As a result of this, the Khmers did not dare to attack Thailand again. In 1581, Bayinnaung died, and was succeeded by his son Nanda Bayin . Nanda's uncle Viceroy Thado Minsaw of Ava then rebelled in 1583, forcing Nanda Bayin to call upon the viceroys of Prome , Taungoo , Chiang Mai , Vientiane, and Ayutthaya for assistance in suppressing the rebellion. On 2 February 1584, Naresuan left with his troops to Bago as ordered, and arrived at

1222-461: The Thanon Thong Chai Range subrange as part of the Daen Lao Range. The Khun Tan Range also extends southwards from the Daen Lao Range, parallel to the Thanon Thong Chai mountains, but it differs geologically and structurally from the latter. The western end of the range is not clearly defined. Elevations range between 400 and 2,500 m. The highest point is 2,563 m Loi Pangnao in Burma, with

1269-568: The Viceroy of Chiang Mai near Pa Mok and Bang Kaeo, capturing his encampment at Ban Saket with 10,000 soldiers, 120 elephants, 100 horses, 400 boats plus arms, ammunition, and provisions. In October 1586, Nanda Bayin himself led the Burmese armies to Ayutthaya and begin the third invasion of Ayutthaya. Nanda Bayin armies laid siege to the city for five months, but failed to take the city due to an aggressive defense by Naresuan. He retreated. In 1590, Maha Thammarachathirat died. In July 1590, Naresuan

1316-415: The body and took the other's elephant. In Terwiel's analysis of the other accounts, however, the Burmese crown prince and Naresuan both fought on their war elephant in the battle, although no formal duel probably ever took place. Per Terwiel, it is highly unlikely that Swa would have agreed to a formal duel since agreeing to do so would have "jeopardized the costly invasion that had thus far progressed without

1363-556: The border only in April. According to Damrong , this raised Nanda's suspicions, who ordered his son, the Maha Uparaja Mingyi Swa , to remain in the capital and kill Naresuan. The Burmese chronicles say that Nanda made the decision to have Mingyi Swa guard Pegu prior to his march to Ava on 25 March 1584. According to Damrong, Naresuan reached Kraeng the border town, where he learned that Phraya Ram and Phraya Kiet had been sent by

1410-697: The city of Phetchaburi. The attack failed and Phraya Chin Chantu was too afraid to go back to Cambodia. He was allowed to take refuge in Ayutthaya by Maha Thammaracha. Shortly thereafter, he boarded a junk and fled. At that time, King Naresuan was 24 years old and was aware that Phraya Chin Chantu was a Cambodian agent who took refuge in Ayutthaya under false pretenses to gather information on the Siamese court. He ordered Siamese boats to chase Phraya Chin Chantu's junk. Since Chinese junks are much bigger than Siamese junks and were more suited for sailing out to sea, Phraya Chin Chantu

1457-527: The elephant combat, which resulted in the death of the Burmese crown prince at the hands of Naresuan (whom the Siamese called "the black prince"), did indeed happen. According to Van Vliet's Description of the Siamese Kingdom: [W]hen the Pegu prince and the young Siamese prince (both seated on elephants and dressed in royal garb) lost all self control, left both armies and attacked each other furiously. The Siamese prince ran his adversary with his lance through

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1504-485: The fighting strength of the Burmese. The Lord of Prome staged a rebellion against Nanda Bayin in 1595, followed by Taungoo, Rakhine , Lan Na, and Lan Xang. King Nokeo Koumane of Lan Xang prepared to march through Lan Na to Bago to rescue the people of Lan Xang held captive. The Viceroy of Lan Na Chiang Mai then submitted his territory to Siamese control and Naresuan sent Siamese forces to prevent Laotian forces from entering Lan Na. After these series of upheavals in

1551-483: The men from the northern provinces to the Siamese capital of Ayutthaya in preparation for the attack of the Bago army. In the same year Nanda Bayin sent two separate armies, one under his uncle the viceroy of Pathein , and another from Chiang Mai under his younger brother Noratra Mangsosri . Both were defeated in separate engagements before they could unite, and were driven back in retreat. Then in 1586, Naresuan defeated

1598-464: The middle of the Burmese. The punishment was death. However, Somdet Phra Phanarat, a bhikkhu from Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon , calmed Naresuan enough to have the punishment rescinded. Instead, the guilty commanders were ordered to take Dawei and Tanintharyi for redemption. The Burmese chronicles , however, do not mention a duel at all. They say that the two armies engage in a battle on 8 January [ O.S. 29 December 1592] 1593, and Swa

1645-465: The midst of the Burmese, with only a handful to Siamese being able to follow them in. According to Damrong's reconstruction, Naresuan, seeing Mingyi Swa on an elephant under a tree, shouted, "My brother, why do you stay on your elephant under the shade of a tree? Why not come out and engage in single combat to be an honour to us? There will be no kings in future who will engage in single combat like us." The personal battle between Naresuan and Mingyi Swa

1692-499: The other two divisions to retreat. Naresuan's ngao, Chao Phraya Prap Hongsawadi or "Chao Phraya which defeated Bago", and helmet, Chao Phraya Sen Phonlaphai or "Chao Phraya which defeated a hundred thousand soldiers", still exist today. Naresuan built a pagoda on the site of the elephant battle as a victory monument. Naresuan brought before a council of judges those commanders he thought had disobeyed him or were negligent in their duties; they had been unable to follow him into

1739-507: The river is 26.75 kilometres (16.62 mi) long. This article related to a river in Thailand is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Myanmar is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Daen Lao Range The Daen Lao Range ( Thai : ทิวเขาแดนลาว , pronounced [tʰīw kʰǎw dɛ̄ːn lāːw] ; Burmese : Loi La )

1786-481: The threat to his kingdom. He advanced as far as the Fang District of Chiang Mai Province before falling ill and then died after three days on 25 April 1605. His brother King Ekathotsarot became his successor as king. Recent studies of Burmese records by historians of Silpakorn University showed that he returned to Wiang Haeng , where he died of disease, probably smallpox . Many Shan believe King Naresuan

1833-504: The village of Santikhiri ( Doi Mae Salong ) are also part of this range. Historically the area has been sparsely populated. Only some hill tribes such as the Wa , Akha , Yao , Lahu , and the Lisu people lived in scattered small villages across the range. Many Shan people believe King Naresuan was cremated in the Daen Lao Range, in the southern part of Shan State , and his ashes interred in

1880-459: Was a highly romanticized historical scene known as the "Elephant Battle" ( สงครามยุทธหัตถี Songkram Yuddhahatthi . ) After a prolonged duel and narrowly missing Naresuan but cutting his helmet, Naresuan was able to cut Mingyi Swa with his ngao (glaive). Prince Somdet Phra Ekathotsarot was also able to kill the governor of Muang Chacharo. The main Siamese army then arrived and the Burmese were routed and scattered. The King of Bago then ordered

1927-568: Was able to escape. In 1580, Baraminreachea still believed Siam was weak and ordered Thotsa Racha and Surin Racha to invade Siam with a force of 5,000, including elephants and cavalry. The plan was to raid cities around Ayutthaya such as Saraburi and capture loot and people. Naresuan led a force of 3,000 men out of Ayutthaya to engage the Khmer army. The Khmer army was destroyed and forced to retreat back to Cambodia. This battle made King Naresuan revered among

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1974-424: Was crowned King of Ayutthaya as Sanphet II . The Burmese army led by Phra Maha Uparat attacked Siam again, but Naresuan defeated it near Ban Khoi. The Burmese army retreated back to Bago, losing many men, elephants, horses, arms, and ammunition. King Naresuan is known in Thailand for his 1593 elephant duel with Crown Prince Mingyi Swa . However, most other accounts of the era mention an elephant battle but not

2021-545: Was felled by a shot from a Siamese firearm. According to Terwiel, there are ten different accounts of the battle by indigenous, European and Persian authors: (four Siamese, one Burmese, four late 16th and early 17th century European accounts and late 17th century one Persian account). Only one Siamese account says there was a formal elephant duel between Naresuan and Swa. However, Jeremias van Vliet's account of Siam in early 1630s includes interviews with Siamese subjects who were contemporaries of King Naresuan and who insisted that

2068-528: Was forced to return to Ayutthaya to recover. When he got back to Ayutthaya, the Cambodian Navy was present and besieging Nai Kai fortress. The fortress fell to the Cambodian forces. King Naresuan lured the Cambodian navy up the river where they met the Siamese artillery. After heavy bombardment, the Cambodian navy was forced to retreat. In 1578, Phraya Chin Chantu, a Chinese noble serving under Cambodia attacked

2115-510: Was highly intelligent, gained a great deal of general knowledge of the times." Maha Thammaracha made Naret the Uparaja ("crown prince") of Phitsanulok as Naresuan at the age of 15. Naresuan joined his father and the King of Bago in an expedition to conquer Vientiane , the capital of the restored Lan Xang , but he contracted smallpox and had to return. He built Chankasem Palace in Ayutthaya as

2162-454: Was killed by "the royal gun used by Somdet Phra Naresuan while crossing the Satong river". This sent the Maha Uparat's troops into a panicked retreat, prompting him to return to the capital. Naresuan then held the "ceremony of swearing allegiance" with the people of Sukhothai , drinking water from the sacred pond of Puay Si. His forces then took Sawankhalok . In 1584 Naresuan brought down all of

2209-641: Was unwell. After that Naresuan laid siege to Taungoo for two months but retreated due to lack of food. Natshinnaung killed Nanda Bayin while he was held captive in Toungoo. Nyaungyan Min then crowned himself as the King of Ava to counter the Viceroys of Toungoo and Prome . Siam was then free of a Burmese threat for four years until the King of Ava went on a campaign to subjugate the Shans . When he advanced as far as Theinni , Naresuan raised an army of 200,000 men to counter

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