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69-534: The project was conceived and run by Dickon Love, who had earlier installed new bells in the other City of London churches of St Dunstan-in-the-West (in 2012) and St Magnus the Martyr (in 2008). The bells were cast by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry in 2012. Bells 2, 7 and 8 were cast on 17 February with the remainder on 9 March. The casting of the bells, especially the largest bell, was extensively covered by

138-517: A blue plaque marks the location. Publishing started in Fleet Street around 1500 when William Caxton 's apprentice, Wynkyn de Worde , set up a printing shop near Shoe Lane , while at around the same time Richard Pynson set up as publisher and printer next to St Dunstan's Church . More printers and publishers followed, mainly supplying the legal trade in the four Inns of Court around the area, but also publishing books and plays. In March 1702

207-511: A serial killer , the character appears in various English language works starting in the mid-19th century. Adaptations of the story include the 1936 George King film , the 1979 Stephen Sondheim musical , and the 2007 Tim Burton film based on the musical, all titled Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street . Fleet Street is mentioned in several of Charles Dickens 's works. The eponymous club in The Posthumous Papers of

276-515: A church with an octagonal central space. Seven of the eight sides open into arched recesses, the northern one containing the altar. The eighth side opens into a short corridor, leading beneath the organ to the lowest stage of the tower, which serves as an entrance porch. Above the recesses Shaw designed a clerestory , and above that a groined ceiling. The tower is square in plan, with an octagonal lantern, resembling those of St Botolph's Church, Boston , and St Helen's, York . George Godwin suggested that

345-565: A court order. The Old Bank of England , which from 1888 to 1975 was a trading house for the country's central bank, is now a Grade II listed pub. Since 1971, the southern side of the street has been part of the Fleet Street Conservation Area, which ensures buildings are regularly maintained and the character of the street is preserved. The area expanded to the north side in 1981. The area around Fleet Street contains numerous statues and memorials to prominent public figures. At

414-483: A few nationally important ones. By the 20th century, Fleet Street and the area surrounding it were dominated by the national press and related industries. The Daily Express relocated to No. 121–8 Fleet Street in 1931, into a building designed by Sir Owen Williams . It was the first curtain wall building in London. It has survived the departure of the newspaper in 1989 and was restored in 2001. The Daily Telegraph

483-608: A foundation date of between AD 988 (death of St Dunston) and 1070. Another speculation is that a church on this site was one of the Lundenwic strand settlement churches, like St Martin in the Fields , the first St Mary le Strand , St Clement Danes and St Bride's , which may pre-date any within the walls of the City of London . King Henry III gained possession of it and its endowments from Westminster Abbey by 1237, and then granted these and

552-468: A lower-intensity attack on London late in the war. The building was largely restored in 1950. An appeal to raise money to install a new ring of bells in the tower, replacing those removed in 1969, was successfully completed in 2012 with the dedication and hanging of 10 new bells. The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950. On the façade is a chiming clock, with figures of giants, perhaps representing Gog and Magog , who strike

621-459: A river, and while the motion of the boat and action of the wind presented difficulties, the band was able to ring a full peal comprising 5056 changes in the method Cambridge Surprise Major, taking 3 hours 6 minutes. The Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant was held on 3 June. It officially started at Albert Bridge with the ringing of the treble bell from the Ursula Katherine , which moved into

690-509: A significant number of monuments and statues along its length, including the dragon at Temple Bar and memorials to a number of figures from the British press, such as Samuel Pepys and Lord Northcliffe . The street is mentioned in several works by Charles Dickens and is the home of the fictional murderer Sweeney Todd . Fleet Street is named after the River Fleet , which runs from Hampstead to

759-512: A woman who gave birth to 365 children simultaneously. The waxworks were a favourite haunt of William Hogarth , and survived into the 19th century. The Apollo Society, a music club, was established in 1733 at the Devil Tavern on Fleet Street by composer Maurice Greene . In 1763, supporters of John Wilkes , who had been arrested for libel against the Earl of Bute , burned a jackboot in the centre of

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828-406: Is Wentworth Publishing , an independent publisher of newsletters and courses. The Associated Press has an office in Fleet Street as did The Jewish Chronicle until 2013 when it moved to Golders Green . The British Association of Journalists is based at No. 89 while Metro International are at No. 85. Though many prominent national newspapers have moved away from Fleet Street,

897-461: Is a statue of Queen Elizabeth I , taken from the old Ludgate , which was demolished in 1760. This statue, by William Kerwin and dating from 1586, is contemporaneous with its subject and thought to be the oldest outdoor statue in London. The playwright Gwen John and her sister Winifred Jones worked alongside the suffragettes Millicent and Agnes Fawcett to pay for it to be repaired. In the porch below are three statues of ancient Britons also from

966-690: Is a bust of Lord Northcliffe , the newspaper proprietor, co-founder of the Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror . At No. 72 is a bust of the Irish journalist and MP TP O'Connor , constructed in 1934 by F. W. Doyle-Jones. On the southern side of the street nearby memorials and monuments include the Temple Bar Memorial where the Temple Bar (a gateway) used to stand until it was removed in 1878. The marker

1035-550: Is a memorial tablet to James Louis Garvin , another pioneering British journalist. Close to the font, there is a bronze memorial plaque for Thomas Mudge (1715/16–1794), inventor of the lever escapement and watchmaker to George III . The tablet was made and engraved by noted sundial maker, hand-engraver and sculptor Joanna Midgal. It was commissioned by the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers , and installed in March 2019. Behind

1104-751: Is a street in Central London , England. It runs west to east from Temple Bar at the boundary of the Cities of London and Westminster to Ludgate Circus at the site of the London Wall and the River Fleet from which the street was named. The street has been an important through route since Roman times . During the Middle Ages , businesses were established and senior clergy lived there; several churches remain from this time including Temple Church and St Bride's . The street became known for printing and publishing at

1173-568: Is in Fleet Street in the City of London . It is dedicated to Dunstan , Bishop of London and Archbishop of Canterbury. The church is of medieval origin, although the present building, with an octagonal nave, was constructed in the 1830s to the designs of John Shaw . It is first mentioned in written records in 1185. But there is no evidence of the date of its original foundation. There is speculation that it might have been erected by Dunstan himself, or by priests who knew him well. Others suggest

1242-715: Is now Aldwych and the Strand . Many prelates lived around the street during the Middle Ages, including the Bishops of Salisbury and St Davids and the Abbots of Faversham , Tewkesbury , Winchcombe and Cirencester . Tanning of animal hides became established on Fleet Street owing to the nearby river, though this increased pollution leading to a ban on dumping rubbish by the mid-14th century. Many taverns and brothels were established along Fleet Street and have been documented as early as

1311-600: Is part of the A4 , a major road running west through London, although it once ran along the entire street and eastwards past St Paul's Churchyard towards Cannon Street . The nearest London Underground stations are Temple , Chancery Lane , and Blackfriars tube/mainline station and the City Thameslink railway station . London Bus routes 4, 11, 15, 23, 26, 76 and 172 run along the full length of Fleet Street, while route 341 runs between Temple Bar and Fetter Lane. Fleet Street

1380-588: Is the oldest continuous banking establishment in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1580 and has been based at No.1 Fleet Street, adjacent to Temple Bar, since 1673. The law firm Freshfields moved to No. 65 Fleet Street in 1990. In the High Middle Ages senior clergymen had their London palaces in the street. Place-names surviving with this connection are Peterborough Court and Salisbury Court after their respective Bishops' houses here; apart from

1449-511: The First World War , Winfield House was lent as a hostel for blinded soldiers, and the new charity took the name St Dunstan's (now Blind Veterans UK ). The clock was returned by Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere (the brother of Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe ) in 1935 to mark the Silver Jubilee of King George V . Above the entrance to the old parochial school

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1518-512: The River Thames at the western edge of the City of London . It is one of the oldest roads outside the original city and was established by the Middle Ages . In the 13th century, it was known as Fleet Bridge Street, and in the early 14th century it became known as Fleet Street. The street runs east from Temple Bar , the boundary between the Cities of London and Westminster , as a continuation of

1587-524: The Romanian Orthodox community (St. George church). The chapel to the left of the main altar is closed off by an iconostasis , formerly from Antim Monastery in Bucharest , dedicated in 1966. The church has associations with many notable people: The church has often been associated with the legend of Sweeney Todd , the 'demon-barber' of Fleet Street. This is most likely due to it being mentioned in

1656-522: The Rt Revd John Waine on Sunday 17 June, and hanging commenced in the tower shortly thereafter. They were rung for the first time in the church on 4 July. The first quarter peal was rung in the tower on 22 July after a service where their ringing was dedicated, and the first peal was rung on 25 July, comprising 5152 changes of Jubilee Surprise Major in 2 hours 56 minutes. St Dunstan-in-the-West The Guild Church of St Dunstan-in-the-West

1725-709: The advowson to the Domus Conversorum ('House of the Converts,' i.e., of converted Jews ), which led to neglect of its parochial responsibilities. William Tyndale , the celebrated translator of the Bible, was a lecturer at the church; the poet John Donne was at one time vicar, and delivered sermons. Samuel Pepys mentions the church in his diary. The church narrowly escaped the Great Fire of London in 1666. The Dean of Westminster roused 40 scholars from Westminster School in

1794-530: The iconostasis (wall of icons) to the left side of the church, high on a wall, there is a marble memorial tablet to the highly regarded seventeenth-century clockmaker Henry Jones (1634–1695), who worked in the Inner Temple , and his wife Hannah, who continued their business after his death. Jones was an apprentice of Edward East . St Dunstan-in-the-West is one of the churches in England to share its building with

1863-465: The penny dreadful serial The String of Pearls (in which the character Sweeney Todd first appears), David Lyddal's "The Prompter" (1810), and a poem by William Cowper . In 1828, when the medieval church was demolished, the clock was removed by art collector Francis Seymour-Conway, 3rd Marquess of Hertford , to Winfield House , his mansion in Regent's Park , which became known as St Dunstan's. During

1932-597: The 12th century supplements these as the local parish (as opposed to guild church) and is the London home for the Romanian Orthodox church. To the south lies an area of legal buildings known as the Temple , formerly the property of the Knights Templar , which at its core includes two of the four Inns of Court : the Inner Temple and the Middle Temple . There are many lawyers' offices (especially barristers ' chambers) in

2001-438: The 14th century. Records show that Geoffrey Chaucer was fined two shillings for attacking a friar in Fleet Street, though modern historians believe this is apocryphal. An important landmark in Fleet Street during the late Middle Ages was a conduit that was the main water supply for the area. When Anne Boleyn was crowned queen following her marriage to Henry VIII in 1533, the conduit flowed wine instead of water. By

2070-500: The 16th century, Fleet Street, along with much of the City, was chronically overcrowded, and a royal proclamation in 1580 banned any further building on the street. This had little effect, and construction continued, particularly timber. Prince Henry's Room over the Inner Temple gate dates from 1610 and is named after Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales , eldest son of James I , who did not survive to succeed his father. The eastern part of

2139-508: The 21st century and are grade II listed: Ye Olde Cock Tavern at No. 22, The Tipperary at No. 66, the Old Bell at No. 95, the Punch Tavern at No. 98 and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese at No. 145. The El Vino wine bar moved to No. 47 in 1923, quickly becoming popular with lawyers and journalists. Women were not allowed in the bar until 1982, and then only because of

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2208-606: The Dundee-based Sunday Post , left in 2016, as the paper closed its London offices. Despite the domination of the print industry, other businesses were also established on Fleet Street. The Automobile Association was established at No. 18 Fleet Street in 1905. Since the post-Wapping migration, Fleet Street is now more associated with the investment banking, legal and accountancy professions. For example, The Inns of Court and barristers' chambers are down alleys and around courtyards off Fleet Street itself and many of

2277-567: The Knights Templars' establishment the Whitefriars monastery is recalled by Whitefriars Street and the remains of its undercroft have been preserved in a public display area. A Carmelite church was established on Fleet Street in 1253, but it was destroyed during the Reformation in 1545. Today three churches serve the spiritual needs of the three 'communities' associated with the area of

2346-434: The Martyr in the previous few weeks. John briefly rang one of the bells with Dickon as the barge passed near London Bridge . The bells and tower were dismantled on 6 June. During the previous three months, a new ringing room was constructed in the tower of St James Garlickhythe and a new bellframe was installed. The bells were delivered to the church on 15 June and arranged along the central aisle. They were dedicated by

2415-581: The Pickwick Club , more commonly known as The Pickwick Papers , is set in the street, as is Tellson's Bank in A Tale of Two Cities . The poet John Davidson wrote two works in the late 19th century titled the Fleet Street Eclogues . Arthur Ransome has a chapter in his Bohemia in London (1907) about earlier inhabitants of the street: Ben Jonson, the lexicographer Doctor Samuel Johnson, Coleridge , Hazlitt and Lamb; and about Temple Bar and

2484-625: The Royal Arms (by permission of Buckingham Palace ) and the name of a senior member of the Royal Family . On 11 Jan 2012, the bells were granted the title “Royal Jubilee Bells” by Buckingham Palace, on advice from the Deputy Prime Minister and the Minister for Political and Constitutional Reform. The largest bell weighs 9 long hundredweight , 1 quarter and 25 pounds (481 kg) and sounds

2553-464: The Strand from Trafalgar Square . It crosses Chancery Lane and Fetter Lane to reach Ludgate Circus by the London Wall . The road ahead is Ludgate Hill . The street numbering runs consecutively from west to east south-side and then east to west north-side. It links the Roman and medieval boundaries of the City after the latter was extended. The section of Fleet Street between Temple Bar and Fetter Lane

2622-521: The bells were hung in the new frame and a test ring took place on 17 May. The tower was then dismantled and taken to Denton Wharf near Gravesend where it was re-erected on the quayside and hoisted into the vessel “ Ursula Katherine ” on 24 May. A band of nine ringers from the Ancient Society of College Youths , led by Dickon Love, met on 26 May to test the bells on the river. This was the first time that bells such as these were ever rung to changes on

2691-657: The bells with their clubs. It was installed on the previous church in 1671, perhaps commissioned to celebrate its escape from destruction by the Great Fire of 1666 . It was the first public clock in London to have a minute hand. The figures of the two giants strike the hours and quarters, and turn their heads. There are numerous literary references to the clock, including in Thomas Hughes ' Tom Brown's Schooldays , Oliver Goldsmith 's The Vicar of Wakefield ; Nicholas Nickleby , Master Humphrey's Clock and Barnaby Rudge by Charles Dickens , The Warden by Anthony Trollope ,

2760-513: The centre of the Thames to lead the 1,000 vessel flotilla. A quarter peal was rung of 1250 Cambridge Surprise Major, taking 48 minutes, after which other pieces of change ringing were performed. Limited coverage was provided by the BBC which had a cameraman on the Ursula Katherine . This coverage was presented by John Barrowman , who had earlier been given bell handling lessons by Dickon Love at St Magnus

2829-458: The early 18th century, a notorious upper-class gang known as the Mohocks operated on the street causing regular violence and vandalism. Mrs Salmon's Waxworks was established at Prince Henry's Room in 1711. It had a display of macabre and black-humoured exhibits, including the execution of Charles I ; a Roman lady, Hermonie, whose father survived a sentence of starvation by sucking her breast; and

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2898-601: The first issue of London's first daily newspaper, the Daily Courant , was published in Fleet Street. It was followed by the Morning Chronicle . The publisher John Murray was founded at No. 32 Fleet Street in 1762 and remained there until 1812, when it moved to Albemarle Street. The popularity of newspapers was restricted due to various taxes during the early 19th century, particularly paper duty. Peele's Coffee-House at No. 177–178 Fleet Street became popular and

2967-472: The form of the lantern might have been immediately inspired by that of St George's church in Ramsgate (where Shaw was architect to the docks), built in 1825 to the designs of H. E. Kendall. John Shaw Sr. died in 1833, before the church was completed, leaving it in the hands of his son John Shaw Jr. (1803–1870). The communion rail is a survivor of the old church, having been carved by Grinling Gibbons during

3036-453: The gate, probably meant to represent King Lud and his two sons. Adjacent to Queen Elizabeth is a memorial to Lord Northcliffe , the newspaper proprietor, co-founder of the Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror . (Fleet Street was known as the street of newspapers.) Unveiled in 1930, the obelisk was designed by Edwin Lutyens and the bronze bust is by Kathleen Scott . Next to Lord Northcliffe

3105-503: The materials of the old church took place in December 1829 and September 1830. The first stone of the new building, to the design of John Shaw Sr. (1776–1832), was laid in July 1831 and construction proceeded rapidly. In August 1832 the last part of the old church, which had been left as a screen between Fleet Street and the new work, was removed. Shaw dealt with the restricted site by designing

3174-619: The media. The funds to pay for the new bells and their hanging at the church was raised by Alderman Dr Andrew Parmley , Parish Clerk. Bells were sponsored by the Vintners’ Company , the Dyers’ Company , the Glass-Sellers’ Company , Charles Bettinson, Joanna Warrand, Tony Stockwell and Tony Kassimiotis, Andrew and Wendy Parmley. Each of the sponsors chose an inscription including a dedication on each bell. Each also displays

3243-438: The middle of the night, who formed a fire brigade that extinguished the flames with buckets of water; the flames reached a point three doors away. The medieval church underwent many alterations before its demolition in the early 19th century. Small shops were built against its walls, St Dunstan's Churchyard becoming a centre for bookselling and publishing. Later repairs were carried out in an Italianate style: rusticated stonework

3312-472: The name is still synonymous with the printing and publishing industry. In the adjacent St. Brides Lane is the St Bride Library , holding a specialist collection relating to the type and print industry and providing courses in printing technology and methods. On the wall of Magpie Alley, off Bouverie Street , is a mural depicting the history of newspapers in the area. The last two journalists to work for

3381-437: The north-eastern corner is a bust of Edgar Wallace , and a full-length representation of Mary, Queen of Scots in a first-floor niche at No. 143–144 commissioned by John Tollemache Sinclair . Above the entrance to the old school-house of St Dunstan's is a statue of Queen Elizabeth I provided for the then new Ludgate in 1586 by William Kerwin; it was moved to here following the gate's demolition in 1776. Adjacent to this

3450-527: The note G sharp. (Bellringers normally calibrate bells in terms of hundredweight.) The remaining bells form the major scale in G sharp. Details are as follows: A 6m high tower and frame made of cast iron and steel was designed and first erected in a warehouse in Fircroft Way, Edenbridge , Kent. Following a visit by The Prince of Wales to view the bells at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry on 15 May,

3519-430: The old newspaper offices have become the London headquarters for various companies. One example is Goldman Sachs , whose offices are in the old Daily Telegraph and Liverpool Echo buildings of Peterborough Court and Mersey House. C. Hoare & Co , England's oldest privately owned bank, has been operating in Fleet Street since 1672. Child & Co. , now a wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Bank of Scotland , claims it

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3588-522: The original penny dreadful The String of Pearls as the church bearing a crypt into which the remnants of Sweeney Todd's victims were unceremoniously dumped after they had been murdered and turned into meat pies. St Dunstan-in-the-West appeared as the "journalists' church" in the 2018 TV series Press . The real journalists' church is St Bride's . 51°30′51.3″N 00°06′36.8″W  /  51.514250°N 0.110222°W  / 51.514250; -0.110222 Fleet Street Fleet Street

3657-519: The period when John Donne served as vicar (1624–1631). Some of the monuments from the medieval building were reinstituted in the new church, and a fragment of the old churchyard remains between Clifford's Inn and Bream's Buildings . Apart from losing its stained glass, the church survived the London Blitz largely intact, though bombs did damage the open-work lantern tower. The church was damaged again on 24/25 March 1944, during Operation Steinbock ,

3726-416: The presses at Wapping using modern computer-operated technology, rendering the power of the old unions obsolete. The resulting Wapping dispute featured violent protests at Fleet Street and Wapping that lasted over a year, but ultimately other publishers followed suit and moved out of Fleet Street towards Canary Wharf or Southwark . Reuters was the last major news outlet to leave Fleet Street, in 2005. In

3795-529: The same year, The Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph announced they were returning to the centre of London from Canary Wharf to new premises in Victoria in 2006. Some publishers have remained on Fleet Street. The London office of D.C. Thomson & Co. , creator of The Beano , is at No. 185. The Secretariat of the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association is at No. 17, as

3864-416: The service, children were given a penny for each time they ran around the church. In the early 19th century the medieval church of St Dunstan was removed to allow the widening of Fleet Street , and a new church was built on its burial ground. An Act of Parliament was obtained in July 1829 which authorised the demolition of the church, and trustees were appointed to carry it into effect. Auctions of some of

3933-515: The start of the 16th century and by the 20th century, most British national newspapers operated here. Much of the industry moved out in the 1980s after News International set up cheaper manufacturing premises in Wapping , but some former newspaper buildings are listed and have been preserved. The term Fleet Street remains a metonym for the British national press, and pubs on the street once frequented by journalists remain popular. Fleet Street has

4002-531: The street in protest against Bute. It led to violent demonstrations and rioting in 1769 and 1794. Tanning and other industries declined sharply after the River Fleet was routed underground in 1766. The street was widened during the late-19th century, when Temple Bar was demolished and Ludgate Circus was constructed. The headquarters of the Anti-Corn Law League were based at No. 67 Fleet Street, and

4071-409: The street was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666, despite attempts to use the River Fleet to preserve it. Fire damage reached to about Fetter Lane , and the special tribunal of the 'Fire Courts' was held at Clifford's Inn , an inn of Chancery at the edge of the extent of the fire, to arbitrate on claimants' rights. Properties were rebuilt in the same style as before the fire. During

4140-458: The street. Temple Church was built by the Knights Templar in 1162 and serves the legal profession. St Bride's Church was established as early as the 6th century and was later designed by Sir Christopher Wren in a style that complemented St Mary Le Bow further east in the City. It remains the London church most associated with the print industry. St Dunstan-in-the-West also dates from

4209-483: The various taverns, including Ben Jonson , John Milton , Izaak Walton , John Dryden , Edmund Burke , Oliver Goldsmith and Charles Lamb . The lexicographer Samuel Johnson lived at Gough Square off Fleet Street between 1748 and 1759; the building has survived into the 21st century. The cartographer John Senex owned a map store, The Sign of the Globe, on Fleet Street between 1725 and his death in 1736. Wynkyn de Worde

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4278-664: The vicinity. The gatehouse to Middle Temple Lane was built by Sir Christopher Wren in 1684. To the west, at the junction with Strand are the Royal Courts of Justice whilst at the eastern end of the street the Old Bailey is near Ludgate Circus. As a principal route leading to and from the City, Fleet Street was especially noted for its taverns and coffeehouses. Many notable persons of literary and political fame such as Samuel Johnson frequented these, and journalists would regularly meet in pubs to collect stories. Some have survived to

4347-454: Was based at No. 135–142 . These premises are both Grade II-listed . In the 1930s, No. 67 housed 25 separate publications; by this time the majority of British households bought a daily paper produced from Fleet Street. In 1986 News International owner Rupert Murdoch caused controversy when he moved publication of The Times and The Sun away from Fleet Street to new premises in Wapping , East London . Murdoch believed it

4416-562: Was buried in St. Bride's Church in 1535, as was poet Richard Lovelace in 1657, while Samuel Pepys was baptised there in 1633. The Royal Society was based in Crane Court from 1710 to 1782, when it moved to Somerset House on the Strand. The barber Sweeney Todd is traditionally said to have lived and worked during the 18th century in Fleet Street, where he would murder customers and serve their remains as pie fillings. An urban myth example of

4485-670: Was designed by Sir Horace Jones in 1880. It has a statue of a dragon at the top (sometimes called "the Griffin"), and a statue of Queen Victoria in a niche in the side. In the Inner Temple Gardens is a memorial to Charles Lamb . In Salisbury Square there is an obelisk commemorating Robert Waithman , mayor of London between 1823 and 1833, and a blue plaque commemorating the birthplace of diarist and naval secretary Samuel Pepys . Several writers and politicians are associated with Fleet Street, either as residents or regulars to

4554-511: Was established as a thoroughfare in Roman London and there is evidence that a route led west from Ludgate by 200 AD. Local excavations revealed remains of a Roman amphitheatre near Ludgate on what was Fleet Prison , but other accounts suggest the area was too marshy for regular inhabitation by the Romans. The Saxons did not occupy the Roman city but established Lundenwic further west around what

4623-667: Was impossible to produce a newspaper profitably on Fleet Street and the power of the print unions, the National Graphical Association (NGA) and the Society of Graphical and Allied Trades (SOGAT), was too strong (an opinion endorsed by the Prime Minister , Margaret Thatcher ). All Fleet Street print staff were sacked and new staff from the Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union were brought in to operate

4692-419: Was the main committee room for the Society for Repealing the Paper Duty, starting in 1858. The society was successful and the duty was abolished in 1861. Along with the repeal of the newspaper tax in 1855, this led to a dramatic expansion of newspaper production in Fleet Street. The "penny press" (newspapers costing one penny ) became popular during the 1880s and the initial number of titles had consolidated into

4761-505: Was used, and some of the Gothic windows were replaced with round-headed ones, resulting in what George Godwin called "a most heterogeneous appearance". The church's old vaulted roof was replaced in 1701 with a flat ceiling, ornamented with recessed panels. The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers has been associated with the church since the 15th century. The company holds an annual service of commemoration to honour two of its benefactors, John Fisher and Richard Minge; by tradition, following

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